英文版西方文论笔记
Western Literary History (Higher Education Press) Contents 1Introduction – Research and activity of Western Literature ” Western Literary History “of the ancient society (Ancient Hellenic – neo-classical) IntroductionChapter ancient Hellenic literate theoryIntroduction Section I intellection the ancient Hellenic literature and prowess of primeval1. philosopher “harmony of the sort of” theory2. Heraclitus's “opposition harmony” theory3. Democritus's theory of double4. Athenian said that double and dutyII Plato's literate dialogues1. Management call of double2. The ethnic duty of literature and prowess that3. InspirationSection Aristotle's ―Poetics‖1. Art Essence2. Theory of tragedyChapter Hellenic bodyIntroduction Section I Horace's ―Poetic Art‖1. Classical principles of2. Rationalistic tendencies3. Artistic creation, the bined” generalisation4. The ethnic persona of penalizationII Longinus's ―On the Sublime‖1. The characteristics of exalted gist2. High maker3. Noble gist of creation and the ikon that4. Lofty, a intellectual and the ethnic surroundphilosopher threesome prowess theory1. God is the maker of example and prowess2. The musing of the example of prowess with feeling and think3. The newborn rendering of the doubleConclusion Chapter nonmodern establishment subject Literary ThoughtSection I Introduction St. View Augustine's literate1. God is America's embody2. Literature and prowess is the adversary of establishment subject3. Formal beauty, falsity and module as the theory of Section II of theologiansecular literature sure1. Wen prefabricated the concern should not be the housemaid of subject2. Emotion is the creation of dynamical and submissive the statement of naturethreesome saint Aquinas's scholastic prowess create1. Imitation of uncolored or double of God's creation2. Beauty and good, the disagreement between prowess and morality3. “Bible” of the signaling meaning ofChapter revival Literary ThoughtIntroduction Section of the European revival Art Thoughts1. Dante's “Four Yi said,” and the domestic module theory2. Bio's poetics3.卡斯特尔维Cuirot on the “poetics” of the rendering of the “unities”4. Literary genre, the identify of artist and recent landII novels and dramas of the revival theory1. Cervantes's newborn theory2. Vega's episode theorySection subject revival Literary Thought1. Studying Sidney's “Defence of Poetry”2. dramatist on the literate and artistic creationConclusion Chapter HellenicIntroduction Section land neo-classical Doctrine and Boileau's ―Poems‖1 Boileau and gladiator XIV epoch2. “Poems” of the important noesis3 Yifu Meng and Boileau of artist and recentII nation neo-classical1. Qu Layton and hellos “Poems on the drama”2. Bo Bo “On Criticism”3. Johnson's “type” theoryII Teutonic neo-classical1. histrion Snow Point and the metropolis School2. Winckelmann's Hellenic prowess theoryrecent literate theory (the Enlightenment – Naturalism)Introduction Chapter Enlightenment Literature ThoughtIntroduction Section land Enlightenment Literary1. writer intellection the categorisation of prowess2. Rousseau's “return to nature” theory3. Diderot's hammy improve theoryII Teutonic Enlightenment Literary1. Lessing's “Laocoon” and the “Hamburg Drama”2. Herder's domestic literate theorySection European Vico's ―new science‖1. Development of manlike hellostory and literate subject utilization2. Original thellonking – envisage the characteristics ofapproaching of Chapter VI of the Teutonic Classical Aesthetics of Literary Theory IntroductionI Kant's ―Critique of Judgement‖ in literate theory1. On the theory of literature and prowess hit a field gist philosophy2. Literature and Art Theory IIII Schelloller's ―naive and sentimental penalization poem‖1. Classification and causes of penalization2. The identify of sentimental penalization3. Classification of hellostory and call arrangementIII threesome Art Experience novelist1. Literature and actual chronicle2. Literature and Age: Hellenic and humanities3. Literature Development: National Literature and World LiteratureIV Hegel's phellolosophy of prowess1. Essential feature of the artistic saint2. The important features of the saint personality3. Artistic ideals and artistic noesis4. Three types of subject5. The prowess of systems and Poetry approachingWestern Literary History (Higher Education Press) List 2Chapter heptad of the qualityIntroduction Section Teutonic Romanticism1 to Shellolegeer brothers represented Jena beam humanities2 Heine, “On the Romantic “Literary and Artistic ThoughtsII nation Romantic1. Wordsworth's “Lyrical ballads Preamble”2. Coleridge's Romantic Poetry3. Keats's “negative capability,” said4. Shelley's disagreement with the diminution Kacthreesome land quality1 夏多勃里昂“Christian poetry,” said2 History Mrs. Dahl on Southern literature, literate sectionalization of the North3 novelist principles of example and ugliness of curbConclusion Chapter practicalityIntroduction Section land Realism1. author on the practicality of the rendering of2. The generalisation of realism, novelist3. Flaubert's inflection on the generalisation of perspicacityII Slavonic practicality1 Belinsky of prowess and actuality2 Du traveller Puff to meet on the “Peoples”3 Lev Tolstoy's “Art of”Section dweller Realism1 Ge physiologist clarinettist on Drama2 of speechmaker saint NovelsChapter Positivism and NaturalismIntroduction Section historiographer definite to literature on the ―three elements‖1 race, the environment, the relationshellop between geezerhood and literate2 Artistic Nature3 to found the artistic saint and artistic gistII Shengbo Fu sensationalism critique1 pore and methods of literate critique2, the duty of literate critique with the determine of SectionZola's representational theory1 technological curb of literature, to literature to convey to nature2 records the fact that a technological noesis3, the technological method to indite the approaching摩登Literary Theory (aestheticism —- structuralism)Introduction Chapter XI aestheticismIntroduction Section Gotti leaves of Art USA does not intend1 nature of art: no functional2 The determine of art: esthetical is hunt3 “form” and its signification4 Art and Life Activities: Art effectuation freedom, pleasure, UnconventionalSection II of the modify is every author1 Art and Nature: not prowess imitating nature, but nature imitating prowess of2 Art and Life: Art should not be imitating chronicle3 Art and Time: Art and Times of the disagreement4 prowess and morality: prowess and morality has nothellong to do5 prowess in motion of “form” as the content6 prowess criticism: a beatific critique of purely prejudicedphytologist threesome priceless modify of prowess is1. philosopher and another Teutonic critique of the philosopher2. Type first: Art that modify3. Art criticism: “the untruth between aim and form”XII intuitionismSection I Introduction Intuitionistic Art philosopher View1 Value of Art: Art is the module of the temporary Xiu Xie and perverse2 Artistic Nature: no interest, Utilitarianism, double intent3 impression (intuitive): the important embody to be comatose of clean perception, the goal module be the neutral of the create of4 threesome kinds of tragedy of the aforementioned nature philosopher IITragic prowess analyse1 Arts and Life: Day of God Dionysus forcefulness and impulse: Tragedy looking and optimism2 illogical features: the prowess of esthetical noesis to anti-rationalism , anti-moral3 urrence of Art: Artists and genius, rousing4 types of art: penalization and penalizationthreesome Bo Gelin's Art of Life dynamical impression1 intuitive: the determine of artists and prowess2 Features of the Art: unaccompanied individual, should not move3 Comedy Factors: vocalization with queerordinal travel of prowess is illogical Croce1 Artistic Nature: Art that is illogical2 Art urs on: Intuition and performance, form, module3 