Deixis1指示语
语用学 指示语
bring also are components of place deixis
Equivalents of these words can be found in Chinese, that is:这儿， 那儿，这个，那个，左和右，来和去，带走和拿来。
③除此之外，地点指示语可以是表示空间位置的副
• last指示的是上一章中讲述意识流的信息,或是传达该信 息的篇章部分 • I bet you haven’t heard this story… this指示接下来要叙述的故事,或是叙述故事的那个篇章部 分。
• Now I wonder through my garden indecisively, trying to hold on to the last days of late summer. • Now主要的是起到语篇的衔接作用 • Here we choose to define...as... • here 指示的是这部分要叙述的内容
地点指示语指话语涉及的地点或空间位置。 ①In English, location adverbs and demonstratives such as :here, there，this，that，left, right are typical place deixis.
②Besides, pairs of motion verbs such as come and go, take and
词，或由“介词+方位名词”组成表示空间位置的
介词短语，或者是“介词+物体”等组成的表示方
位的介词短语。
英语中的come和go可以表示言语时间参与者的 移动方向不同：
• He is coming. He is going.
指示语deixis
指示语deixis话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。
指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。
这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。
指示语主要有：1、人称指示。
称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。
最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。
2、时间指示。
时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。
时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。
在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。
3、空间指示。
空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。
空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。
4、话语指示。
话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。
由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。
5、社交指示。
社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。
DeixisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1]The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2Types of deixis[edit]Traditional categoriesPossibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3] [edit]PersonPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.GenderIn many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :A man is responsible for his own soulas opposed toEach person is responsible for his or her own soulcommon in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female persons.PlacePlace deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs“here” and “there”and the demonstratives“this” and “that” - although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]Some examples:I enjoy living in this city.Here is where we will place the statue.She was sitting over there.Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as inThe shop is across the street.where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, whileHere is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closerto the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic Englishforms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]TimeTime, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to inan utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the "tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to writeIt is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latterthe DT.Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, forexample, simple English past tense is absolute, such as inHe went.while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as inHe had gone.Other categoriesThough the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4][edit]DiscourseDiscourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the utterance itself. For example, inThis is a great story.“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and inThat was an amazing day.that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as inMatthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time. In his exampleI was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their refe rence to London, and deictically in that the choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.[1]The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[samesubject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed][edit]SocialSocial deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions and honorifics.Usages of deixisIt is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well asnon-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for exampleI broke this finger.requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereasI love this city.requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,I went to this city one time . . .is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used inits place.。
英汉复数第一人称指示语的语用分析
英汉复数第一人称指示语的语用分析作者：贺竹娟来源：《科教导刊》2009年第05期摘要指示语 (Deixis) 是语用学研究中很重要的一个范畴,而复数第一人称指示语又是指示语研究中相对复杂的一部分。
因此,我们不能单纯地从语义层面上来分析它的用法,而是应该借助具体的语境,从语用的角度加以分析。
本文比较全面地总结了复数第一人称指示语在英汉两种语言中的运用异同。
关键词复数第一人称指示语英语和汉语语用中图分类号:G633.4文献标识码:A指示语 (Deixis)是语用学研究中很重要的一个范畴,而指示语的研究最能直接体现语言结构及语境之间的关系。
因此,有些人认为,狭义的语用学其实就是研究指示语,即一些词语或结构只能在具体的语境中才能明确所指对象。
Levison(1983) 将其定义为用来表示语言指示信息的词语。
同时,他还将指示语分为人称指示语(personal deixis),时间指示语(time deixis),地点指示语(place deixis),话语指示语(discourse deixis)和社交指示语(social deixis)五类。
人称指示语指谈话双方用话语传达信息时的相互称呼(何自然,1988)。
它可以分成三类:第一人称指示语(谈话中用来指说话人本身);第二人称指示语(用来指听话人);第三人称指示语(用来指说话人和听话人以外的人和事物)。
Fillmore (1977),Levison (1983),何自然(1988)和姜望琪(2000)等语言学家都在各自的著作中对人称指示语做了研究,但他们主要是对指示语的定义,分类和基本用法进行了论述,并没有系统地在汉语,英语两种具体语言环境中加以对比和分析。
而由于语言的差异,人称指示语在实际运用过程中,各个人称的所指和用法并不像定义的那样简单、明确,有时会出现一些从语义上看似乎是异常的现象,这些现象只能从语用的角度借助语境来解释。
本文重点探讨了复数第一人称指示语在英、汉语中的语用分析。
Deixis1指示语
• But we don’t know when the sign was posted.
