2013年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷
2015年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含
2015年四川大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作7. 现代汉语写作名词解释1．古希腊人把对过去进行思考的回忆视作人类固有的本能。
古希腊人很早就有了历史意识，殊不知荷马就扮演了一部分史学家的角色，他的诗虽有文学成分，但也不乏众多的历史事实。
特洛伊的成功发掘，本身就证明了荷马记载的真实性。
希罗多德和修昔底德成就出两部古典史学名著《希波战争史》和《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》。
正确答案：(1)荷马：古希腊盲诗人。
相传创作了公元前12世纪至公元前1l 世纪的特洛伊战争以及关于海上冒险故事的古希腊长篇叙事代表史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，实际上是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成的。
这两部杰作被合称为《荷马史诗》，并在很长时间里影响了西方的宗教、文化和伦理观。
(2)特洛伊：也称“伊利昂”，古希腊殖民城市。
公元前16世纪前后为古希腊人所建，公元前13世纪至公元前12世纪时，颇为繁荣。
特洛伊城遗在今土耳其，位于恰纳卡莱南部，北临达达尼尔海峡，坐落在平缓的城堡山脚下。
特洛伊城遗址的发掘，始于19世纪中期，延续到20世纪30年代。
考古学家找到了公元400年罗马帝国时期的雅典娜神庙以及议事厅、市场和剧场的废墟等。
(3)《希波战争史》：即古希腊著名历史学家希罗多德所著的《历史》，是西方史学中最早的一部历史著作。
《希波战争史》取材广泛、规模宏大、史料充实，文字生动流畅、富于文采且充满了浪漫想象。
整本书内容丰富，不仅记载了政治、军事、外交等有关希波战争的史实，还广泛涉及古代埃及、巴比伦、叙利亚、波斯和小亚细亚各国的自然地理、风俗民情、宗教文化和社会经济情况。
其视野扩大到当时希腊及其周边世界，展示了古代近20个国家和地区的民族生活图景，被西方学者誉为“第一部世界性的社会文化史”和“百科全书式”的著作。
(4)《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》：古希腊史学家修昔底德的代表作。
全书讲述了以雅典为首的提洛同盟与以斯巴达为首的伯罗奔尼撒联盟之间的一场战争。
四川大学外国语学院MTI翻译硕士357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识考
四川大学外国语学院MTI翻译硕士357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识考研全套资料真题答案辅导笔记模拟卷2015年弘毅考研川大分部研究生团队已达50多人，涵盖经济、法学、文学、新传、外国语、艺术、历史、旅游、数学、化学、生物、电子、材料、机械、电气、计算机、环境、水土、水利、化工、发酵、行管、教经、社保、商院、体育、马克思、护理、口腔、公卫、预防、药学等30多个院系专业，是目前专业课考研最权威的专业团队，以“弘毅川大考研论坛”为基石，各个专业的学长学姐给您答疑解惑。
为您全程护航。
2015年四川大学考研的成功与否，不仅仅取决于自己是否足够努力，更多在于自己能否拿到真正有价值的川大专业课备考复习资料和获得内部考研信息，这将极大地决定着自己一年的辛苦努力是否能划上圆满的句号。
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2013翻译硕士MTI各校真题汇总
2013翻译硕士MTI各校真题汇总2013翻译硕士各校真题汇总2013考研已经过去，各种尘埃即将落定。
先把各个学校的真题回忆版本汇总给后来人一个复习方向。
也算给考研生活画上一个圆满的句号。
感谢网友的及时回忆，谢谢给位的奉献。
欢迎补充！愿各位取的好成绩！1、2013复旦大学MTI专业课真题回忆版基础英语。
今年的基础英语稍微有些变化，第一题仍然是无选项完型，20个空，第二题是改错，和第一题是属于一篇文章的，二十行二十个错误，第三题是词汇和语法，词汇题比去年增加了不少，第四题是阅读理解四篇一共15个小题，最后一篇稍微有些深度，上来第一句是boresom 其实是讲现代社会摧毁理性和真理的。
然后作文25分就最后一篇阅读理解发表一下自己的看法。
翻译。
背了一堆翻译词汇今年竟然一个词汇翻译都没有，就一个汉译英70分与一个英译汉80分。
英译汉是一篇医学文章，里面什么胆囊啊肠啊的生词一大堆。
汉译英是文言文啊亲，我旦不学好啊，跟着北大学考文言文额。
原文如下：世有三乐，真乐也。
一曰人伦之乐，二曰心地之乐，三曰讲习之乐。
孟子曰：“父母俱存，兄弟无故，一乐也。
”此人伦之乐也；“仰不愧于天，俯不怍于人，二乐也。
”此心地之乐也；“得天下英才而教育之，三乐也。
”此讲习之乐也。
人伦之乐自父母兄弟之外，妻室欲其同甘苦，子孙欲其师教，宗族欲其和睦，女之适人者欲其得所归结，自人伦而推之，有一败人意则非乐也。
心地之乐岂止俯仰无愧怍而已，其道德必与圣贤合、与天地并，可也；道德未同乎圣贤、未同乎天地，不可以已也。
讲习之乐何止于得英才而教育，凡学问德行之有胜乎吾者，吾方且师之，虽受人之教育亦乐矣。
此三者，天下之真乐。
不此之乐，而以外物为乐，乐未一二，而忧已八九。
世俗以为乐，识者不贵也。
百科知识中国四大发明，欧债危机，金砖四国，莫言，生态难民，莎士比亚，君主立宪制，euro tunnel，thedeclaration of independence，DNA，伦敦奥运会，秦始皇陵兵马俑，论语，大中华文库，Encyclopedia Britannica，a nation on wheels，还有一个masps 还是什么的这个不知道，数了数17个还有8个想不起来了，这个是一个2分，一共五十分。
四川大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案
四川大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案四川大学（回忆）翻译硕士英语一、阅读四篇：第一篇为数学在日常生活中随处可见。
第二篇为台风名字来由。
第三篇为患有八十天作者的介绍。
第四篇为左撇子。
二、作文：2013。
英语翻译基础一、解释的词有：IOC国际奥委会CAAC中国民航CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议NBA美国职业篮球联赛UNEP联合国环境规划署FBI美国联邦调查局Federal Bureau of Investigationpurchasing power parity购买力平价"三农"工作work relating agriculture,rural areas and farmers伪娘cross dresser大规模杀伤性武器weapons of mass destruction易经book of changes京都议定书Kyoto Protocol经济适用房economically affordable housing中国达人秀China's Got TalentIOC、CAAC、CPPCC、NBA、UNEP、FBI、purchasing power parity、"三农"工作、伪娘、大规模杀伤性武器、易经、京都议定书、经济适用房、中国达人秀、African Union、Fannie Mae&Freddie Mac、MDGs、亚运会、可再生资源、第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议二、英翻汉：一篇是动物实验，一篇是归纳问题。
三、汉翻译：一篇是西部论坛的讲话，一篇是新闻网络。
汉语写作与百科知识一、新青年、新文化运动、胡适、狂人日记、欧洲文艺复兴、工业革命、但丁、米开朗基罗、存款准备金利率、贸易顺差、外商直接投资、宏观调控、上海世博会、知识产权、民商法二、应用文：索赔函三、作文：混乱的价值。
2017年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含
2017年四川大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作名词解释1．从明代开始，小说这种文学形式充分显示出其社会作用和文学价值，打破了正统诗文的垄断，在文学史上，取得与唐诗、宋词、元曲并列的地位。
清代则是中国古典小说盛极而衰，向近现代小说转变的时期。
正确答案：(1)唐诗：是唐代诗歌的总称，代表了中国古典诗歌的最高成就，也是唐代文学最重要的文体之一。
现存唐诗有近5万首，内容涉及社会生活的各个方面，如实反映了唐代历史的风貌。
其基本形式有：五言古体诗、七言古体诗、五言绝句、七言绝句、五言律诗、七言律诗。
唐诗大体分初唐、盛唐、中唐、晚唐四个时期。
初唐时期的代表作家是“初唐四杰”。
盛唐时期出现“边塞诗派”与“田园诗派”等。
伟大的浪漫主义诗人李白和伟大的现实主义诗人杜甫，是这一时期最杰出的代表。
中唐时期出现“韩孟诗派”以及白居易、元稹领导的新乐府运动。
晚唐时期的著名诗人有温庭筠以及被称为“小李杜”的李商隐、杜牧等。
(2)宋词：词亦称长短句，是诗歌的一种，形成于唐代，是继唐诗之后中国文学史上又一创作高峰。
宋词是宋代盛行的一种文学体裁，代表了宋代文学的最高成就。
其题材广泛、风格各异、名家迭出，现存留有两万余首。
宋词大体上可分为婉约派和豪放派。
婉约派的代表词人有柳永、晏殊等，豪放派的代表词人有苏轼、辛弃疾等。
(3) 元曲：是一种新兴的韵文文学，代表了元代戏剧文学的主要成就。
其形式近于宋词，用长短句，但格律较自由、语言较通俗。
元曲包括杂剧和散曲两部分。
元杂剧是元代用北方流行的曲调演唱的戏曲形式，是在宋杂剧和金院本的基础上，广泛融合了诸宫调等多种说唱、音乐、舞蹈形式而形成的一种成熟的综合性的戏剧样式。
元杂剧形式精炼、体制严整。
散曲是在中国北方民歌基础上，吸收了女真、蒙古等少数民族乐曲而形成并兴起于元代的一种可以入乐的新诗体。
元代杂剧的成就远高于散曲，文学史上与唐诗、宋词并称的“元曲”，主要指的是元杂剧。
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(科技生活)历年真题试卷汇编
翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识（科技生活）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题单项选择题1．现代乒乓球运动以( )为一局。
A．21分B．25分C．11分D．20分正确答案：C解析：在一局乒乓球比赛中，先得11分的一方为胜方；10平后，先多得2分的一方为胜方。
知识模块：科技生活2．我国医疗卫生机构分为三级(一、二、三级)二等(甲、乙等)，其中( )最高。
A．一级甲等B．一级乙等C．三级甲等D．三级乙等正确答案：C解析：我国医疗卫生机构分为三级二等，三级甲等为最高等级，属省级以上医院，是承担高等医学院校和科研任务的医疗机构。
