新托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇
托福写作辅导：写作中常用的100个高频词语搭配
托福写作中常用的100个高频词语搭配51.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issue52.支持前/后种观点的人people/ those in fovor of the former/ latter opinion53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence54.在一定程度上to some extent/ degree/ in some way55. 理论和实践相结合integrate theory with practice56. …必然趋势an irresistible trend of…57.日益激烈的社会竞争the increasingly fierce social competition58.眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest59.长远利益.interest in the long run60.…有其自身的优缺点…has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages61.扬长避短Exploit to the full one's favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones 62.取其精髓，取其糟粕Take the essence and discard the dregs.63.对…有害do harm to/ be harmful to/ be detrimental to…64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65.跟上…的最新发展keep pace with/ catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …66.采取有效措施来…take effective measures to do sth.67.…的健康发展the healthy development of …68.有利有弊Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69.对…观点因人而异Views on …vary from person to person.70.重视attach great importance to…71.社会地位social status72.把时间和精力放在…上focus time and energy on…73.扩大知识面expand one's scope of knowledge74.身心两方面both physically and mentally75.有直接/间接关系be directly/ indirectly related to…76. 提出折中提议set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think”的词believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that 78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担relieve stress/ burden79.优先考虑/发展…give (top) priority to sth.80.与…比较compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反in contrast/ on the contrary.82.代替replace/ substitute/ take the place of83.经不起推敲cannot bear closer analysis/ cannot hold water 84.提供就业机会offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映mirror of social progress86.毫无疑问Undoubtedly,/ There is no doubt that…87.增进相互了解enhance/ promote mutual understanding88.充分利用make full use of/ take advantage of89.承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 91.更多地强调put more emphasis on…92.适应社会发展adapt oneself to the development of society93.实现梦想realize one's dream/ make one's dream come true94. 主要理由列举如下The main reasons are listed as follows:95. 首先First/ Firstly/ In the first place/ To begin with96.其次Second/ Secondly/ In the second place97.再次Besides/ In addition/ Additionally/ Moreover/ Furthermore98. 最后Finally/ Last but not the least/ Above all/ Lastly,99. 总而言之All in all/ To sum up/ In summary/ In a word,100.我们还有很长的路要走We still have a long way to go1.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people's living standard 3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9.热烈的讨论/ 争论a heated discussion/ debate10. 有争议性的问题a controversial issue11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument12.一些人…而另外一些人…Some people…while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons16.双方的论点argument on both sides17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in…18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:20.…也不例外…be no exception21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23.导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon25.责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界widen one's horizon/ broaden one's vision 28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden 30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度from another perspective32.做出共同努力make joint efforts33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…36.综合素质comprehensive quality37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach39.致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…40. 应当承认Admittedly,41.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…43.可靠的信息源a reliable source of information44.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources45.因特网the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)46.方便快捷convenient and efficient47.在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life48.环保(的)environmental protection / environmentally friendly49.社会进步的体现a symbol of society progress50.科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology。
托福写作必备词汇和短语
托福写作必备词汇和短语1.表示“认为、主张、相信”等意思的词汇believe, argue, assert, maintain, hold, propose, suggest, recommend等。