第11页，共13页。
Bibliography
[1]Yule,G.2000.pragmatics.Shanghai :Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Spatial deixis (place deixis)
• Spatial deixis concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance ,the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to.
第8页，共13页。
Temporal (time) Deixis
• It is often encoded in English in adverbs such as now,then,ago,later,soon and before, calendrical terms(terms based on the calendar) like yesterday,today and tomorrow,and in some adverbials like this/last/next/Monday/week/month/y ear/and the day before/after yesterday/tomorrow.
E.g. I drove the car to the parking lot and left there.
浅探柳词中时间指示语的特点
浅探柳词中时间指示语的特点本文以十三首著名的柳词为研究对象，总结出柳词时间指示语的特点：本体时间指示语与代体时间指示语交错使用，并以后者居多；词作流露出词人鲜明的情感时间。
标签：柳词时间指示语本体时间指示语代体时间指示语指示语（Deixis）是语用学研究的重要内容之一，分为人称指示语、时间指示语等。
Deixis源自希腊语，意指利用语言进行“指点”（pointing）或“标示”（indicating）。
时间指示语是将言语活动中与时间相关的因素编码而成的语言。
此处的“言语活动”是指人说出来的话、写出来的东西，也叫言语作品。
先来回顾一些基本概念：“本体时间指示语”因为是用本身具有时间属性的词语来指称时间，所以直白确切。
它往往是以天象基准、习惯基准和当前基准构成的时间序列。
“天象基准”是人类根据自然界周期性变化的天文、气象而确定的量度时间长短的基本标准，如我国战国时期的“古四分历”即规定一回归年为365.25天；“习惯基准”即人们为了推算而指定的标准，如国际通用的公历；“当前基准”是人们以自身所处的现实时间即说话时间为基准点，赋予时间以“过去”“现在”“将来”的区别并由此确定它们之间的相对位置。
本身不具有时间属性的词语，通过某种媒介而具有指称时间的功能，它就成了代体时间指示语。
电影《经纪人风波》里有一句经典台词：You had me at Hello，You had me at Hello.（第一次见面时你就拥有了我，拥有了我。
）毋庸置疑，这类指示语具有委婉含蓄、引人遐思、令人回味等特点。
把握了以上概念，我们就来看看《宋词三百首》（上疆村民选编）中柳词中的时间指示语。
研读之后会有以下发现：一、直接使用本体时间指示语（一）明显的本体时间指示语1.表示一天中的时段的：朝（戚氏）、暮（雨霖铃、戚氏等）、晚（玉蝴蝶）、日晚（曲玉管）、夜（浪淘沙慢）、今宵（雨霖铃）2.表示季节的：春（蝶恋花）、秋（曲玉管、雨霖铃等）（二）以“当前基准”构成的时间序列1.表说话时间之前的：当初（曲玉管、定风波慢）、从前（浪淘沙慢、戚氏）、前期（少年游中指的是旧日的欢爱约期等）、年少光阴（定风波慢）、当年少日（戚氏）、少年时（少年游）2.表说话时间之时的：如今（浪淘沙慢）、岁晚（夜半乐）、年光晚（八声甘州）3.表时间段的：永日（曲玉管）、尽日（竹马子）面对有些词语的内涵，读者得依靠前后文来确定：如“日晚”（曲玉管），是指黄昏还是入夜呢？词人写道“陇首云飞，江边日晚，烟波满目凭阑久。
deixis语言学定义
deixis语言学定义在语言学中，deixis是指用于指示特定人、物、地点、时间等的语言现象。
它是通过语言中的指示词或词组来实现的，例如代词、副词等。
deixis在日常交流中非常常见，它帮助我们在交流中理解和表达具体的参照点。
本文将介绍deixis的定义、分类以及在语言中的应用。
我们来介绍deixis的定义。
deixis是源于希腊语的一个词，意为“指示”。
在语言学中，deixis指的是通过上下文和特定的语言标记来指示特定的人、物、地点、时间等。
通过deixis，人们能够在交流中准确地理解和表达特定的参照点。
deixis可以根据指示的内容进行分类。
根据指示内容的不同，deixis可以分为人称deixis、空间deixis和时间deixis。
人称deixis是指用于指示与交流参与者相关的人物。
在人称deixis中，我们常用的代词如“我”、“你”、“他”等可以帮助我们指示特定的人。
空间deixis是指用于指示特定的地点或位置的语言现象。
例如，我们常用的副词如“这里”、“那里”等可以帮助我们指示特定的地点。