知识模块：科技生活3．下列( )不属于西方世界四大通讯社之一。
A．法新社B．美联社C．塔斯社D．路透社正确答案：C解析：当前的世界四大通讯社分别是：美国的美联社、英国的路透社、法国的法新社、美国的合众国际社。
以上的世界四大通讯社的排名依据是：通讯社的规模、发展历史及影响力、订户数量、日发稿量和年发稿量等。
知识模块：科技生活4．索尼公司创始人之一是( )。
A．松下幸之助B．稻盛和夫C．盛田昭夫D．本田宗一郎正确答案：C解析：松下幸之助是“松下电器”的创始人，稻盛和夫创立了盛和塾，本田宗一郎是本田汽车的创始人。
知识模块：科技生活5．英国的传播媒介比较丰富，其中每周评论是英国出版业的重要组成部分，( )是历史最悠久的周刊。
A．《观察家》B．《每周新闻》C．《旁观者》D．《读者文摘》正确答案：C解析：《旁观者》1828年由英国著名文学家、诗人约瑟夫.艾迪生和他的好朋友理查德.斯蒂尔创办，是英国人周刊中历史最悠久的杂志。
知识模块：科技生活6．英国首都伦敦的地铁是世界上最早的地铁，它建成于( )。
A．1863年B．1873年C．1864年D．1874年正确答案：A解析：伦敦地铁是世界上第一条地下铁道。
总长超过400千米。
1856年开始修建，1863年1月10日正式投入运营。
翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试四川大学2013年真题.doc
翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试四川大学2013年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：30.00)1.Presumably , excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.（分数：2.00）A.TheoreticallyB.PracticallyC.IncrediblyD.Probably2.Silk, although it is considered a delicate fabric, is in fact very strong, but it is adversely affected by sunlight.（分数：2.00）A.softB.sheerC.fragileD.refined3.It is anticipated that this contract will substantially increase sales over the next three years.（分数：2.00）A.apparentlyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadily4.Wives tend to believe that their husbands are infinitely resourceful and versatile.（分数：2.00）A.diligentB.capableC.cleverD.perfect5.What is at fault in our present system is not the outcome but the fallible procedure.（分数：2.00）A.sublimeB.erroneousC.plausibleD.impeccable6.What he expressed as a mere supposition was taken by others as a positive statement.（分数：2.00）A.suspectB.surmiseC.suspicionD.surrender7.Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional .（分数：2.00）A.permanentB.temporaryC.corruptD.craven8.Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily .（分数：2.00）A.fearlesslyB.confidentlyC.silentlyD.prudently9.Mr. Johnson was a passionate person filled with an incredible dynamism .（分数：2.00）A.energyB.enduranceC.effortD.endeavor10.Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdiction over a variety of misdemeanors.（分数：2.00）A.guidanceB.sovereigntyC.authorityD.suzerainty11.The general opinion is that he is ______ to complain.（分数：1.00）A.so much a milquetoastB.too a milquetoastC.too much of a milquetoastD.so much of a milquetoast12.The ozone layer plays as great a role in the stability of spaceship Earth as ______ the waters of its lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.（分数：1.00）A.doB.doesC.playD.are13.Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ______ last week.（分数：1.00）A.to be startedB.to have startedC.to have been startingD.start14.Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, the daily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, ______ its grammatical structure.（分数：1.00）A.the same areB.and so areC.as didD.and so were15.Although money is always useful, it isn"t all ______.（分数：1.00）A.what there is to lifeB.to which there is in lifeC.there is to lifeD.that is in life16.______ ever so humble, there"s no place like home.（分数：1.00）A.It beB.Be itC.It wasD.Was it17.Although women duster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.（分数：1.00）A.butB.theC.muchD.any18.Professor Jeffrey"s lecture on the recycling of waste paper and other garbage will show ______ can still be improved.（分数：1.00）A.that the municipal authorities have doneB.how those the municipal authorities have doneC.how what the municipal authorities have doneD.that how the municipal authorities have done19.Most insulation devices of this kind, ______ manufactured for such purposes, are extremely expensive to install.（分数：1.00）A.that areB.which isC.those areD.as are20.The detective watched and saw the suspect ______ a hotel at the corner of the street.（分数：1.00）A.getting off the taxi and walking intoB.got off the taxi and walked intoC.get off the taxi and walk intoD.got off the taxi to walk into二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section 1 Multiple c(总题数：2，分数：20.00)An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes, and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some beating. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controller and of the members of the governmental agency itself?A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others—the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury", we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned—in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn "rule" behavior.The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the factthat an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.（分数：10.00）(1).In the development of a government agency, ______.（分数：2.00）A.the standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actual application of this judgmentB.the function of law is importantC.the study of ordinance is the most importantD.practice is more important than criterion(2).One of the prominent characteristics of a law is ______.