prowess critique and prowess status: recycling, autarkicalChapter XIII Symbolism and Imagery PoetrySection I Introduction originator Allan author and poet1 Edgar Allan author on the “divine beauty” of the motion of2 Baudelaire's theory of stimulation groupingII signaling shitting body Mallarmé1 neutral with a illusion expose the clean gist of an goal2 exalted to support the module of penalization3 intertwined with digit symbols – thebination of penalization and poetise penalization4 “is a Lonely Poet ”“ Literature is all a individualized ”III threesome Valery's poetics1 Pure Poetry2″ the module of penalization no applicatory purposes “3″ to some actual poets are beatific at the precise grouping and nonfigurative thellonking “4 authors and readers gist independentlyIV dramatist Poetry1 “Poetry is the think ground we touched their symbolism”2 governs the ikonV Imagery Poetry1 Imagist Poetry, principles2 images – the set areas of copyist Pound PoetryConclusionXIV of recent psychology, literate theory launchingSection Psychoanalysis and Literary Theory1 Summary of psychotherapy theory2 Freud's Literary ConceptII Mythelloc1 Frazer's “Golden Bough” and the metropolis School: The Early Mythelloc2 Jung's agglomerated comatose theory and its schools: the utilization modify of Mythelloc3 Frye and hellos “Anatomy of Criticism”: a officer of MythellocConclusion Chapter XV of Slavonic formalismIntroduction Section Jacobsen's genre theory1 technological efforts2 Poems “system function”II Shklovsky's literate theory1 Art is the autarkical cosmos of the concern2 unequalled prowess modify View3 literate and unknown4 Literature and WritersSection 坦尼亚诺夫and Yihengbaomu literate theory1 坦尼亚诺夫literate theory2 Yihengbaomu literate theoryConclusion Chapter XVI phenomenon Science and Existentialism Literary Theory Introduction Section Ingarden and the phenomenon of literate theory Mikel1 Ontology of Literature2 literate epistemology3 Value of LiteratureII Heidegger's literate ideas1 Heidegger's phellolosophellocal themes and discernment of the persona of prowess2 Art is actuality in the entireness of their possess into3 prowess and the concern and the connector4 language, intellection and penalizationSection Sartre's Existentialism Literature1 Why do grouping create literature2 Guided Reading is the fictive3 Arts is a liberated call4 of apiece aggregation there is on the blending of a change5 literature implies the approaching of Interventional directory P9 Western Literary History support (Education Society) -3Chapter XVII dweller ―New Criticism‖Introduction Section of the New Criticism originator1. semiotician semantic analytics2. Eliot's Impersonal TheoryII Criticism of the manufacture of the newborn Slavonic1 Empson's equivocalness theory2 Siam Point of Poetry enmity3 Ontological Criticism Ransomthreesome heyday of the New Criticism1 Wim playwright and Beardsley's “opinions fallacy,”“feel fallacy” theory2 Brooks “irony” theory and “read law”3 Way Luck, Warren's interior investigate and take of theoryChapter XVIII artsIntroduction Section I polyglot module Science and the Slavonic arts1 structural arts of polyglot intellection2 Prag School of Languages, Literature Structure Theory II scheme Literary Theory1 Levi – Strauss's Myth Model2 structuralist messagepost-modern literate theory(from Structuralism to Deconstruction – Criticism Cultural Studies) Introduction Chapter XIX from arts to deconstructionIntroduction Section Roland Barthes literature ―code‖ of1 structural semiotics Literary Narrative2 Structure3 book theory and datum theoryII Lacan's structuralist psychotherapy1 comatose and module2 main, mirror and multilateral3 on “stolen letters,” the book of Section physicistIII the noesis of handle theory1 Fengdian and Literature2 Discourse and3 on the noesis and noesisBakhtin IV newborn theories and Carnival of Poetry1 Bakhtin's artefact of thellonking and investigate methods2 contrapuntal newborn theory3 Carnival of PoetryConclusion Chapter deconstructionIntroduction Section Derrida's critique of artsII altruist School of Deconstruction1 Apostle de Man's anapaestic theory of deconstruction2 Jiefuliha clarinettist Deconstructive Criticism3 Hillis playwright on the deconstruction method of approachingthe twenty-first chapter of Western advocator social theoryIntroduction Section city School Literary Theory1 patriarch artistic intellection2 Adorno prowess theory3 Marcuse's theory of prowess4 Habermas's “Communication rationalization” Cultural AestheticsII ‖ structural communism of ―literary theory1 Althusser's theory of prowess and orientation2 Ma Qilei's Theory of Literary Production3 Structure of the embryology of nihilist and Literary Theory threesomeNew dweller advocator literate theory1 Production Theory of Aesthetic Ideology Eagleton2 Jameson Poetics and Cultural Politics in Post-modern theory approachingChapter XXII – rendering epted theory, reader-response critiqueIntroduction Section I The Rise of 摩登hermeneutics and phellolosophellocal scenery of the punctuation1 the uprise of recent hermeneutics and phellolosophellocal scenery of the punctuation2 Gadamer: Interpretation – today a talking with the timeII Theory of Literary Reception1 Iser's getting theory2 Jaus theory of literate hellostoryIII who outlay the Hellenic reader-response critique1 “meaning that the incident”: the book reader-response critique meaning of the2 Description and psychotherapy of readers: reader-response critique of the determine and method of3 rules of the module grouping and the “knowledgeable reader,” reader-response critique constraintsXXIII Feminism and Gender CriticismIntroduction Section dweller reformist literate critique1 凯利米利特with “sexual politics”2 Showalter's “Women Criticism”countryII of the land reformist literate critique1 Yiligerui of phellolosophellocal critique2 Cixous's “Women Writing”Section sexuality studies and merry grave theory1 gay investigate scenery2 Butler, Zhu went in gay studies and “strange theory”3 gay literature and critiqueConclusionXXIV New HistoricismIntroduction Section Greenblatt's social poetics Theory and Criticism1. Greenblatt's “cultural poetics”2. “Cultural Poetics” grave strategySection Hayden Whellote on the hellostory of the book as a literate create1 the hellostory of the book as a literate create2 History and Fantasyapproaching after twenty-five chapters notice colonialism IntroductionSection I Said's arts and post-colonial critique1 as a handle of arts2 Orientalist handle book graveII Spivak's post-colonial critique1 From Feminism to Post-colonialism2 someone edition of Postcolonial CriticismArticle VI, ―Cultural Studies‖ Critical Theory Introductionprototypal section, ―Cultural Studies‖ Origin and Development of the ordinalFestival ―Cultural Studies‖ field difficulty field and investigate epistemology1 uranologist and others, society and personation of2 Willis, who's continent Cultural Studies3 Fiske, who studies favourite culture, the approaching notation。
英美文学选读自学笔记
English literature前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。
学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。
本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。
如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。
这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。