时间deixis是指用于指示特定的时间的语言现象。
例如，我们常用的时间状语词如“现在”、“昨天”、“明天”等可以帮助我们指示特定的时间。
除了以上分类，deixis还可以根据指示的方式进行划分。
根据指示方式的不同，deixis可以分为直接deixis和间接deixis。
直接deixis是指通过具体的语言标记来直接指示特定的参照点。
例如，代词“我”、“你”等直接指示特定的人。
间接deixis是指通过上下文信息来间接指示特定的参照点。
例如，当我们说“昨天我去了那里”，虽然没有明确指出“那里”的位置，但通过上下文信息，我们可以推断出“那里”是指昨天我们去过的地方。
在实际的交流中，deixis起着非常重要的作用。
通过deixis，我们可以使交流更加具体和准确。
然而，deixis也存在一些挑战，因为它的理解和表达都依赖于上下文和语境。
小议指示语
一
、
问题 的提 出
独 到 理 解 ，但 大 部 分 学 者 只 对 各 类 指 示 进 行 了 列 举 性 的说
指示 （ Ｄ ｅ ｉ ｘ ｉ Ｓ ）这个 术语 源于希腊 语，意为 “ 指 明、
以指 示 的性 质 。 第三 ， “ 指 示 功 能 ” 是 从 词 语 的 层 面 出发 ， 把 某 些 词
２ ０ ０ ３ ：２ ０ － ２ ４ ：冉永平 ，２ ０ ０ ６ ：２ ０ ：何 自然等，２ ０ ０ ９ ；梁燕
华 ，２ ０ １ ３ ：５ ２）
语 作为语言 指示性质 的标记 ，将语 言中的指示 视为语言 中
纳 入 了指 示 体 系 ， 但 在 各 类 指 示 的 具 体 层 次 关 系 问 题 上 还 示 受 话 人 结 合 具 体 语 境 理 解 话 语 的 准 确 意 义 。 指 示 具 体表 存 在 分 歧 ：一 部 分 学 者 认 为 五 类 指 示 是 在 同 一 层 面 上 平 行 现 为 “ 人 称 代 词 、指 示 代 词 、指 示 副 词 等 的 一 种 指 称 的现 的分 类 ； 有 的 学 者 则 认 为 社 交 指 示 在 一 定 程 度 上 是 人 称 指 象 ” （ 姜望琪，２ ０ ０ ３ ：１ ７ ），因而也可 以称为指示现象 。 示 的 一 部 分 ；有 的 学 者 则 恰 恰 相 反 ，认 为 社 交 指 示 包 括 人
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。何 姗
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Person deixis
偏离中的常情-人称指示语在语用环境下的非常规用法摘要：指示语是语言学中的一种常见现象，是语言和语境之间关系最明显最直接的语言反映，指示语的偏离常规的用法反映了语用环境下指示语的转指或移指所能体现的语用效果.本文列举了5种特殊语境下的用法来说明人称指示词的这种特殊用法。
Abstract: Deixis is a popular linguistic phenomenon which reflects the relationship between the language and context. Personal deixis is particular in its normal use ,while in specific context , the rule for using them often is broken to realize the emotional function .关键词：语境语用人称指示语礼貌情感指示词是一种常见的语言现象，它反映了语言和语言系统中语境的关系，被认为是语言和语境之间关系最明显最直接的语言反映，是连结语义学和语用学的关节点。
指示词的使用表面上的简单掩盖了它真实的复杂性。
Deixis一词来自希腊语，意为指点(pointing)或标示(indicating)。
它唯一的两个子类是人称指示词和指示代词。
但是现在使用的指示词涵盖了更广的范围，包括指示副词和时态的语法范畴。
指示语(deixis)直接涉及语言结构和语境之间的关系。
语言中指示词语的指称和它们在构成语句时的含义,往往取决于话语的语境和说话人的信念和意图。
话语和语境之间的关系正是通过指示语而得以在语言结构上反映出来。
指示词大约有五类，但是传统上来讲只有三类：人称代词，像“you” “I” ; 时间指示词“now”“then”,空间指示词“here”“there”等等，其中人称指示词在人类的交往和语言中发挥着重要的作用。
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Anaphoric use of spatial deixis(前照应):
• Anaphoric use refers to some place that has ever been mentioned in the conversation. E.g. I drove the car to the parking lot and left there.