（分数：2.00）A.the result on the individual"s behavior on which a restraining influence is being exercisedB.the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agencyC.the result of a behavior on ordinary citizensD.Both A and B(3).What does the example "committed perjury" illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The law will examine closely what the individual said in courtB.It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects on othersC.Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by lawD.Both B and C(4).The other distinguishing trait of the law is ______.（分数：2.00）A.punishment is carried out by the courts at all levelsB.rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency are specifically designed to increase government controlC.a system of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by natureD.any governmental reinforcement(5).How does codification of the laws affect governmental agents?（分数：2.00）A.The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectivelyernment agencies have to compromise with factual conditionsC.Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for their benefitws can not be altered or modified but they can be incremented with new court decisions and also through jurisprudence"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation".Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized thatthe influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. Murray Edelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group"s norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims.Slogans are so pervasive in today"s society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television.The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society. Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Morn used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother"s baking. Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form, and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person.Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderly Americans, and "Huelga" (strike in Spanish) identifies the movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.（分数：10.00）(1)."Sloganeering" stems from a word that was used ______.（分数：2.00）A.in the United StatesB.in the IrelandC.on the European continentD.frequently in revolutionary rhetoric(2).What is the writer"s main purpose?（分数：2.00）A.To explain the history of slogansB.To explain the persuasiveness of slogansC.To explain how slogans have changedD.To explain how slogans are used on television(3).Because slogans are "social symbols" they ______.（分数：2.00）A.can have different meanings in different cultural and economic settingsB.are widely used as status symbolsC.can be used to demonstrate high social standingD.are perceived as difficult to grasp(4).Lasswell"s and Edelman"s studies are important in that they ______.（分数：2.00）A.believe that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reactionB.demonstrate that patterning and consistency is crucial to the use of symbolsanize collective attitudes around a symbolD.demonstrate a culture"s principles are indicated by the slogans which arc used(5).Television ______.（分数：2.00）A.has distorted the purpose of slogansB.has kept consistent the nature of human interactionC.has made political images personal and shorterD.utilizes slogans well四、Section 2 Answering (总题数：2，分数：20.00)THE WISDOM OF SOCRATESI will try to explain to you what has given rise to these slanders and given me a bad name. Listen then. Some of you will think that I am joking, but I assure you that I will tell you the whole truth. I have gained this bad reputation, Athenians, simply by reason of a certain kind of wisdom. What kind of wisdom? It is by that sort of wisdom which is possible to men. It may be that in having that I am really wise. But the men of whom I was speaking just now must be wise in a wisdom which is greater than human wisdom, or in some way which I cannot describe since I know nothing of it myself; and if any man says that I do know anything of superhuman wisdom, he lies and wants to slander me. (Interruptions.) Do not interrupt me, Athenians, even if you think that I am speaking arrogantly I am. going to say something which is not my own. I will tell you who says it and he deserves to be believed by you. I will bring the god of Delphi to be the witness of the fact of my wisdom and of its nature. You remember Chaerephon. From youth upwards he was my comrade. You remember his character. He was impetuous. Once he went to Delphi and ventured to put this question to the Oracle—(interruptions)—I entreat you again, my friends, not to cry out-he asked if there was any man who was wiser than I, and the priestess answered that them was no man. Chaerephon himself is dead, but his brother