最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,I Old English Literature ----(450—1066)two groups: religious –-on biblical themes ----<The Dream of the Rood > Secular ---- heroic age ---- <Beowulf >--- a protector of people ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period ---(1066---14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest ---- three changes—feudalism system established ( politically )--- Catholic Church ( Religiously )--- French, Latin, English(co-existed language )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward ‘The epic reflects a heroic age ,the romance reflects a chivalric one’ 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from<The Canterbury Tales>),2 verse : <The Canterbury Tales> first use 'heroic couplet' , realistic picture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵)<The Legend of Good Women> first use rhymed 'heroic couplet'<The Romaunt of the Rose > octosyllabic 八音节诗3.novel: <Troilus and Criseyde> the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th—17th)Fame : ① move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie.② recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church .England :the reign of Henry VIII -----England‘s Go lden Age in literature---- Bibles in English instead of Latin readable forcommon people-------- literary giants : Shakespeare, Spenser ,Jonson Sidney, Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos ---- change monasteries修道院 into schools anduniversities ------ the English Renaissanceflourishing-------first introduced printing into England andtranslated books in English(by William Caxton) Traits of humanistic poetry: meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England) Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse )Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon(the first important English essayist, the founder of modern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet’s poet(他的诗节被称为“斯宾塞诗节”，他被称为“诗人中之诗人”)选读<The Faerie Queene> (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur—the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ‘Fierce Wares and faithful loves’.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion.Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealismII. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as ‘University Wits’. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ‘s characters are rather pale)Plays: <Tamburlaine> (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. Bydepicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. )选读<Dr. Faustus> (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness)<The Jew of Malta>affection for his love.)<Edward II>Poetry:<the Passionate Shepherd to His Love>(It deprives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pure <Hero and Leander>III. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)Background:from merchant’s family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。
英美文学选读 笔记
英美文学选读笔记+考题Lecture 1 William Shakespeare1. Introduction of the course(1) This course is called Selected Readings in English and American Literature, a compulsory course for you. It will be finished in 12 weeks. And in each week we'll meet each other two times.(2) In this course, you will have to read some original works taken from English and American classics. It may be a little bit difficult for you. However, it's also a chance for you to know some great treasury in world literature and I'll help you understand them.(3)Comparing with the literary history courses, this course mainly focuses on original productions. The course book is a nice one with classical works and detailed notes.(4) For the final test, 10% will be decided by your attendance, 20% by your homework and 70% by the test paper. About the homework, after we finish each writer, I'll give you a name list of recommended works written by the writer. In the whole semester, you should choose at least one piece of English writer's works and one piece of American writer's works recommended by me. And then you should write a small paper on the piece of works you chose. That means you should turn in two papers in the whole semester.(5) A very important suggestion: preview the productions before the class; otherwise it'll be very difficult for you to catch me in the class.2. William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)(1) Historical BackgroundA. Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalismB. Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another is the humanism, which means the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.C. Shakespeare lived in such a period and also such a period made him the most famous and most important English writer.(2) Life(Read paragraph 1 and 2 on page 1 after class. These two paragraphs are the introduction of the great writer's life.)A. His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.B. He is mainly famous for his great plays, especially the outstanding "Four Great Tragedies". ("Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello" and "Macbeth") He is also the author of some other famous plays, such as "Romeo and Juliet", but today we'll learn the excerpt from one of his great comedies - "The Merchant of Venice", which we'll talk about a little bit later.C. Shakespeare's sonnets are also very good. We'll first introduce Sonnet 18, the most famous sonnet written by Shakespeare.(3) Sonnet 18A. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. It was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. (It is a very popular poem form and used widely in English literature. In the Elizabeth era, Edmund Spenser was also famous for his sonnets. And later, John Milton, Byron and Keats all contributed excellent sonnets.)B. Though the sonnet is a fixed form, but the rhyme scheme of the sonnet is not fixed. (few minutes for students to find out this poem's rhyme scheme.)Answer: abab cdcd efef gg. This is a typical rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in all his sonnets.C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.temperate: moderate or mild; rough winds: strong winds; darling: lovely; lease: 租约;complexion: appearance; dim: darken with cloud; brag: boast;D.(discuss) Theme: expressing the deep love to his friend(4) The Merchant of VeniceA. Famous comedy written by Shakespeare in his youthB. Setting: Venice, the Middle AgeC. Characters: Bassanio, Antonio, Shylock, Portia (let students discuss the characters)Portia: Shakespeare's ideal woman, beautiful, intelligent, cultured, gracious, independent, a daughter of RenaissanceShylock: most successful character, a Jew, a greedy and merciless usurer and also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution (sympathy)D. Plot: Read the introduction from P3 to P4.E. (Discuss)Theme: Mercy wins over malice.F. The selection is the most famous scene of the whole play and also the climax of the play. (Ask students to read it thoroughly after the class.) In the class, we'll learn a short part taken from the scene. (P10 to P11, the famous statement about mercy made by Portia)G. (the last but not least) form of the play: verse drama written in blank verse mostlyblank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. Soon after blank verse was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil's works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets, such as John Milton, also employed this form to write their long poems.