2.表示“反对、不支持”等意思的词汇oppose, disagree, disapprove, criticize, voice opposition to等。
3.表示“介绍、描述”等意思的词汇describe, explain, delve into, illustrate, shed light on等。
4.表示“评论、评价”等意思的词汇assess, evaluate, rate, critique, appraise等。
5.表示“提出建议、要求”等意思的词汇suggestion, proposal, recommendation, advice, demand等。
6.表示“重要、必要性”等意思的词汇essential, crucial, significant, important, crucial等。
7.表示“问题、问题所在”等意思的词汇1issue, problem, question, difficulty, challenge等。
8.表示“优点、好处”等意思的词汇benefit, advantage, positive aspect, upside等。
9.表示“缺点、不利之处”等意思的词汇drawback, disadvantage, downside等。
10.表示“举例”等意思的词汇for example, for instance, such as等。
11.表示“总结”等意思的词汇summary, conclusion, bottom line等。
12.表示“改变、变化”等意思的词汇change, transformation, shift等。
当然，除了上述所列举的词汇和短语外，还有许多其他的常用词汇和短语，考生可以根据自己的实际情况进行总结和积累。
新托福写作的1180个必备单词
Education作业（注意它是可数名词，与homework不同）n. assignment选修课n. elective学分n. credit青少年n. adolescent；青春期的adj. adolescent青少年children and youth教学法teaching/ pedagogical methodology适应adapt to sth./ adjust oneself to sth./ become accustomed to sth.适应能力n. adaptability应用v. apply把学生分开教育segregate students团队精神team spirit独立思考think independently在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding学生的反馈students’feedback学生评价老师的教学students appraise/ evaluate their teachers’performance 通才n. generalist专才n. specialist全面发展的adj. well-rounded为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being (or welfare)人文学科n. humanities社会科学social sciences艺术n. arts文科总称n. liberal studies/ arts理科n. sciences工科n. engineering基础科学basic sciences应用科学applied sciences学科（通称）；纪律n. discipline管教vt. discipline自制力n. self-discipline小（中、大）学教育primary-level (or secondary-level/ tertiary-level ) education职业教育vocational education/ training互动vt. interact学校给学生的教育n. schooling学校提供的课程总称n. curriculum ( pl. curricula)心理的adj. psychological参与n. participation≈involvement干扰n. distraction记忆vt. memorize获取vt. acquire以教师为中心的adj. teacher-centered以学生为中心的adj. student- centered熟练掌握……be proficient in榜样role model同龄人n. peer对孩子或者其他弱者过度保护adj. overprotective动力n. motivation沮丧n. frustration家长给小孩的教育n. parenting用批判的眼光去看问题的能力critical thinking abilities （某方面的）意识n. awareness (of)有创造力的adj. creative / original对……非常熟悉adj. well-acquainted (with)表现出色perform well为……打好基础lay a solid foundation for自尊n. self-esteem尊严n. dignity评估n. evaluation对……非常好的掌握n. mastery好奇心n. curiosity精英n. elite应试教育test-oriented education富于想象力的imaginative沉迷于……indulge in…发人深思的adj. thought- provoking无知的adj. ignorant文盲（的）n.&adj. illiterate学龄前儿童或者上学前班的儿童n. preschooler对文字技能的掌握n. literacy对数学知识的掌握n. numeracy误入歧途go astray给人新鲜感的adj. refreshing令人振奋的adj. uplifting给人动力的adj. motivating单亲家庭n. single-parent family未成年人n. minors溺爱vt. spoil青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency/ youth crime欺负（当名词是“喜欢欺负人的孩子”的意思）vt.& n. bully 逃学n. truancy很有启发的adj. enlightening成型的阶段formative years植物学n. botany天文学n. astronomy培养v. cultivate/ foster/ nurture促进学生身心发展promotethestudent’sphysical/mental(orintellectual)andemotionaldevelopment心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth./ motivate the students to do sth.传授知识impart/ inculcate knowledge灌输高尚的道德观instill high moral values给学生以灵感give the students inspiration学生对老师所教知识的掌握students’grasp (or command) of what has been taught就业技能employable ( or marketable) skills填鸭式教法教学生force-feed the students学生不应该只是被动接受知识的容器。
托福的词汇表整理
托福的词汇表整理托福考试是一个重视词汇量的英语考试，因此扩大词汇量对于预备托福考试格外重要。
下面是一个大约包含1500个常用托福词汇的整理：A1. abandon-放弃2. ability-力量3. abolish-废除4. absorb-吸取5. abstract-抽象的6. absurd-荒谬的7. abundant-丰富的8. abuse-滥用9. accelerate-加速10. accessible-可接近的B11. bias-偏见12. bless-祝愿13. blend-混合14. boast-夸耀15. boundary-边界16. breed-繁殖17. brief-简短的18. brilliant-杰出的19. budget-预算20. bully-欺侮第1页/共11页C21. calculate-计算22. capable-能干的23. capture-捕获24. cautious-当心的25. celebrate-庆祝26. challenge-挑战27. charity-慈善28. clarify-澄清29. client-客户30. climate-气候D31. decade-十年32. decay-腐败33. decline-衰退34. decorate-装饰35. dedicate-奉献36. defend-保卫37. define-定义38. democracy-民主39. demonstrate-证明40. dense-密集的E41. eager-渴望的42. efficient-高效的43. eliminate-消退44. embrace-拥抱45. emerge-消灭46. emphasize-强调47. enable-使能够48. encounter-患病49. enhance-增加50. enormous-巨大的F51. facilitate-促进52. faithful-忠诚的53. former-前者的54. foundation-基础55. fraud-欺诈56. frustrate-使懊丧57. fundamental-基本的58. furthermore-此外59. furious-生气的60. fusion-融合G61. gender-性别62. generate-生成63. global-全球的64. gradual-渐渐的65. grant-授予66. greed-贪欲67. grief-哀痛68. guarantee-保证69. guide