here will confirm what I say.Why do I tell you this? I am going to explain to you the origin of my unpopularity. When I heard what the Oracle had said I began to reflect. What could God mean by this dark saying? I knew very well that I was not wise, even in the smallest degree. Then what could he mean by saying that I was the wisest of men? It cannot be that he was speaking falsely for he is a god and cannot lie. For a long time I was at a loss to understand his meaning. After turning it over in my mind for a long time I thought of away of testing the matter. I went to a man who was said to be wise, thinking that there if anywhere I should prove the Oracle wrong, and meaning to point out to the Oracle its mistake. I should be able to say, "You said that I was the wisest of men, but this man is wiser than I am." So I examined the man—I need not tell you his name; he was a politician —but this was the result, Athenians. When I talked with him I found that, though a great many persons, and most of all he himself; thought that he was wise, yet he was not wise. Then I tried to prove to him that he was not wise though he fancied he was, and by so doing I made him, and many of the bystanders, Elders, my enemies. So when I went away I thought to myself, I am wiser than this man. Probably neither of us knows anything that is really good, but he thinks that he has knowledge, when he has not, while I having no knowledge, do not think that I have. I do not think that I know what I do not know, and on this point, at any rate I seem to be a little wiser than he is.Next I went to another man who was said to be even wiser than the last, with exactly the same result. Here again I made him, and many other men, my enemies.I went on to one man after another, making enemies every day. This caused me much unhappiness and anxiety, but I thought that I must set God"s command above everything? So I had to go to every man who seemed to possess any knowledge, and search for the meaning of the Oracle. This was the result of the search which I made at God"s bidding: the men whose reputation for wisdom stood highest were among those most lacking in it, while others, who were looked down on as common people, were much better fitted to learn.Now I must describe to you the wanderings which I undertook to make full proof of the Oracle.After the politicians I went to the poets, thinking that I should and myself clearly more ignorant than they. So I took up the poems on which I thought they had spent most pains, and ask them what they meant, hoping to learn something from them. I am ashamed to tell you the truth, my friends, but I must say it. Almost any of the bystanders could have talked about the works of these poets better than the poets themselves. So I soon found out that it is not by wisdom that the poets create their works, but by a certain natural power and by inspiration, like soothsayers and prophets who say fine things but who understand nothing of what they say. At the same time I saw that, because of their poetry, they thought that they were the wisest of men in other matters too, which they were not. So I went away again, thinking that I had the same advantage over the poets as I had .over the politicians.Finally I went to the skilled workmen, for I knew very well that I possessed no knowledge at all worth speaking of, and I was sure that I should find that they knew many fine things, and in that I was not mistaken. But, Athenians, they made the same mistake as the poets. Each of them believed himself to be extremely wise in matters of the greatest importance because he was skilled in his own art. I asked myself, on behalf of the Oracle, whether I would choose to remain as I was, without either their wisdom or their ignorance, or to possess both, as they did. I made answer to myself and to the Oracle that it was better for me to remain as I was.By reason of this examination, Athenians, I have made enemies of a very bitter and fierce kind, who have spread abroad a great number of slanders about me. People say that I am a "wise man", thinking that I am wise myself in any matter in which I show another man to be ignorant. But, my friends, I believe that only God is really wise, and that by this Oracle he meant that men"s wisdom is worth little or nothing. I do not think he meant that Socrates was wise. He only took me as an example as though he would say to men, "He among you is the wisest who, like Socrates, knows that his wisdom is worth little at all."（分数：12.00）(1).When Socrates says that he is not wise, what does he mean by "being wise" ? When he says that he possesses a certain kind of wisdom, what kind of "wisdom" has he in mind?When he says that only God is really wise, is he thinking of the first sense of "wisdom" or second?