(5) Recommended ReadingSonnet 29; Sonnet 73; Sonnet 116; Four great tragedies; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream3. Homework1. Preview the next chapter about John Milton.2. Find out the form and rhyme scheme of the poem "To Cyriack Skinner" on P23.Lecture 2 John Milton (1608 0 1674)(Comparing with William Shakespeare, few people read his great productions today. However, he is also a classical writer in English Literature.)1. Historical Background(Discussion: Any important event happened during Milton's life time in Britain )English Bourgeois RevolutionThe conflicts between King (James I and then Charles I) and the ParliamentProfound conflicts: the Old Feudalism and New CapitalismIn religion: The Anglican Church and the PuritanThe consequence of those contradictions: the Civil War (1642 - 1649)The King was executed in 1649 and monarchy was abolished.Oliver Cromwell's dictatorship (1649 - 1660)The Restoration: Charles II and then James IIGlorious Revolution (1688)2. Lifeborn in a rich and cultured family - handsome and hardworking - graduated from Cambridge University and got master degree - six years' private study and the most knowledgeable poet in Britain - writing pamphlets for the Commonwealth - blind in 1652 - arrested and fined after restoration - produced three great poems in plain lifeMost important works - three great poems: Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama)Besides three great poems in his late years, he also wrote some excellent sonnets including the one we'll learn today.3. To Cyriack Skinner(Ask the questions of homework) (Answer: Sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd)(1) Form: Sonnet(2) Rhyme scheme: abba abba cdcdcd (different with William Shakespeare's sonnets)(3) Explain the poem sentence by sentence(4) (Discussion) Theme: the author's positive attitude towards his blindness (another sonnet on blindness seems more discouraged.)4. Paradise Lost (《失乐园》)(1) Milton's masterpiece; greatest epic written in the English language*epic(史诗): it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Notice the differences between traditional epics and literary epics. Paradise Lost is a literary epic.(2) It's a long epic including 12 books. The plot is taken from the Old Testament of Holy Bible.*Holy Bible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典,分为《旧约》(The Old Testament)和《新约》(The New Testament)两部分,这两部分写于不同的时期,而且使用的文字不同,《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成,《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文,然后是拉丁文,在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪,但各种版本都不算通行,直到Martin Luther宗教改革之后,1611年出现的Authorized Version至今通行,对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版.Plot: (paragraph two on P24) revolt of Satan and some other angels 0 their defeat and throwing into the Hell 0 temptation of Adam and Eve 0 expulsion of Adam and Eve(3) Theme: "to justify the ways of God to man" (submission to the Almighty) (Discussion: Is this the real theme of the poem )Real theme: praising the rebellious spirits against the despot(4) CharacterizationGod: the despot, selfish, cruel and unjust (King of Britain)Satan: real hero, dare to revolt against the despot, persevering but not discouraged after the failure (Republicans including Milton)(Milton is a pious Christian. This epic is the production of the conflicts between his religious belief and political belief. )(5) (P26 Learn a short excerpt from Paradise Lost) Form: blank verse(6) Explain the excerpt sentence by sentence.(7) (Do you think John Milton's works difficult ) Miltonic style: to express the sublimity of thought, sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur style(Latin words and Latin sentence structure, inversion, archaism, long sentence and mostly formal words, thus the style formed and his English rather difficult)5. Recommended ReadingJohn Milton's two sonnets: On his blindness; On his deceased wife6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter including the life of Daniel Defoe, the introduction of Robinson Crusoe and the excerpt Chapter VIII from P33 to P37.Lecture 3 Daniel Defoe (1660 0 1731)(He is a very famous novelist around the world because of his popular novel Robinson Crusoe.) 1. Historical Background(1) Comparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.(2) The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The Tory and the Whig, as two major parties in England, competed with each other in politics. (Discussion: What do you know about the Whig and the Tory )* 辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党.1679年,当议会讨论詹姆士公爵(即后来的詹姆士二世)是否有权继承英国王位时,议员们展开了激烈争论.赞成的人被对方称为"托利",反对的人则被对方称为"辉格".渐渐地,双方各自都以此自称.后来,双方的观点都发生了变化,辉格党对君主不再持完全的否定态度,因为"光荣革命"后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制;托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君主制的立场,因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败.久而久之,国王发现,无论是辉格党还是托利党,当其中一个在议会中占多数时,就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣,内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾.18世纪上半期,辉格党在政治上占优势,是议会多数党,故此,辉格党执政近半个世纪.18世纪后半期,托利党才得以执政.工业革命以后,两党的主张发生一些变化.大约在19世纪30年代,托利党改称保守党(Conservative),辉格党改称自由党(Liberal).不过在现在的英国自由党的势力已经衰落了,现在英国的两个主要党派是保守党和工党,英国现任首相布莱尔即是来自工党(Labor Party)的.(3) England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century. In a series of wars, England proved her power of naval force.(4) (Discussion)With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes:A. Political writing: depending on patrons to working for either party in order to help them win more votes;B. Newspapers and journals: for parties and also for the rising middle classC. Due to the development of science and philosophy, (Issac Newton) reason rather than emotion played a more important role in the age. Thus the age was called the Age of Reason. Church's influence was greatly weakened.(5) The rise of the English novel①The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes' "Don Quixote". (西班牙,塞万提斯,《唐吉诃德》)②The rise and growth of the realistic(现实主义作家,以描写现实生活为主要目的) novel is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature. And from Defoe, the pioneer novelist in English literary history, we will meet several great novelists in the following chapters. (Forerunner of English realistic novels)2. Life (P29 Paragraph 1 and 2)(1) born in a butcher's family; father was a dissenter(2) graduated from a dissenting academy but did not want to be a clergyman(3) once a prosperous merchant; bankrupt and got into a heavy debt(4) writing all kinds of books including political pamphlets and trade books for a living(5) questionable political character because served both parties(6) versatile person contributing a lot to journalism ("The Review"; father of modern journalism) and trade(7) When he was 60 years old, he published Robinson Crusoe and then a series of novels which made him a major novelist in English literary history.3. Major works: Robinson Crusoe; Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders etc. (P30)most important: Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders (1722)Moll Flanders: Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature. And it anticipates many later novels that take women as the center of attention in order to expose how the social system victimized them. The heroine is a woman living by stealing and cheating. It is also a tradition in English novel but the author's purpose is not showing her tricks. His purpose is satirizing the social system.4. Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(1) Background: a real incident; 1704, Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous crew of his ship. He lived there alone for 5 years. Defoe read about his adventures in a newspaper and went to interview him to get first-hand information.The first translation wad done by Lin Shu in 1905 and became quite popular in China.