-指导第3页/共11页70. guilty-有罪的H71. habitat-栖息地72. harmony-和谐73. hazardous-危急的74. hence-因此75. hesitate-迟疑76. host-主持77. humble-虚心的78. hurricane-飓风79. hypothesis-假设80. identical-相同的I81. illustrate-说明82. immense-巨大的83. impact-影响84. implement-实施85. imply-示意86. inevitable-不行避开的87. infect-感染88. inferior-低劣的89. influence-影响90. innovative-创新的J91. jealous-嫉妒的92. justify-证明93. keen-热衷的94. launch-放射95. liberty-自由96. logic-规律97. loyal-忠诚的98. luxury-铺张品99. maximize-最大化100. motivate-激励K101. keen-热衷的102. pace-速度103. mirror-反映104. mutual-相互的105. objective-客观的106. patience-急躁107. persistent-长久的108. potential-潜力109. process-过程110. prompt-快速的L111. labor-劳动112. landscape-风景113. launch-放射114. leisure-休闲115. liberate-解放116. logic-规律117. luxury-铺张品118. maintain-维持第5页/共11页119. majority-大多数120. massive-大规模的M121. magnify-放大122. manipulate-操纵123. maximize-最大化124. medieval-中世纪的125. mercy-慈善126. mislead-误导127. modify-修改128. moral-道德的129. mystery-奇特130. negotiate-协商N131. neglect-忽视132. network-网络133. neutral-中立的134. nevertheless-然而135. noble-高尚的136. nourish-滋养137. numerous-很多的138. nurture-培育139. obstacle-障碍140. option-选择O141. objective-客观的142. obtain-获得143. obstacle-障碍144. omit-省略145. opinion-观点146. organize-组织147. overwhelming-压倒性的148. obvious-明显的149. modify-修改150. obligation-责任P151. perceive-感知152. persist-坚持153. perspective-观点154. precise-精确的155. prevail-流行156. principle-原则157. proclaim-宣布158. profound-深刻的159. progress-进步160. promote-促进Q161. qualify-使具备资格162. quality-质量163. quantity-数量164. quest-追求165. quote-引用166. urban-城市的167. reassuring-使人放心的第7页/共11页168. reflect-反映169. regime-政权170. render-使成为R171. random-随机的172. rational-理性的173. recent-最近的174. recover-康复175. remarkable-卓越的176. reliable-牢靠的177. renewable-可再生的178. represent-代表179. restore-恢复180. reveal-揭露S181. sacred-神圣的182. scale-规模183. scarce-稀缺的184. scheme-方案185. significance-重要性186. skeptical-怀疑的187. sophisticated-简单的188. strategy-策略189. substantial-大量的190. successor-继任者T191. technique-技术192. temporary-临时的193. terror-恐怖194. transform-转变195. transparent-透亮的196. tremendous-巨大的197. ultimately-最终地198. unique-独特的199. universe-宇宙200. utilize-利用U201. unanimous-全都的202. undergo-经受203. undermine-减弱204. uphold-支持205. uprising-起义206. urgent-紧急的207. utilize-利用208. utmost-极度的209. utter-说出210. undermine-减弱V211. vacant-空缺的212. valid-有效的213. vanish-消逝214. venture-冒险215. verify-核实216. versatile-多才多艺的第9页/共11页217. virtue-美德218. vision-视力219. vital-至关重要的220. vow-宣誓W221. welfare-福利222. whereas-然而223. wicked-邪恶的224. withdraw-撤退225. widespread-广泛的226. witness-目击者227. withstand-经受住228. worship-崇拜229. worthy-值得的230. yield-产生X231. xenophobia-仇外心理232. xenophilic-爱外国事物的233. xenology-外星学234. xenial-外国人的235. xenobiotics-外源性物质236. xenoloneliness-外地人的孤独237. xenolinguistics-外语学238. xenophilia-对外国人的宠爱239. xenodochial-好客的240. xenolith-岩石中的异质体Y千里之行，始于足下。
托福综合写作话题词汇
托福综合写作话题词汇1. 观点 (Opinion)2. 讨论 (Discussion)3. 问题 (Issue)4. 研究 (Research)5. 调查 (Survey)6. 实践 (Practice)7. 理论 (Theory)8. 现象 (Phenomenon)9. 方法 (Method)10. 结论 (Conclusion)11. 规则 (Rule)12. 解决方案 (Solution)13. 影响 (Impact)14. 原因 (Reason)15. 优点 (Advantage)16. 缺点 (Disadvantage)17. 主题 (Theme)18. 趋势 (Trend)19. 社会问题 (Social issue)20. 科技发展 (Technological development)21. 经济增长 (Economic growth)22. 文化差异 (Cultural differences)23. 教育问题 (Educational issues)24. 健康问题 (Health issues)25. 环境保护 (Environmental protection)26. 交通拥堵 (Traffic congestion)27. 全球化 (Globalization)28. 广告行业 (Advertising industry)29. 政府政策 (Government policies)30. 社交媒体 (Social media)31. 女性权益 (Women's rights)32. 科学发现 (Scientific discoveries)33. 文化遗产 (Cultural heritage)34. 青少年问题 (Teenage problems)35. 高效能学习 (Efficient learning)36. 污染问题 (Pollution issues)37. 能源危机 (Energy crisis)38. 食品安全 (Food safety)39. 水资源短缺 (Water scarcity)40. 全球变暖 (Global warming)。
新托福独立写作必背话题词汇
可信的 adj. reliable/ trustworthy
道德准则 code of conduct
无处不在的 adj. ubiquitous/ prevalent
处在公众注意力的焦点 in the spotlight
传闻 n. gossip
四、Success 成功
决心 n. determination 座右铭 n. motto
of all proportions
公正客观的 objective and balanced
揭露 v. expose/ reveal
侵犯隐私 violate someone’s privacy
毁坏某人的名誉 tarnish one’s reputation
掩盖 v. cover up/ gloss over
过 多 的 暴 力 与 色 情 内 容 excessive violent
and pornographic contents
有误导性的 adj. misleading/ distorted
报道非常详尽的细节 report sth. in detail
夸大事件 exaggerate things/ blow things out
名望 n. fame
不幸 n. misfortune
残疾的 adj. disabled 对手 n. rival
在某方面成功 succeed in sth.