（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).In the second sentence of the second paragraph, Socrates promises to explain to the audience the origin of his unpopularity. What exactly is the explanation which he offers on this point?（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Can you tell from this passage whether Socrates had a sympathetic audience or a hostile one?（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ "I"ve been expecting you!" Marek repeated, when he had seated his guest in a comfortable leather chair. Nothing on earth would have induced Bondy to own up to his vision of the fallen inventor. "Just fancy!" he said, with a rather forced gaiety. "What a coincidence! It struck me only this very morning that we hadn"t seen each other for twenty years. Twenty years, Rudy, think of it!" "Hm," said Marek. "And so you want to buy my invention.""Buy it?" said G. H. Bondy hesitatingly. "I really don"t know... I haven"t even given it a thought.I wanted to see you and—""Oh, come, you needn"t pretend," Marek interrupted him. "I knew that you were coming. You"d be sure to, for a thing like this. This kind of invention is just in your line. There"s a lot to be done with it. " He made an eloquent motion with his hand, coughed, and began again more deliberately. "The invention I am going to show you means a bigger revolution in technical methods than Wart"s invention of the steam-engine. To give you its nature briefly, it provides, putting it theoretically, for the complete utilization of atomic energy."Bondy concealed a yawn. "But tell me, what have you been doing all these twenty years?" Marek glanced at him with some surprise."Modem science teaches that all matter—that is to say, its atoms—is composed of a vast number of units of energy. An atom is in reality a collection of electrons, i. e. of the tiniest particles of electricity.""That"s tremendously interesting," Bondy broke in. "I was always weak in physics, you know. But you"re not looking well, Marek. By the way, how did you happen to come by this playth. , this, er... factory?""I? Oh, quite by accident. I invented a new kind of filament for electric bulbs... But that"s nothing; I only came upon it incidentally. You see, for twenty years I"ve been working on the combustion of matter. Tell me yourself, Bondy, what is the greatest problem of modern industry?" "Doing business," said Bond. "And are you married yet?""I"m a widower," answered Marek, leaping up excitedly. "No, business has nothing to do with it, I tell you. It"s combustion. The complete utilization of the heat-energy contained in matter! Just consider that we use hardly one hundred-thousandth of the heat that there is in coal, and that could be extracted from it! Do you realize that?""Yes, coal is terribly dear!" said Mr. Bondy sapiently.Marek sat down and cried disgustedly, "Look here, if you haven"t come here about my Karburator, Bondy, you can go. ""Go ahead, then," Bondy returned, anxious to conciliate him.Marek rested his head in his hands, and after a struggle came out with, "For twenty years I"ve been working on it, and now—now, I"ll sell it to the first man who comes along! My magnificent dream! The greatest invention of all the ages! Seriously, Bondy, I tell you, it"s something really amazing.""No doubt, in the present wretched state of affairs," assented Bondy."No, without any qualification at all, amazing. Do you realize that it means the utilization of atomic energy without any residue whatever?""Aha," said Bondy. "So we"re going to do our heating with atoms. Well, why not? ... You"ve got a nice place here, Rudy. Small and pleasant. How many hands do you employ?" Marek took no notice. "You know," he said thoughtfully, "it"s all the same thing, whatever you call it—the utilization of atomic energy, or the complete combustion of matter, or the disintegration of matter. You can call it what you please.""I"m in favor of "combustion"!" said Mr. Bondy. "It sounds more familiar.""But "disintegration" is more exact—to break up the atoms into electrons, and harness the electrons and make them work. Do you understand that?""Perfectly," Bondy assured him. "The point is to harness them!""Well, imagine, say, that there are two horses at the ends of a rope, pulling with all their might in opposite directions. Do you know what you have then?""Some kind of sport, I suppose," suggested Mr. Bondy."No, a state of repose. The horses pull, but they stay where they are. And if you were to cut the rope—""—The horses would fall over," cried G. H. Bondy, with a flash of inspiration."No, but they would start running; they would become energy released. Now, pay attention. Matter is a team in that very position. Cut the bonds that hold its electrons together, and they will..." "Run loose!""Yes, but we can catch and harness them, don"t you see? Or put it to yourself this way: we burn a piece of coal, say, to produce heat. We do get a little heat from it, but we also get