(2) Plot: run away from home →become a sailor →a planter in Brazil →to an uninhabited island because of shipwreck →made a living there all by himself →save a negro named Friday who became his servant →back to England →visit the remote island again and Friday was killedOriginal name of the novel: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoea picaresque novel with a little change (main character is different)(3) (Discussion) Robinson Crusoe's characterization: typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical, diligent, a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges; shrewd, care about money and good at managing; courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles(4) (Discussion) Theme: praising labor and man's courage and effort to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism and slavery (Friday)(5) (Ask some questions about the excerpt)What is the first thing mentioned in the excerpt done by Robinson (The first paragraph) (keeping his calendar)How Robinson made a home for himself step by step on the remote island(Finding some useful thing from the wrecked ship - making a little pale around his tent - making a hut with the roof - enlarging his cave and making it like a storehouse - making a chair and a table - making large shelves - keep everything in order(6) (Discussion) Style: journalistic truth with many vivid details, simple and plain sentence structure and language, first person point of view, natural order in narration, making the story intimate to the readers and become popular among lower classes5. Recommended Reading: Robinson Crusoe (the complete novel)6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter, especially the Chapter VIII from P50 to P56. Try to answer question 4 and 5 on P59 after your preview.Lecture 4 Jonathan Swift (1667 0 1745)(He is a master satirist famous for his Gulliver's Travels.)1. Life(He lived in the same age with Daniel Defoe, so we needn't introduce the historical background again.)①He was born in a poor family in Dublin, Ireland. His father died before his birth.②He graduated from Trinity College in Dublin but he was a rebellious student there. He didn't want to join the church.③He worked in a nobleman's house (Sir Temple, his distant relative) and it was a bitter experience for him because he was treated as a servant.④He first supported Whig and then Tory and then left the political circle. He was good at political writing and once a very popular character. (Review the introduction of Whig and Tory.)⑤After he left political circle he returned to Ireland and became a dean. He wrote a lot of pamphlets to protest the unjust policies of English government to Ireland.⑥Because of a brain disease, Swift became insane and died miserably.2. Works(Read the first paragraph on P43)①"A Modest Proposal"?Climax of his pamphlets on Ireland?It was a bitter satire and in this small book Swift suggested the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children as food for the rich. (Irony)?这本小册子除了是对英国政府对爱尔兰的剥削政策的讽刺之外,也是对一些projectors的讽刺,Swift在写这本小册子时就以一个projector(献策者)自居.本文流传很广,是Swift最有名的政论文章,也是历来英国散文选必选之文章.(《英国文学名篇选注》)*Irony(反讽):This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term "irony", there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. ②"Gulliver's Travels"(《格列佛游记》)?Background: famous as a book for children but actually an important satirical book; took the form of a travel book because this form was popular at that time?Central character: Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon on a merchant ship?Four voyages: Lilliput to Brobdingnag to Laputa to the country of Houyhnms (Read the introduction on P43)?(Discussion) Do you think Swift designed these strange stories only for fun(Answer: no, the purpose is making a bitter satire on English politics and other vices in the society at that time.)?(Turn to P50 and see the excerpt) This is a chapter taken from the last part of the book. It is mainly about the country of Houyhnms. In Gulliver's Travels, before each chapter begins, you can find several sentences telling you the main ideas of the chapter.(Answer the question 4 and 5 on P59.)(Discussion) What are the implied ideas the author tried to convey by this chapter(The author believed Reason was very important for human being. If human's desires aren'tcontrolled by reason, human will become disgusting like yahoos one day in the future. Notice the special historical background of the book - Age of Reason.)?(Discussion) Style of Swift's prose: His prose style is simple, clear and vigorous. His famous saying "Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style" influenced a lot later writers.3. Recommended ReadingGulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal4. HomeworkPreview chapter 6 (P70 A Red, Red Rose) and chapter 7 (P75 London).Lecture 5 Robert Burns and William Blake(Today we will meet two interesting poets. They lived in the later part of the 18th century and each has some special characteristics which make them have a peculiar position in the English literary history.)1. Robert Burns (1759 0 1796) (罗伯特彭斯) (He was called the national poet of Scotland. But he mainly lived a hard life and died when he was only 37 years old.)(*Scotland: 1707 为英格兰吞并,1745发生过大规模反英起义,曾经是一个独立的国家,有自己独特的民族传统,著名电影Brave Heart)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 on P69)A. He was born in a poor peasant family and only received two and a half years of regular schooling.B. He has been a poor peasant for nearly half of his life.C. He had an intimate knowledge of Scottish folk songs and ballads.D. He decided to go to Jamaica to make a living. He published his poem collection for passage money. The collection called Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect became popular soon so Burns cancelled his plan.E. He has been a lower rank official in the rest of his life. And he collected and published lots of Scottish folk songs and ballads but refused any payment.F. He died when he was 37. All his life he lived in poverty and illness.(2) Poems(His poems can be divided into several groups according to their themes.)A. On love and friendship"A Red, Red Rose", "Auld Lang Syne"(友谊地久天长)etc.B. On patriotism"Scots Wha Hae" etc.(3) Sample: "A Red, Red Rose"A. Background: wrote in 1794 and published in 1796, based on a Scottish folk song, a famous English love poemB. (Discussion) Q1: Rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Who is speaking in the poemQ3: To whom is the poem addressedQ4: What is the theme of the poemC. (Answers) Q1: "ballad meter": in each stanza the odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic trimesters and the rhyme scheme is abcbQ2: first-person "I", a person in love with a girlQ3: the lover, girlfriend of the poetQ4: showing the deep love to the loverD. Explain several difficult points of the poemA Red Red RoseO, my luve is like a red, red rose, (luve即标准英文中的love,这里是苏格兰方言)That's newly sprung in June,(sprung是spring的过去式,发芽的意思)O, my luve is like the melodie,(melodie: sweet music)That's sweetly play'd in tune.(in tune: harmoniously)As fair art thou, my bonie lass,(fair美丽;art thou: are you;bonie lass: pretty girl)So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,(still: always, forever)Till a'the seas gang dry. (until all seas become dry; a': all; gang: go)Till a'the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o'life shall run. (as long as I live; sand指古代计算时间用的沙漏)And fare thee weel, my only luve, (fare you weel也就是farewell or good-bye to you)And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my luve,Tho' it were ten thousand mile! (tho': though)一朵红红的玫瑰(王佐良译)啊!我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰,六月里迎风初开;啊!我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子,奏的合拍又和谐.我的好姑娘,多么美丽的人儿!请看我,多么深挚的爱情!亲爱的,我永远爱你,纵使大海干涸水流尽.纵使大海干涸水流尽,太阳将岩石烧作灰尘,亲爱的,我永远爱你,只要我一息犹存.珍重吧,我惟一的爱人,珍重吧,让我们暂时离别,但我定要回来!哪怕千里万里!E. (Discussion) Features: using of Scottish dialect; form of folk song and ballad (rhyme scheme and repetition); musical quality; plain but passionate language(4) Recommended Reading"Auld Lang Syne"; "John Anderson, my jo" or some other poems written by Burns2. William Blake (1757 - 1827)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 and 2 on P73)A. born in a poor family in London; received a little formal education on drawingB. first an apprentice of an engraver and later an engraver himself nearly all his lifeC. a pious Christian and died in obscurity and poverty(2) WorksA. Songs of Innocence (1789): pictures of merry nature and innocent children; everything in harmony; only some minor vicesB. Songs of Experience (1794): contrast; pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the poor; showing the change of the author's world view and also showing the change of the social background(3) Sample: London (P75)A. (Discussion) Q1: Do you think this poem is taken from Song of Innocence or Song of ExperienceQ2: Did the author love the London described in the poemQ3: What is the rhyme scheme of the poemQ4: What is the theme of the poemB. (Answer) Q1: Song of ExperienceQ2: No. (He once loved London very much and wrote such lines "golden London and her silver Thames" but London gradually degenerated in the poet's heart)Q3: abab; iambic tetrameterQ4: criticizing the dark sides of English society and showing the sufferings of common people (The poem has been called "mightiest brief poem" because it employs only several images to describe some deep-rooted social vices vividly.)