• A) (Teacher and student in the classroom) • Teacher: Martha, where is Mexico? • Martha: Mexico is on page 17. • B) (Two friends on Bus 92) • A: Where should I get off to go to the museum? • B: I’m getting off at Qiulin. Get off before that.
Humorous Spatial Deixis
Temporal (time) Deixis
• It is often encoded in English in adverbs such as now,then,ago,later,soon and before, calendrical terms(terms based on the calendar) like yesterday,today and tomorrow,and in some adverbials like this/last/next/Monday/week/month/ year/and the day before/after yesterday/tomorrow.
• The most obvious spatial deitic terms in English are the adverbs(here; there), the demonstratives(this;that),along with their plural forms(these; those) and the relevant verbs(come; go; take; bring).
www,
bring
here
this
speakers go there
come
that
take
• These pants are too small. (Adj) • Of perfume: That is too strong. (Pro) • ‘Here’, ‘there’ : ‘this place’, ‘that place’ • ‘go’ — move away from the deictic center • ‘come’ — move toward the deictic center
Gestural use of spatial deixis:
• Gestural use is the use by which it can be properly interpreted only by somebody monitoring some physical aspect of the communication situation. • Take “there” for example: Please take his book there.
Spatial deixis (place deixis)
• Spatial deixis concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance ,the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to.
Symbolic useBiblioteka of spatial deixis:
• Symbolic use refers to the use whose interpretation involves merely knowing certain aspects of the speech communication situation,whether this knowledge comes by current perception or not. • E.g. How are things there?
• In the tense system,the present tense is the proximal form,and the past tense is the distal form. Proximal Temporal: Now, Today • Distal temporal: Then, Yesterday, Monday • A: I’m going to the store Monday. B: I have a meeting Today. • C: Wednesday is my birthday.
THANKS
• D.Yesterday was a great day! • One morning you find a sign that says：
• But we don’t know when the sign was posted.
Bibliography
[1]Yule,G.2000.pragmatics.Shang hai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. [2]杨忠. 英语语言学导论[M].北京： 中国人民大学出版社. [3]何兆熊.新编语用学摘要[M].