ashes, coal-gas, and soot. So we don"t lose the matter altogether, do we?""No. —Won"t you have a cigar?""No, I won"t. —But the matter which is left still contains a vast quantity of unused atomic energy. If we used up the whole of the atomic energy, we should use up the whole of the atoms. In short, the matter would vanish altogether. ""Aha! Now I understand.""It"s just as though we were to grind corn badly—as if we ground up the thin outer husk and threw the rest away, just as we throw away ashes. When the grinding is perfect, there"s nothing or next to nothing left of the grain, is there? In the same way, when there is perfect combustion, there"s nothing or next to nothing left of the matter we burn. It"s ground up completely. It is used up. It returns to its original nothingness. You know, it takes a tremendous amount of energy to make matter exist at all. Take away its existence, compel it not to be, and you thereby release an enormous supply of power. That"s how it is, Bondy. ""Aha. That"s not bad.""Pflüger, for instance, calculates that one kilogramme of coal contains twenty-three billions of calories. I think that Pflüger exaggerates.""Decidedly.""l have arrived at seven billions myself, theoretically. But even that signifies that one kilogramme of coal, if it underwent complete combustion, would run a good-sized factory for several hundred hours!""The devil it does!" cried Mr. Bondy, springing from his chair."I can"t give you the exact number of hours. I"ve been burning half a kilogramme of coal for six weeks at a pressure of thirty kilogrammetres and, man alive," said the engineer in a whisper, turning pale, "it"s still going on... and on... and on."Bondy was embarrassed; he stroked his smooth round chin. "Listen, Marek," he began, hesitatingly. "You"re surely.., er... a bit.., er... overworked."Marek"s hand thrust the suggestion aside. "Not a bit of it. If you"d only get up physics a bit,I could give you an explanation of my Karburator in which the combustion takes place. It involvesa whole chapter of advanced physics, you know. But you"ll see it downstairs in the cellar. I shovelled half a kilogramme of coal into the machine, then I shut it up and had it officially sealed in the presence of witnesses, so that no one could put any more coal in. Go and have a look at it for yourself—go on—go now! You won"t understand it, anyway, but—go down to the cellar! Go on down, man, I tell you!""Won"t you come with me?" asked Bondy in astonishment."No, you go alone. And... I say, Bondy... don"t stay down there long.""Why not?" asked Bondy, growing a trifle suspicious."Oh, nothing much. Only I have a notion that perhaps it"s not quite healthy down there. Turn on the light, the switch is just by the door. That noise down in the cellar doesn"t come from my machine. It works noiselessly, steadily, and without any smell... The roaring is only a ventilator. Well, now, you go on. I"ll wait here. Then you can tell me..."Bondy went down the cellar steps, quite glad to be away from that madman for a while (quite mad, no doubt whatever about it) and rather worried as to the quickest means of getting out of the place altogether. Why, just look, the cellar had a huge thick reinforced door just like an armourplated safe in a bank. And now let"s have a light. The switch was just by the door. And there in the middle of the arched concrete cellar, clean as a monastery cell, lay a gigantic copper cylinder resting on cement supports. It was closed on all sides except at the top, where there was a grating bedecked with seals. Inside the machine all was darkness and silence. With a smooth and regular motion the cylinder thrust forth a piston which slowly rotated a heavy fly-wheel. That was all. Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle.Perhaps it was the draught from the ventilator or something—but Mr. Bondy felt a peculiar breeze upon his brow, and an eerie sensation as though his hair were standing on end; and then it seemed。
2013年四川大学考研真题MTI考研真题翻译硕士
2013年四川大学MTI考研真题回忆版翻硕英语题型和2012年是一样一样滴前10道是替换后10道词汇语法反正也不会重复考就不多说了阅读第一篇是关于司法第二篇？？？三四篇是回答问题的那种第三篇是讲苏格拉底第四篇超级长问题却很简单害我浪费时间看了半天。
很诡异很诡异因为那人是个神经病我还记得主人公名字叫Marek 和 Bondy作文也是给了一篇文章说教育部出台了减负方案家长不乐意了不能让孩子输在起跑线上什么什么的老生常谈了让根据文章写作文翻译基础1.SAARC2.P5-plus-13.QE 34.Social media5.CO2 equivalent6.BRICS7.Mandatory evacuation8.UN General Assembly 67th Session9.Non-Aligned movement10.CDM11.Hamid karzai12.十八大13.移动媒体14.亚欧首脑会议15.光棍节16.早稻田大学17.海上风能18.反倾销与反补贴19.上海期货交易所20.车载信息系统21.伦敦金融城22.电视相亲23.文心雕龙还有7个想不起来了。
静候别的同学补充。