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.* Chinese version伦敦(王佐良译)我走过每条独占的街道,徘徊在独占的泰晤士河边,我看见每个过往的行人有一张衰弱,痛苦的脸每个人的每声呼喊每个婴孩害怕的号叫每句话,每条禁令都响着心灵铸成的镣铐多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫震惊了每座熏黑的教堂不幸士兵的长叹像鲜血留下了宫墙最怕是深夜的街头又听年轻妓女的诅咒它骇住了初生儿的眼泪又带来瘟疫,使婚车变成灵柩D. Features: vivid images to make the poem picturesque; short, clear and concise; simple and fresh words; mysterious atmosphere and difficult symbolism in some poemsE. Conclusion: a precursor of Romanticism (pay more attention on inspiration and emotion rather than reason and neat form of the poem)(4) Recommended ReadingThe Chimney Sweeper; The Tyger; Holy Thursday etc.3. HomeworkPreview Chapter 8 (Composed upon Westminster Bridge) and Chapter 12 (On the Grasshopper and Cricket).Lecture 6 William Wordsworth and John Keats1. Age of Romanticism(1) Time: 1798 (publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge) to 1832 (death of Sir Walter Scott)(2) Essence: shift from reason to emotion(3) Historical BackgroundFrench Revolution (1789 Bastille) and American Independence War (1776 win): revolution enthusiasm swept nearly all European countries.Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th century)": great wealth to the rich and worsen the working and living condition of the poor(4) FeaturesA. Subjectivism ("Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"): poetry expresses poets' minds.B. Spontaneity: opposing rules and regulations, free choice of formC. Enlarging the subject matter: countryside life; supernatural; natural beauty etc.D. Simplicity of languageE. For English literature, it was an Age of Poetry. (lots of famous poets)2. William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)(1) Life (P79 Paragraph 1 - 4)A. born in a lawyer's family but lost both of his parents when he was youngB. was educated in a school in the beautiful lake district thus developed an interest in natureC. graduated from Cambridge and a supporter of French RevolutionD. gradually grew conservative and became Poet Laureate*lake poets: three poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey; they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. They were friends and traversed the same path in politics and in poetry.(2) PoemsA. Collection: Lyrical Ballads (1798) (cooperated with Coleridge) (in the Preface proposed some different views on poetry) (mark the beginning of romanticism)B. Two categories according to themeHe is mainly famous for his poems on nature, such as "I wandered lonely as a cloud".He also wrote lots of poems on common people's life, such as "The solitary reaper", "She dwelt among the untrodden way", "We are seven" etc.(3) Sample: Composed upon Westminster Bridge (P82)A. (Discussion) Q1: form and rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Tell the name of the city and the river described in the poemQ3: What is the theme of the poemQ4: Did the beautiful scenery of the city influence the authorB. (Answer) Q1: sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd (note 1 on P83)Q2: London; ThamesQ3: praising the beauty of the scenery of London in morningQ4: It made the author felt a deep calm. (This can be found from the poem)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.*西敏寺桥上人间没有比这更美好的景象,它是那样庄严,又那样辉煌谁能经过它身边而无动于衷这城市此刻批着美丽的晨光像穿着睡衣;坦露而又安详,那些船舶,楼阁,剧院,教堂,直伸向田野,又深入高空一切在明朗的空中熠熠闪光璀璨的朝阳从未这样美丽地照耀过大地上的峡谷和山冈我从未看到或感到这般沉静河水正在欢快的自由流淌亲爱的主啊!万物似在安睡那伟大的心灵也停止了跳荡D. (Discussion) Question 2 on P83(Answer) different social position of the poet; different aspect to observe London(4) Recommended Reading"I wandered lonely as a cloud", "The solitary reaper" or other poems written by Wordsworth.3. John Keats (1795 - 1821)(He was a genius in poem creation but lived a short and tragic life.)(1) LifeA. He was born in a poor family. And when he was very young, both his parents died.B. He had been an apprentice to a surgeon and then assistant in hospital.C. He loved to read poems. After two collections of poems' publication, Keats gave up his career in hospital.D. Because of Keats' friendship with those radical writers such as Hazlitt, Hunt and Shelley, his works were severely attacked by conservative critics.E. All his life time, Keats lived in poverty. And because he took care of his brother who got consumption, he himself was stricken by same kind of disease, which cannot be cured at that time. And because of the disease, Keats cannot marry the girl he loved deeply. All the misery made a shadow in Keats' poetry.F. In 1821, when Keats died in Rome because of consumption, he was only 26 years old.(2) Poems(Keats wrote some nice long poems, but he was mainly famous for his short poems.)①SonnetsKeats' famous sonnets include "When I have fear", "Bright Star", "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" and "On the Grasshopper and Cricket" and so on.②Odes* Odes: A lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanza structure. 颂诗His famous odes include "Ode to Autumn", "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and so on.。
英美文学中英结合笔记
13. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。
9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
10. the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。
(精品)英美文学考研复习笔记
英美文学考研复习笔记英美文学复习笔记整理英国部分The Renaissance Period1. Renaissance :between 14th and mid-17th century.2. Renaissance means rebirth or revival, is actually a movementstimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscoveryof ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.3. the Renaissance, therefore in essence is a historical period inwhich the European humanist thinkers and Scholars made attempt to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe, tointroduce new ideas that expressed the purity of the risingbourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from thecorruption of the Roman Catholic church.4. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance(1) Capable of individual development in the direction ofperfection.(2) They inhabited was theirs not to despise by to question, exploreand enjoy.(3) By emphasizing the dignity of human being and the Importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not onlyhave the right to enjoy the beauty of this life(4) Tomas More, Christopher Marlow and William Shakespeare are the best representative of the English humanist.5 Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical is characterized by passionate thought succession of concentrated image, exercise of elaborate ingenuity and “wit”, John Done was the famous of the Metaphysic al poet. The Metaphysical Poets were men of learning and to show their learning was their endeavour.Edmund SpencerMasterpiece: The Faerie Queene (allegory)Christopher MarloweUniversity witsImportant plays: Tambulaine, Dr.Faustus, The Jewof Meta Edmund II Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance of infinite powers and authority(1) Perfected the blank verse.