态度 n. attitude 毅力 n. perseverance
逆境 n. adversity/ hardship
决定性的，有决断力的 adj. decisive
完 全 与 世 隔 绝 entirely cut off from the
托福英语写作必备词组
35.消除偏见break down prejudice
36.充满活力的性格dynamic personality
37.现代文明moderቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ civilization
38.精神文明spiritual civilization
39.东方文明Oriental civilization
116.直系亲属immediate family
117.私下地in private
118.用尽力气exhaust strength
119.工业废气industrial exhaust
120.废气排放exhaust emission
121.把...排入河流discharge ...into river
29.为社会服务serve the community
30.社区医院community hospital
31.种族歧视racial discrimination
32.宗教歧视religious discrimination
33.区别正确与错误discrimination between right and wrong
135.合作collaborate with
136.优化经济结构optimize economic structure
137.预修课程prerequisite course
138.加强沟通strengthen communication
139.加强合作strengthen cooperation
140.释放情绪release emotion
170.达到目标accomplish/ attain/ gain/ reach the objective
Toefl iBT 高分作文高频词汇
T o e f l i B T高分作文高频词汇AAbove-mentioned adj.上述的Accolade n.称赞Aesthetic adj.审美的Affection n.友情；爱情Age-old adj.古老的Adage n.格言Adept adj.熟练的Adversity n.逆境Adversary n.对手Appease v.平息，安抚，缓和，使满足Approximately adv.大约Apex n.顶点，高潮Aptitude n.才能，才华Attest v.证明；表明Ailment n.疾病Ambassador n.使者，大使Amiable adj.和蔼的Anatomy n.解剖学Anarchic adj.无政府主义的Anarchy n.无政府状态，政治混乱Antisocial adj.孤僻的，不善社交的;反社会的Aquatic adj.水的，水生的Assimilation n.同化Asthma n.哮喘Amicably adv.友好地Assume v.假定，假如Asset n.资源Attribute n.特征Athletically adv.运动性地Awry adj.错误的Arena n.舞台；领域Array n.展示，排列，盛装Artificially adv.人工地Acquaintanceship n.相识Authority n.负责人Autographe n.亲笔签名Alarmingly adv.惊人地Alter v.改变Alleged adj.所谓的Ark n.方舟BBarmaid n.酒吧女招待Barbeque n.烧烤；烤肉野餐Bare adj.无遮蔽的；赤裸的；秃的Barren adj.荒芜的Basal adj.基础的Balcony n.阳台Bulb n.电灯泡Buzzword n时髦词汇，漂亮口号Boast v.自夸，以拥有~而自豪Bond v.维系，联结Bonding adj.联络感情的Bonus n.奖赏Blameworthy adj.该受责备的Blockbuster n.一鸣惊人者Bustling adj.繁忙的，热闹的；熙熙攘攘的CCast n.投掷，抛射Camaraderie n.友情，同志之爱Catalyst n.催化剂；接触剂Captivate v.迷住，迷惑Charismatic adj.有超凡魅力的Cholesterol n.胆固醇Coerce v.强制，强迫Collective adj.集合的，共同的Confine v.限制，禁闭Complex n.综合性建筑Compromising adj.妥协的，让步的Commute v.每天往返上班；定期往返于两地间Copious adj.很多的，丰富的Conceive v.构思，以为Conceivable adj.可想象的，可能的Connotation n.涵义，言外之意Conjure v.想象，变出Conjecture n.推测Considerably adv,相当大地Counterpart n.极为相似的人或物，副本；对应物Connoisseur n.鉴赏家Corresponding adj.相应的，通讯的Controversial adj.争论的，争议的Contemplate v.沉思Coupling n.联结，接合，耦合Conceptual adj.概念上的Conductive adj.有助于~的Confront v.面对Congest v.使充满，使拥塞Console v.安慰，慰藉Consumption n.消费；消费量Consensus n.共识，意见一致Consistent adj.始终如一的Controversial adj.有争议的Couch n.睡椅Courtesy n.礼貌Core n.中心Copious adj.丰富的Civic adj.市的，市政的Closeness n.亲密Crucial adj.决定性的Culinary adj.厨房的，厨房用的Curl v.蜷曲Chunk n.大块，相当大的数量Cuisine n.烹饪DDay-to-day adj.日常的，例行的Dean n.院长Debris n.碎石Decent adj.不错的，相当好的Decomposition n.分解，腐败，腐烂Democratic adj.民主的，民主主义的Depravity n.堕落，腐坏Desensitize v.使不敏感Determinative n.起决定性作用的事Detrimental adj.有害的Degradation n.堕落，退化Demographic adj.人口的，人口统计学的Documentary n.纪录片Disc jockey（DJ）电台音乐节目主持人Discern v.洞悉，识别Disheveled adj.不整洁的Distract v.分散~的注意力Dissemination n.分发，传播Dramatically adv.戏剧性地；剧烈地；引人瞩目的Drastically adv.激烈地Dissipate v.驱散Disposal n.布置，安排Disseminate v.散布Discourse n.谈话，讲话Discipline n.修养Disguise n.伪装Dissipate v.消散Divine adj.神的，神圣的Divergent adj.有分歧的，不同的Distinctive adj.与众不同的，有特色的Dramatically adv.极大地Duplicate n.完全相同的东西EEcosystem n.生态系统Elevator n.电梯Etcetera n.附加的人；附加物；等等Etiquette n.礼节Esteem n.尊重；尊敬Enamel n.瓷釉；vt.涂上瓷釉Entertainer n.演艺人员Enduring adj.持久的Engross v.用大字体书写；吸引Endeavor n.努力，尽力Endow v.赋予Enchant adj.使~入迷Ethics n.道德规范，伦理Endorse v.认可，签署Enforce v.实施，执行；强迫Errand n.差事Epitomize v.摘要；成为···缩影Emanate v.散发，发出；发源Embody vt.具体表达，包含Empathy n.通感Empirical adj.根据经验的，实用的Endeavor n,努力，尽力Excel v.优秀，胜过别人Exceptionally adv.格外地，特别地Exceedingly adv.及其，非常Expertise n.专门技能；专门知识Exploitative adj.开发资源的Explicitly adv.明白地Exponentially adv.成指数地，越来越快地Exorbitant adj.昂贵的Exorbitantly adv,过分地Equation n.相等，平衡，综合体Equalizer n.平衡器Elimination n消除Evoke v.唤起，引起FFancy adj.花哨的Fame n.声明，声望Fatal adj.致命的，重大的Flora n.植物Framework n.框架，构架，结构Feat n.技艺，功绩forge v.塑造Foster v.培养Frivolously adv.轻浮地，愚昧地Frivolity n.无聊的东西Fulfilling adj.