答案LZ犯懒就不贴了哈哈大家可以思考一下英译汉1. 罗素的文章网上有原文The misfortunes of humanbeings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second, those inflicted by other people. As mankind have progressed in knowledge and technique, the second class has become a continually increasing percentage of the total. In old times, famine, for example, was due to natural causes, and although people did their best to combat it, large numbers of them died of starvation. Atthe present moment large parts of the world are faced with the threat of famine, but although natural causes have contributed to the situation, the principal causes are human. For six years the civilized nations of the world devoted all their best energies to killing each other, and they find itdifficult suddenly to switch over to keeping each other alive. Having destroyed harvests, dismantled agricultural machinery, and disorganized shipping,they find it no easy matter to relieve the shortage of crops in one placeby means of a superabundance in another, as would easily be done if the economic system were in normal working order. As this illustration shows,it is now man that is man's worst enemy. Nature, it is true, still seesto it that we are mortal, but with the progress in medicine it will become more and more common for people to live until they have had their fill oflife. We are supposed to wish to live for ever and to look forward to theunending joys of heaven, of which, by miracle, the monotony will never grow stale. But in fact, if you question any candid person who is no longer young, he is very likely to tell you that, having tasted life in this world, hehas no wish to begin again as a 'new boy' in another. For the future, therefore, it may be taken that much the most important evils that mankind have to consider are those which they inflict upon each other through stupidityor malevolence or both.人的不幸可分为两类：第一类，乃由非人为的客观环境所造成，第二类，由他人所造成。
大学翻译硕士MTI历年考研真题-2013四川大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题(回忆版)(1)
2013四川大学翻译硕士MTI考研试题（回忆版）我尽量回忆全，水平太差，做题时间都不怎么够，整个状态都很紧张……所以记得不太全，以下顺序按记忆清晰程度排列。
一、汉语百科名词解释（25个）：1. 文艺复兴人文主义中世纪2. 易经形而上形而下3. 爱默生苏格拉底儒家4. 印度教伊斯兰教佛教5. 美国国会参议院众议院6. CPI PPI 通货膨胀7. 诺曼底登陆盟军第二战场8. 细胞学说能量守恒定律生物进化论马克思主义应用文：为某制药公司的中成药心血安康丸写说明书，450字左右。
考前看过一篇清热解毒丸的说明书倒是不难但我咋觉得要凑够450字那么不容易。
反正我应该是没够大作文：材料是今年关于央视“大裤衩”，苏州“秋裤楼”，以及传闻沈阳抚顺交界处即将修建的“大铁圈”等奇楼高楼引发的关于经济文化的质疑与思考，自拟题目800字。
二、英语翻译基础术语及缩略语翻译（30个）：P5+1，UNCTAD，SCO，CDM，BRICS，the 67th Session of the UN General Assembly 67th Session，fisical cliff，CO2 enquivalent，SAARC，QE 3，Social media，Mandatory evacuation，Non-Aligned movement，Hamid karzai中共十八大，移动媒体，亚欧首脑会议，光棍节，早稻田大学，海上风能，反倾销与反补贴，上海期货交易所，车载信息系统，伦敦金融城，电视相亲，文心雕龙英译汉：1. 罗素的文章网上有原文The misfortunes of humanbeings may be divided into two classes: First, thoseinflicted by the non-human environment and, second, those inflicted by otherpeople. As mankind have progressed in knowledge and technique, the secondclass has become a continually increasing percentage of the total. In oldtimes, famine, for example, was due to natural causes, and although peopledid their best to combat it, large numbers of them died of starvation. Atthe present moment large parts of the world are faced with the threat offamine, but although natural causes have contributed to the situation, theprincipal causes are human. For six years the civilized nations of the worlddevoted all their best energies to killing each other, and they find itdifficult suddenly to switch over to keeping each other alive. Having destroyedharvests, dismantled agricultural machinery, and disorganized shipping,they find it no easy matter to relieve the shortage of crops in one placeby means of a superabundance in another, as would easily be done if theeconomic system were in normal working order. As this illustration shows,it is now man that is man's worst enemy. Nature, it is true, still seesto it that we are mortal, but with the progress in medicine it will becomemore and more common for people to live until they have had their fill oflife. We are supposed to wish to live for ever and to look forward to theunending joys of heaven, of which, by miracle, the monotony will never growstale. But in fact, if you question any candid person who is no longer young, he is very likely to tell you that, having tasted life in this world, hehas no wish to begin again as a 'new boy' in another. For the future, therefore, it may be taken that much the most important evils that mankind have toconsider are those which they inflict upon each other through stupidityor malevolence or both.人的不幸可分为两类：第一类，乃由非人为的客观环境所造成，第二类，由他人所造成。
川大MTI百科知识 样题+参考答案(背景)
《汉语写作与百科知识》样题第一部分百科知识（50’）请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点1. 这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响，这说明全球化在逐步进展。
过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场，也是一个正在建设中的、比较我的推动作用，证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。
一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中，流向西雅图。
4. 2009年3月的全国“两会”上，吴邦国提出，今年要着力加强社会领域立法，继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。
社会领域的公平正义，变化并没有那么快，我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道，就可以看到今天的问题所在。
例如，上文提到的新华社2006年那篇文章中，对社会领域立法促进公平正义列举了五个方面：一是保障公民权利，尊重和保障人权；二是发展社会事业，提高公共服务的能力和水平；三是健全社会保障，发展慈善事业；四是规范社会组织，使各类具有公益或互益性质的社会组织，纳入规范化、法制化管理的轨道；五是重视社会管理，包括加强公共安全、应对突发事件等。