有成就感的，有满足感的Flawlessly adv.无误地Flavor n.滋味Flip v.快速翻动，轻抛GGaiety n.欢乐的气氛Gear v.使适用于，调整，搭配活动Gesture n.表示Gloat v.心满意足Gracious adj.亲切的，高尚的Grant n.赠款Gospel n.真理Greenery n.草木Gross v.总共赚得Grumble n.怨言v.抱怨Grim adj.严峻的Grinding adj.折磨的HHaggard adj.憔悴的Halt n.停住，止步Hands-on adj.亲身实践的Handcrafted adj.手工的Handmade adj.手工制作的Habitual adj.习惯性的Habitat n.栖息地Hasty adj.轻率的Harness v.掌握Hearty adj.丰盛的Healing adj.有治疗功用的Heavy adj.油腻的Harshly adv.严厉地，苛刻地Hibernation n.冬眠Hindrance n.障碍Hygienic adj.卫生的Humanoid adj.人形的Humble adj.卑微的，微贱的Hectic adj.发热的，兴奋的Heavenly adj.神圣的IIconic adj.图标的Idolize v.极度崇拜Incredibly adv.非常,极端地Indecision n.优柔寡断，犹豫不决Inevitably adv.不可避免地Ingrained adj.根深蒂固的Impulsive adj.冲动的Implement n.工具；器具Immobility n.牢固Inherent adj.内在的，与生俱来Intelligent adj.智能的Intensive adj.集中的Intently adv.专注地，专心的Incorporate v.综合，合并Intricate adj.错综复杂的Intimate adj.亲密的Intensity n.强度Intense adj.极端的Indulge vi.沉溺Ideological adj.意识形态的，思想的Introverted adj.性格内向的；含蓄的Intrinsic adj.内在的，本质的Irrefutably adv.无可辩驳地Interact vi.相互交往Innumerable adj.数不清的，无数的Innocent adj.纯真的Innovation n.改革创新Innovative adj.创新的Irritating adj.令人不愉快的Insight n.见识，见解（+on) Inexpert adj.不熟练的Infamous adj.声名狼藉的Indispensable adj.不可缺少的Inspiration n.灵感Inseminate v.向~授精Immune adj.免疫的Illustrate v.举例说明，阐明Ill adj.卑劣的Impoverish v.使贫穷，使枯竭Impair v.削弱Indicator n.指示器；指示针；指标Intensely adv,剧烈地，热情地Intensive adj.密集的Interrelate v.互相关联Interrupted adj.被中断的Intertwine v.(使)缠绕Intricate adj.错综复杂的Irreconcilable adj.不协调的，矛盾的Inevitably adv,不可避免地Indulge v.迁就JJasmine n.茉莉，素馨，淡黄色Juxtaposition n.毗邻，并置，并列KKinship n.亲密关系LLaminate n.层压板Lavatory n.洗手室，厕所Likelihood n.可能性Logic n.逻辑Lonesome adj.感到寂寞的MMarshland n.沼泽地Metaphysics n.玄学Metropolis n.首都，大都会Metaphor n.隐喻，暗喻，比喻说话Massive adj.厚重的，大块的Maturity n.成熟，到期，完备Manifest v.出现；表明Manual n.手册；指南Maid n.仆人Malevolent adj.有恶意的，坏心肠的Manipulative adj.操纵的，控制的；巧妙处理的Messy adj.凌乱的，杂论的Merit n.优点Memento n.纪念品Monetary adj.货币的，金钱的Migration n.迁徙Misinterpretation n.曲解，误译Mystical adj.神秘的Monotonous adj.单调的，无变化的Mountainous adj.山一般的，巨大的Mode n.方式，样式Myth n.神话NNamely adv.即，也就是Navigate v.航行，航海；驾驶Nomad n.游牧民Nominal adj.金额极小的Norm n.标准，规范Notoriety n.恶名，声名狼藉；名声远扬Notorious adj.声名狼藉的Notoriously adv.臭名昭著地，众所周知地Nicotine n.尼古丁Nuance n.颜色，意义等细微差别OOblivion n.遗忘Occurrence n.事件Off-limits adj.禁止入内的Overall 总的来说Overwhelming adj.压倒性的Overwhelmingly adv.极其Onlooker n.旁观者，观众Outlet n.途径，发泄途径Outperform v.比~做得好PProgrammer n.程序员Partial adj.Parallel n.平行线，平行面Partake v.参加，参与；享受Paycheck n.付薪水的支票；薪水Patriotic adj.爱国的，有爱国心的Parvenu n.暴发户Photosynthesis n.光合作用Pockmark n.痘痕，麻子Poignantly adv.（味觉，嗅觉方面）刺激地Pop n.汽水Postage n.邮资，邮费Posit v.提出以供考虑或研究的建议；假定，认为Porthole n.通道Prevalent adj.普通的；流行的Preoccupy v.使全神贯注，迷住Prickly adj.易怒的Perception n.感知Peer n.同伴，同辈；同等的人；v.盯着看Perfume n.香水Pester v.纠缠Procrastinate v,延迟，耽搁Prophet n.先知，预言家Profound adj.深远的Proficient adj.熟练地，精通的Propose v,建议，向~提议Puberty n.青春期Prominent adj.卓越的，显著的Prolong vt.延长Prosperity n.兴旺，繁盛Precise adj.精确的，准确的Presumptuous adj.自以为是的Preferable adj.可取的Phonograph n.留声机，电唱机Phase n.阶段Phenomenal adj.出众的，非常的Photography n.摄影，摄影术Perspective n.观点，看法；见解，洞察Perceive v.理解，领悟Plague v.折磨，使苦恼Playful adj.活泼的，有趣的Plethora n.过多，过剩Plumbing n.管道装置Prominent adj.突出的，显著的Prudent adj.谨慎的，慎重的Present v.介绍，引荐Publicist n.公共关系顾问Picturesque adj.独特的QQuery n.质问RRatio n.比例，比率Readily adv.容易地Rookie n.新手；新兵Recruit v.聘用Refresh v.使恢复精神Rejuvenate v.使恢复活力Remedy n.补救法Retain v.保持，保留Resounding adj.响亮的Repetitive adj.重复的；反复性的Revelation n.显示，揭露，启示Relevant adj.有实际重要性的Regarding prep.关于~Ripple n.波动，起伏Reject v.否认Resume n.个人简历Reckon v.认为SSanitation n.卫生设备；环境卫生Sanctuary n.避难所Savvy adj.有见识的Savor v.尽情享受Spark v.激发Scrutiny n.详细审查Stationary adj.固定的Stable adj.稳定的Stability n.稳定性Stimulating v.促进Serenity n.平静Sensation n.感情，耸人听闻的Sensible adj.合理的Self-perceived adj.自以为的Soothing adj.平静的Sooth v.使~平静Shed v.流下；流出，发散Showcase n.陈列柜；v.使~展现Slumber n.睡眠Silt n.泥沙Signify v.象征，预示Sizable adj.相当大的Socialize v.交往Solely adv.独自地，单独地；仅仅Solidify v.巩固Sophisticated adj精致的，复杂的，富有经验的Socialization n.交际Spacious adj.宽敞的Spontaneously adv.自然地Sportsmanship n.运动家精神Stimulus n.促进(因素)；刺激(物) Stimulating adj.刺激的，有刺激性的Stool n.马桶Subtlety n.微妙Supplement v.辅助Supervise v.监督Surpass v.超越，胜过Sub-culture n.亚文化，次文化Subjective adj.主观的Subconsciously adv.下意识地Sustainability n.可持续性Susceptible adj.易得病的Studious adj.勤学的，认真的Strategy n.策略，计策Steady adj.平稳的，稳定的Sneaker n.运动鞋Succinctly adv.简洁地，简便地Speculation n.思索TTaboo adj.禁忌的，忌讳的Tardy adj.迟到Tantrum n.发怒Tedious adj.单调乏味的Trailer n.追踪者Transpire v.蒸发Tolerance n.宽容Tolerant adj.包容的Topsoil n.地表土Token n.筹码，信物，纪念品Thoughtful adj.善于思考的Toil n.辛苦；苦工Toss v.投掷Thrift n.节俭，节约Thrive v.兴旺，繁荣Titillate v.瘙痒；使愉快Time-honored adj.历史悠久的Turbulent adj.骚动的，动乱的UUnderage adj.未成年的，未到法定年龄的Uncaring adj.漠不关心的，冷漠的Uncouth adj.粗俗的Uninformed adj.未充了解情况的，莽撞的Utilize v.利用Utilitarian adj.实际的Utmost adj.极度的，最大的Unwind v.放松，松弛Ultimately adv.最终地Urinal n.小便处；尿壶Upheaval n.剧变VVancouver n.温哥华Vaccination n.接种疫苗Valid adj.合理的；正确的Venture v.冒险Venue n.审判地，犯罪地点Versatile adj.多方面的Vicious adj.恶意的Vedioconference n.视频会议Visionary n.空想家，梦想者Visualize v.想象出Visibly adv.显然地Vigorous adj.强大的Virtual adj.虚拟的V oice n.发言权Vulnerable adj.脆弱的WWary adj.小心谨慎的Warrant v.授权，证明Wasteland n.废墟Weld v.焊接Westernization n.西化Well-adjusted 有教养的Whence adv&conj.从那里Whereas adj.鉴于，而~ Whatsoever adv.任何地Wield v.支配，掌握，拥有Withstand v.抵御，承受Workout n.体育锻炼；测验XYZ。
英语写作100高频词汇及短语
1acceleratevt.使()加速，增速【例】acceleratetherateofeconomicgrowth加速增【派】accelerationn.加速acceleratinga加.速的2accountn.、考【考】takesth.intoaccount把⋯考在内3accustomvt.使【考】beaccustomedto4adaptvi.适【考】adaptto⋯适5adjustvi.适【考】adjustto...适⋯6advocatevt.宣7affluenta.富裕的【派】affluencen.富裕8annoyvt.使,使怒【派】annoyinga.令人人的;annoyancen. ;annoyeda.生气的9ascribevt.把⋯咎于【考】ascribe...to因于10assessvt.估【派】assessmentn. 估11assignvt.指派，派；分配，布置〔作〕【派】assignment作12assumevt假.象、假定13attainvt.得【考】attainone'sideal到达理想14attributevt.把⋯因于【考】attributesth.to把...咎于15attributevt.咎于【考】beattributedto attributesth.to ⋯16automaticallyad.自地17boostvt.提高，推，使增n.推，增【例】boosttheeconomy推增【派】boostern支.持者，推器18brillianta.光的、煌的【派】brilliancen.19collaboratevi.合作【考】collaboratewith.sb. comprehensivea.合的【考】合性大学consciousa.有意的【考】beconsciousofsth. ⋯有意22conservevt保.存、省【考】conserveenergy保能源consideratea.考周到的contributevt.献【考】contributeto致、来、⋯献25convenienta方.便的方便26conveyvt.达27cooperatevt合.作【考】cooperativea合.作的28coordinatevt.合作29cultivatevt.培养30derivevt.出自、源于【考】derivefrom ⋯31despairvi.望;n.望【考】despairof望;sb.beindespair某人于望中32disapprovevt.不批准、不同【派】disapprovaln.不同【考】expressstrongdisapproval33dismissvt.撤、免【考】bedismissedbyone'scompany被公司解雇34distinguishvt.辨【派】distinguisheda.?突出的35distributevt.分配、分【考】distributionn.分配、分36dominatevt.支配、治【考】male-dominatedsociety男性主社会37embarrassvt使.窘迫,使尬;【派】embarrasseda.某(人)尬的;embarrassmentn.沮embarrassinga.某(事)令人尬的38employvt.雇佣；使用【考】intheemployof受雇于【派】employern.雇主；employeen雇.employmentn.雇佣,工作unemploymentn.失39engagevt.从事、婚【考】beengagedinsth.从事⋯40enhancevt加.enrollvt.注册、使⋯入会【派】enrollmentevacuatevt.撤走、疏散evaluatevt.价、估【派】evaluationn.evaluatevt.价、估excessivea.度的frustratevt.使沮,使灰心【派】frustrationn.挫折;frustratinga.令人沮的47genetica.的guaranteevt.保identifyvt.、明【考】idenfitytheft辨窃immigratevt.移民【派】immigrantn.移民immigration51implementvt.施【派】implementationn.52inclinevi.向【考】beinclinedtodosth.向于做某事53inferiora.下的、下等的【考】beinferiorto比⋯低54injurevt.受【派】injureda.受的;injuryn.受55inquirevi.56instinctn.本能、直【考】humaninstinct人本能57integratevt.使合、使一体化【派】integrala.一体的；integrationn.一体【考】asanintegralwhole作一个整体globaleconomicintegration全球一体化58internshipn.59inversea倒.的、反的justifyvt.明⋯是正当的launchvt.射、开展【考】launchthespacecraft射船launchamovement起一运62negativea消.极的notifyvt.通知、告【派】notificationn. obligationn.任、【考】legalobligation法律任obstaclen障.碍optimistica.的【考】beoptimisticaboutsth. ⋯很67originatevt.由⋯生【考】originatefrom由⋯生68overcomevt. ,克服【例】overcomedifficulties克服困69phenomenonn.象70positivea.极的71potentiala.潜在的【考】potentialcustomer潜在客72preferablea.更好的73prevailvt.倒、【派】prevaillinga.流行的74priorityn.先【考】sth.isthetoppriority先考⋯75proceedvi.行、着手76promptvt.刺激、推【考】promptsb.todosth.77proportionn.比例【派】proportionala.相的、成比例的78pursuevt.追求【派】pursuitn.追求【考】pursueone'sdreamqualifyvt.(使)任，〔使〕具有格【考】qualifyforsth.使具有⋯的格【派】qualificationn.格，条件；qualifieda.有格的recommendvt.