社会领域立法以促进公平正义，也许更加直接地体现了孟德斯鸠在《法的精神》中强调的重点：限权。
也就是保障私权利，限制公权力。
从新华社列举的五项内容可以看出，每前进一步的关键都是公私权界。
显然，在这方面还有相当漫长的路要走。
第二部分应用文写作（40’）根据下面的文字说明写一篇450字左右的应用文，要求包含标题、正文、结尾语、落款等几个要素。
中国×进出口商会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××，了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果。
根据中国××办公室和对外经济贸易部××司的指示，现要给其上级部门即中国××办公室的答复报告《关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告》，要求介绍谈判过程及结果，并指出产生“索赔案”的原因等。
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2013年四川大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：18.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：1，分数：16.00)请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点：（分数：16.00）(1).但丁是第一个采用文艺复兴主义的作家。
他的《神曲》里面就有很多人文主义的精神。
但是由于几个世纪的神学统治，神学观念仍然根深蒂固。
所以，《神曲》里面也有很多中世纪神学方面的因素。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：文艺复兴：是一场发生在14世纪中期至16世纪末的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。
这场文化运动囊括了对古典文献的重新学习，在绘画方面直线透视法的发展，以及逐步而广泛开展的教育变革。
文艺复兴的主要代表人物有但丁、达．芬奇、米开朗琪罗、莎士比亚等。
人文主义：又称人道主义，是文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建、反教会斗争中形成的思想体系、世界观或思想武器，也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。
它主张一切以人为本，反对神的权威，把人从中世纪的神学枷锁下解放出来；宣扬个性解放，追求现实人生幸福；追求自由平等，反对等级观念；崇尚理性，反对蒙昧。
中世纪：是欧洲历史上的一个时代(主要是西欧)，一般指公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡至公元1453年东罗马帝国灭亡的这段时期。
“中世纪”一词是15世纪后期的人文主义者开始使用的。
中世纪在欧美被称作“黑暗时代”，是欧洲文明发展较为缓慢的一个时期。
)解析：(2).《易经．系辞》曰：“形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器”。
由此可见，中国儒家哲学的根本命题，就是执着于此人类别于万物它类的根本特质上用心力，而于物如器的世界，多有所忽而不执意追求。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：《易经》：也称《周易》或《易》，是中国传统思想文化中自然哲学与伦理实践的根源，是中国最古老的占卜术原著，是一本揭示变化的书，由太极图和八卦及六十四卦构成其主要内容。
《易经》的发展在夏朝时期产生了《连山易》，在商朝时期产生了《归藏易》，在周朝时期产生了《周易》，但是由于时间的原因，《连山易》和《归藏易》已失传，只剩下《周易》。
形而上：在儒家哲学中指无形的或未成形体的东西，是中国古代哲学的重要范畴。
形而上是对具体的客体的抽象和超越，也可以叫哲学。
形而上学是一个传统的哲学分支，旨在解释存在和世界的基本性质，在中国，也称作玄学。
形而下：指具体的、可以捉摸到的东西或器物。
形而下是以具体的客体为基础的研究，也可以叫科学。
)解析：(3).印度是一个多民族、多语系、多宗教的地区。
对古代印度产生巨大影响的宗教主要是婆罗门教、印度教、佛教和伊斯兰教等。
其中，佛教不仅对古代印度产生了影响，也对东方乃至西方也产生了巨大影响。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：印度教：世界主要宗教之一，被称为世界上“最古老的宗教”，形成于公元2世纪左右，主要是婆罗门教信仰产生出来的一个新教。
印度教继承了婆罗门教的教义，并赞成和积极发挥了已经存在的造业、果报和轮回等观点。
印度教也信仰多神，但在多神中应以梵天、毗湿奴、湿婆三神为主神。
佛教：世界三大宗教之一，产生于公元10世纪的古印度，由迦毗罗卫国(今尼泊尔境内)王子乔达摩．悉达多所创。
佛教相信每个人的命运都掌握在自己手中，佛教是推崇理性、反对迷信、注重因果的，它包含着丰富的辩证思维内容，并一向支持科学技术发展。
在中国主要有汉传、藏传和南传佛教三大派别。
伊斯兰教：世界三大宗教之一，公元7世纪初兴起于阿拉伯半岛，由麦加的古莱什部族人穆罕默德创立。
伊斯兰教是追求和平、团结和科学的宗教，主要传播于亚洲、非洲，以西亚、北非、西非、中亚、南亚次大陆和东南亚最为盛行。
信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”。
中国的伊斯兰教一般认为是在公历651年从阿拉伯传入中国的泉州、广州等地。
)解析：(4).爱默生对中国文化也情有独钟，曾在文章中引用孔孟言论，还把孔子和苏格拉底、耶稣相提并论，认为儒家道德学说，“虽然是针对一个与我们完全不同的社会，但我们今天读书仍受益匪浅”。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：爱默生：美国思想家、文学家、诗人，他的诗歌、散文独具特色，注重思想内容而没有过分注重辞藻的华丽，行文犹如格言，哲理深入浅出，说服力强，且有典型的“爱默生风格”。
1836年出版处女作《论自然》。
爱默生的代表作有《论文集》、《代表人物》、《英国人的特性》、《诗集》等。
苏格拉底：著名的古希腊思想家、哲学家、教育家，与柏拉图、亚里士多德被并称为“古希腊三贤”，更被后人广泛认为是西方哲学的奠基者。
他一生未曾著述，其言论和思想多见于柏拉图和色诺芬的著作，如《苏格拉底言行回忆录》。
苏格拉底为哲学研究开创了一个新的领域，使哲学“从天上回到了人间”，在哲学史上具有伟大的意义。
儒家：是中国古代最有影响的思想学派，也是中国思想文化的主流，公元前5世纪由孔子创立，脱胎自周朝礼乐传统，以仁、恕、诚、孝为核心价值，着重君子的品德修养，强调仁与礼相辅相成，重视五伦与家族伦理。
儒家起初仅属诸子百家之一，在秦代大受迫害，自汉代起却得到朝廷独尊，成为官学与国教，掌握文化教育与入仕之途，奠定儒家在中国历史文化的崇高地位。
)解析：(5).两院制是指世界上某些国家议会分设两院的制度，但名称各有不同，如英国叫上议院和下议院，美国国会设参议院和众议院。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：美国国会：是《美国宪法》规定的立法机构，位于国会大厦。
国会由经直接选举产生的参议院议员与众议院议员组成，每个议员代表其选区内的选民，但是作为一个整体，国会议员代表整个国家的选民，通过立法来规范政府与人民的行为。
参议院：参议院是两院制国家的议会上议院。
最早是指罗马共和国的元老院，近代才变成两院制国家对上院的称呼。
两院制国会的起源是因为国家的创建者希望拥有一个贴近且跟随民意公论的“人民议院”以及与一个较众议院慎重且具贵族气派的参议院，以防止集体情绪的狂乱。
宪法规定法律之通过须经两院允许。
众议院：众议院是两院制国家的议会下议院，有些国家称为第二院，众议院的议员人数是按各地人口多少的比例分配的。
)解析：(6).CPI 和 PPI 都是衡量通货膨胀的标准，是反映国民经济运行状况的重要指标，也是制定有关政策和国民经济核算的科学依据。
所以这两个数据的公布都会引起社会的广泛关注。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：CPI：居民消费价格指数，是一个反映居民家庭一般所购买的消费商品和服务价格水平变动情况的宏观经济指标。
它是用来反映居民家庭购买消费商品及服务的价格水平的变动情况，是进行经济分析和决策、价格总水平监测和调控及国民经济核算的重要指标。
其变动率在一定程度上反映了通货膨胀或紧缩的程度。
PPI：生产者物价指数，也称为工业品出厂价格指数，是衡量工业企业产品出厂价格变动趋势和变动程度的指数，是反映某一时期生产领域价格变动情况的重要经济指标，也是制定有关经济政策和国民经济核算的重要依据。
通货膨胀：指在纸币流通条件下，因货币供给大于货币实际需求，即现实购买力大于产出供给，导致货币贬值，引起物价在一段时间内持续而普遍地上涨的现象。
其实质是社会总需求大于社舍总供给。
)解析：(7).诺曼底登陆的胜利，宣告了盟军在欧洲大陆第二战场的开辟，意味着德国陷入两面作战，减轻了苏军的压力，迫使法西斯德国提前无条件投降。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：诺曼底登陆：是第二次世界大战中盟军在欧洲西线战场发起的一场大规模攻势，战役发生在1944年6月6日清晨，持续超过了两个月，最终盟军成功建立滩头堡，并在1944年8月25日解放巴黎，宣告结束诺曼底战役。
诺曼底登陆成功，美英军队重返欧洲大陆，使第二次世界大战的战略态势发生了根本性变化。
诺曼底战役是目前为止世界上最大的一次海上登陆作战。
盟军：即同盟国军队，指由目标相同的国家组成的军事同盟，保护自己及成员国不受到侵略或恐怖威胁。
第二战场：指二战时期，除苏联战场以外，新开辟的以西欧为主要区域的战场。
诺曼底登陆成功开辟了欧洲第二战场，这同时也标志着世界反法西斯同盟开始了大反攻，加速了法西斯德国的灭亡。
)解析：(8).19世纪科学技术的新成果，特别是细胞学说的确立、能量守恒定律的发现、生物进化论的新发展为马克思主义的产生奠定了坚实的自然科学基础。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：细胞学说：是关于生物有机体组成的学说，由德国植物学家施莱登和动物学家施旺最早提出，直到1858年才较完善。
1838年，德国植物学家施莱登在前人研究成果的基础上提出了细胞学说的主要论点，翌年施旺提出“所有动物也是由细胞组成的”，对施莱登的观点进行了补充，从而建立了生物学中统一的细胞学。
细胞学说揭示了细胞的统一性，这一学说的建立推动了生物学的发展，并为辩证唯物论提供了重要的自然科学依据。
能量守恒定律：热力学第一定律，自然界普遍的基本定律之一，指一个封闭(孤立)系统的总能量保持不变，即能量既不会凭空产生，也不会凭空消失，它只会从一种形式转化为另一种形式，或者从一个物体转移到其他物体，而能量的总量保持不变。