推荐referencen参.考remindvt.提醒某人注意【考】beremindedofsth.83relevanta.有关的，切的【考】berelevantto与⋯有关【派】relevancen.有关，相关；irrelevanta.不相关的；不切的84restorevt.恢复、修复【考】restorereputation恢复名誉85restrainvt.遏制【考】berestrainedtodosth.86resumen.87reversevt.倒、反88sacrificevt.牲89starvationn.死90submitvt.提交【考】submitsth.tosb.把⋯提交某人91subsidyn.津、助【考】providesubsidyforsb.⋯提供津92superiora高.的、高等的【考】besuperiorto比⋯高93survivevt.幸免于⋯【考】survivesth.从⋯中幸免94transmitvt.播95tropicala.的96undertakevt.承当，着手做；保，同意【考】undertakesth.从事⋯【派】undertakingn.事，任97vanishvi.消失98victimn.受害者99visiablea.可看的100visionvt.力、眼光短atthethoughtof一想到⋯asawhole(=ingeneral)就整体而atwill随心所欲(be)abundantin(berichin;bewellsuppliedwith)富于，富有access(to)不(可数名)能接近，入，了解byaccident(=bychance,accidentally)偶然地，意外.Withoutaccident(=safely) 平安地，7.ofone ’sownaccord(=withoutbeingasked;willi ngly;freely)自愿地 ,主地8.inaccordwith与⋯一致.outofone ’saccord同with⋯不一致withoneaccord(=witheverybodyagreeing)一致地inaccordancewith(=inagreementwith)依照，根据onone’sownaccount了某人的故，了某人自己的利益(=atone’sownrisk)自行(=byoneself)依靠自己take⋯intoaccount(=consider)把..考去givesb.anaccountof明，解(理由)accountfor(=giveanexplanationorreasonfor)解，明。
托福写作中最常用的100组词汇
雅思托福写作中最常用的100组词汇1．经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology4．面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8．不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument12．一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14．就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons16．双方的论点 arguments on both sides17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…18．对…必不可少 be indispensable to …19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:20．…也不例外…be no exception21．对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…36．综合素质 comprehensive quality37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…40. 应当承认 Admittedly,41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources45．因特网 the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life48．环保（的） environmental protection / environmentally friendly49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue-52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition 58．眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest59．长远利益. interest in the long run60．…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages61．扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones62．取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65．跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with-the latest development of …66．采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth.67．…的健康发展 the healthy development of …68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69．对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person.70．重视 attach great importance to…71．社会地位 social status72．把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…73．扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge74．身心两方面 both physically and mentally75．有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden79．优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.80．与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of83．经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water84．提供就业机会 offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress86．毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87．增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of89．承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure90．保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society91．更多地强调 put more emphasis on…92．适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society 93．实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with 96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word, 100．我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.。
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新托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇
1.持某观点: claim (contend reckon share the belief that )
2. 支持某观点: advocate (maintain vote for side with be in favor of )
3. 反对某观点: contradict (oppose, deny, challenge, criticize, be against, cast doubts on )
4. 合理的：justified ( sensible, feasible, convincing, hold water bear much analysis)
5. 好处：advantage (benefit, merit, positive side,strength,benefits,)
6. 弊端：disadvantage( defect, demerit, negative side ,shortcoming,drawback,weakness)
7. 肯定：undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)
8. 不确定：be likely to ( potentially presumably)
9. 重要的：essential (significant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable)
10. 有益的：beneficial （conducive instrumental ）
11. 有害的：detrimental （harmful virulent）
12. 有争议的：controversial (disputable, contentious)
13. 普遍的：widespread ( prevalent, universal)
14 显著地：considerably (significantly, remarkably, dramatically, tremendously, substantially)
15. 明显的：evident (apparent, manifest)
16. 增强：enhance (strengthen intensify)
17. 减少：decline (descend, collapse, relieve)
18. 大约：approximately（nearly, around, estimated, roughly）
19. 趋势：trend（tendency, inclination）
20. 预见：predict （expect, project）
21. 带来bring about (result in, lead to)
22. 引起create （spark, yield, give rise to）
23. 建立establish （found, institute）
24. 要求call for （request，demand）
25. 去除eliminate（remove, eradicate）
26. 探讨explore (examine, identify)
27. 描绘depict (portray, illustrate)
28. 后果consequence( aftermath; outcome)
29. 足够adequate（enough; sufficient）
30. 解决tackle ( resolve, address)
31. 意识awareness(consciousness)
32. 控制curb ( regulate, censor)
33. 解释：account for（be responsible for）
34. 投资finance (invest in, subsidize)
35. 缓解relieve ( ease, alleviate)
36. 压力stress ( pressure, strain)
37. 和谐harmony ( concordance)
38. 继承inherit (hand down)
39. 培养cultivate（train, foster）
40. 促进promote ( contribute to, upgrade)
41. 适应adapt to (adjust to, acclimate to)
42. 提供provide (render, afford)
43. 替代replace (substitute, take the place of)
44. 保护preserve (protect)
45. 证据evidence (proof)
46. 赢得gain (acquire, attain)
47. 国外的f oreign( alien, exotic)
48. 灾难disaster (misfortune, catastrophe)
49. 发展advance (progress)
50. 倾向于tend to ( be inclined to , be apt to)
51. 吸引attract (allure, tempt)
52. 专注的be absorbed in(be immersed in, devote oneself to)
53. 目的是aim at ( The purpose is )
54. 实现achieve (fulfill, implement)
55. 危害endanger ( threaten; jeopardize)
56. 损害undermine (impair, damage)
57. 阻碍hinder (obstruct, impede)
58. 禁止forbid (ban, prohibit)
59. 责备blame( denounce, criticize)
60. 污染pollute (contaminate, stain)
61. 腐蚀erode(wear away, corrode)
62. 欺骗deceive (cheat, defraud)
63. 冲突conflict ( shock, tension)
64. 驱使prompt (spur, incite)
65.贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented，materialistic)
66. 自私的self-centered (selfish, inconsiderate)
67.体谅的considerate (understanding, sympathetic)
68. 冷漠的indifferent (apathetic, aloof)
69. 奢侈的wasteful (luxurious, extravagant)
70. 残忍的inhumane(brutal, barbaric)
71. 绝望的hopeless（despairing, desperate）
72. 过分的excessive (extravagant, exorbitant)
73. 激烈的intense (fierce, vigorous)
74. 严厉的stringent (rigorous, rigid)
75. 奇怪的eccentric (odd, peculiar)
76. 难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous, virtual)
77. 惊人的extraordinary (marvelous, spectacular)
78. 有抱负的ambitious（aggressive, aspirant）
79. 固有的inherent（nature, innate）
80. 稳定的steady (stable, constant)
81. 恶化worsen (aggravate, deteriorate)
82. 夸大exaggerate ( overstate)
83. 限制restrain (constrain, confine)
84. 拆除tear down（knock down, pull down）
85. 加速accelerate (speed up, precipitate)
86. 占优势predominate (dominate)
87. 分辨distinguish (differentiate, discern)
88.抵消counteract (offset, cancel out)
89. 开展launch (conduct, carry out)
90. 颁布enact (enforce, promulgate )
91. 生活节奏pace of life(rhythm of life, tempo of life)
92. 影响influence(effect, impact)
93. 差异difference (distinction, gap)
94. 交流communicate(exchange, associate)
95. 接触have access to（make contact with, keep in touch with）
96. 优先give priority to (put…into first place)
97. 节约economize ( conserve, cherish)
98. 参与participate in ( take part in, engage in)
99. 措施measure (step, action)
100. 注意beware ( prevent, guard against)。