(2) Creation of the Renaissance hero to English drama ,it embodiesMarlowe’s ideal of human dignity and capacity.Dr.Faustus: aspiring for knowledge, the play’s dominant moral ishuman rather than religious, it celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness , it also reveals man’s frustrationin realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order and theconfinement to time is the cru elest fact of man’s condition.William Shakespeare1. Works: 154 sonnets, 38 plays, 2 long poemsComedy :Merchant of Venice.2 4 great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethEach portrays some noble hero, who face the injustice of human fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation, each herohas his weakness of nature. Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma be tween action and mind: Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who isunwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer, from treachery and infidelity; Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up hisambition and leads him to incessant crime.3 Merchant of VeniceIn this play, Shakespeare has created tension: ambiguity, a selfconscious and self-delighting artifice that is at onceintellectually existing and emotionally engaging . Thesophistication derives in part from the play between high,outstanding romance and dark faces of negating and hate thetraditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweenAntonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greatbeauty , wit and loyalty, and to explore insuitable greed andbrutality of the Jew.4 Hamlet.The play has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and aphilosophical exploration of life of life and death, the timelessappeal of his mighty drama lies in its combination of injustice,emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy. Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world , to live suspended between factand fiction, language and action. His life is one of the constantrole-playing examining the nature of acting only to deny itspossibility. For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, anecessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioningmonologue posses surpassing power and insight. By revealing thepower-seeking, the jostling for place , the hidden motives, thecourteous superficialities that veil lust and guilty, Shakespearecondemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general religiouscorrupting at the royal count.Francis Bacon1 Masterpiece: Essay; Novum Organum.2 Novum Organum: most impressive display of Beacon’s intellect. The argument is for the use of inductiveness of reason in scientificstudy.3 Beacon suggests the inductive reasoning, i.e, proceeding from theparticular to the general , in place of the Aristotelian method ,the deductive reasoning ,i.e. proceeding from the general to theparticular.4 Beacon’s essay are famous for their brevity, compactness andpowerfulness.John DoneMetaphysical poetryThe most striking feature of Done’s poetr y is precisely its tang ofreality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real ratherthan a poetical world..Done frequently applies conceits.John MiltonThree major poetical works:Paradise lost , Paradise Regained, Samson AgonistsThe freedom of the will is the keytone of Milton.s creed.Paradise LostThe epic is the masterpiece of John MiltonThe story is drawn from the Old Testament of the Bible, which tells how Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, temps Adam and Eve to eat the apples for the Forbidden Tree, and causes theFall of Man.Satan, in the image of a rebel , still determines to fight backagainst God when he and his followers are cast into the Hell. Thefeatures of the character include his boldness, unbending ambitionand his unconquerable will. The poem, as in other writing, is fullof biblical and classical allusion, and is in a Latinized style withone sentence running perhaps across several lines. But, the majesty of expression suits well the sublimity o f the poet’s thought.【自考版重要资料汇总】【自考英语课程学习交流区入口】短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 2 2006-02-16 13:57The Neoclassic Period1 Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with thepublication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 17981. Enlightenment or the Age of reasonThe Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the timeIts propose was to enlighten the whole world with the light ofmodern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlightenmenterscelebrated reason or rationally, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rule , yield place to “eternaltruth” “eternal justice” and “natural equality”They believed that human beings were limited , dualistic andimperfect literature at the time , heavily didactic and moralizing.They believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work. Towork , to economize and to accumulate wealth constitute the wholemeaning of their life. This aspect of social life is best-formed inthe realistic novels of the 18th century.3 In the field of literature , they believed that the artisticshould be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy . seekproportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings..4 Neoclassicism. In English literature and, the stylistic trendbetween the Restoration and the advent of romanticism at thebeginning of the 19th century is referred to as Neoclassicism.5 Heroic: It is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter. The form was introduced into English by Chaucer and widely used subsequently.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 3 2006-02-16 13:57John Bunyan1. Masterpiece: The pilgrim’s progress2. The “vanity fair” symbolizes human word, for all that comthis vanity Everything and anything in this world is vanity, having no value and no meaning. The vanity fair, a “market sellingnothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up bydetails, but, this town “lay” in the way to the Celestial City,meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through. So, the depiction of the “Fair” in selling thingsworldly and in attracting people bad, r epresents John Bunyan’srejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial city”, his Christian ideal.Alexander PopePope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in theconstant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.He was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England, but was not entirely blind to the rapid moral, political and culturaldeterioration.For him the supreme values was order-cosmic order, political order , social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis an order expression in all of his works. Pope made his name as a great poet with thepublication of an Essay on Criticism in 1711.Pope strongly advocated Neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by classical rule of order, reason, logic,restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.Daniel DefoeMasterpiece: Robinson CrusoeHis language is smooth , easy, colloquial and most vernacular. Defoe glorifies human labor and the puritan fortitude. It refers theenterprising sprit of the middle class.Jonathan Swift1. Chief works: A Tale of a Tub, The battle of the books, TheDrapier’s letters, Guilliver’s Travel and a Modest proposal.2.Swift is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct,precise prose. He defined a good style as “proper words in properplaces” clear, simple, concrete, diction, uncomplicated sentencestructure and economy and concise use of language mark all hiswriting-essay, poems and novels.3. As a whole , the book is one of the most effective anddevastating criticism and satires of all aspects in the then Englishand European life- socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically and morally.Henry Fielding1. Masterpiece : A History of Tom Jones, a Foundling2. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the EnglishNovel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of themodern novel.3. Fielding’s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar butetremly vivid and vigorous.4. Of all the 18th century novelist, he was the first to setout. Both in theory and practice. To write specially a “comic epicin poem” the first to give the modern novels its structure andstory; he use epistol ary form and “ the third-person narration”.5. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand,epical of the classical works but at the same time keeps fatithfulto his realistic presentation of common life as it is.Samuel Johnson1. Lexicographer: the author of the first English dictionary byan English man---A Dictionary of the English Language(1755)2. To the Right Honorable the Earl of----Chesterfield3. He was particularly fond of moralizing, and didacticism. His language in characteristically general, often Latinate andfrequently polysyllabic.Richard Brinsley Sheridan1 Masterpiece: The school for scandle.2 Sheridan has the only important English dramatist of the 18thcentury; important link between Shakespeare and Benard Shaw.3 In his play, morality is the constant theme.He is much concerned with the current moral issue and harshly at the social life of the day.Tomas Gray1. His masterpiece, “ Elegy in a Country Churchyard” waspublished in 1751, the poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day especially” theGraveyard School”2. In his poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrow of life andthe mysteries of human life with a touch of his Personal Melancholy.3. His poem, as a whole are mostly devoted to a sentimentallamentation or mediation on life, past and present. His poems arecharacterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style issophisticated and allusive. His poem are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 4 2006-02-16 13:58Romantic Period1. Major Romantic Points(1) a rebellion against neo-classicism(2) express on imagination(3) priorities been given to passion, emotion and feeling(4) being close to nature for its purity while the society iscorrupting(5) tremendous interest in something remote in term of space and time(6) favor of modernism(7) supremacy of freedom2 Romantic period began in 1798 with the publication of wordsworthand Coleridge’s lyrical Ballads and have ended in 1852 with SirWalter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in theParliament.3. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against theneoclassical reason which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson1. Jean-Roseau: exploration new idea about Nature, society,Education.Tomas P aine’s Declaration of Rights of Man.5 The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude the existing social and political conditions that came withindustria lization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitute a change ofdirection attention to the outerworld of social civilization to theinner world of the human spirit6 Nature: for the most influential 18th-century writers, was moresomething to be seen than something to be known. But for theRomantics, it is just the opposite. Nature to Wordsworth is a sourceof mental cleanliness and spiritual understanding.7 Poetry has been traditionally regarded as an art governed byrules; but for Romantics, Poetry should be free from all rules.8 Gothic novel: its principal elements are violence, horror andsupernat ural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.9 How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide briefevidence from the literary works you know best.a. Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic , restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature, shouldbe judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literaryexpressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.Pope’s An Essay on Criticism advocates grace, wit ( usually thoughsatire/ humour ), and simplicity in language (and the poem itself isa demonstration of those ideals, too); Fielding’s Tom Jones helpedest ablished the form of novel; Gray’s Elegry Written in a country Churchyard” displays elegance in style, unified structure, serioustone and moral instructions.b. Romanticism tended to see the individual as the very centerof all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong of feeling” and no matter howfragmentary those experience were ( Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” or “The Solitary Reaper,) 0r Coleridge’s “ KebleKhan”), the value of the work link lied in the accuracy ofpresenting those unique feelings and particular altitude.c. In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and formbut Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind (emotion, imagination, temporary experience……….)短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 5 2006-02-16 13:58William Blake1 (1) The songs of Innocence is a lovely volume poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evil and sufferings.(2) The songs of Experience paints a different world, a world ofmisery, poverty, disease, war and repress with melancholy tone(1) The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone,emphasis and conclusion differs.2 Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790) marks his entry intomaturity. The Poem was composed during the change of FrenchRevolution and it plays the double role both as a satire and arevolutionary Prophecy. In this Poem, Blake explain the relationship of the contraries.“wit hout contraries, there is no progression. The marriage to Blake means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.3 Blake writes his poem in plain and direct language ,his poem often carries the lyric beauty with immense compressing of meaning. Hedistrusts the abstractness and tend to embody his views with visualimages, symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of hispoetry.William Wordsworth1 William Wordsworth, Samuel TAYLOR Coleridge and Robert Southey,the three man known as the “ Lake Poets”2 Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshiper of nature”3 Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literaryinterest.4 Wordsworth see the word freshly, sympathetically and naturally.5 The most important contributionWordsworth has made is that he hasnot only started the modern poetry of the growing inner self, butalso changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speechof the language and by advocating a reform to nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1 Coledrige’s portion(work) was to deal with supernature thing forhe wai more interested insomething remote strange on foreign.2 Two divers group: the demonic and the conversational(1) The demonic group: beyond the control of reason. The Rime ofthe Ancient Mariner “Christabel” “Kuble Khan”(2) The conversational group: “Frost at Midnight”3 Coledrige is one of the firstcritics to give close criticalaffection to language, maintainng that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “ through the medium of beauty”4 He was recongnized as alyrical poet and literary critic ofthe first rank.His poetic themes range from the supernature to the domestic. Histreatises, lectures, and compelling conversational powers made himone of the most influential English literary critics andphilosophers of the 19th century.George Gordon Byron1 Masterpiece: Don Juan,Childe Herold’s Pilgrimate‘ I awake one morning and found myself famous2 Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosityand franknessThe unifying principal in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme ofappearance and reality.3 Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas,images, artistic forms and innovation.4Byronic heroThe creation of the Byronic hero is Byron’s chief contribution toEnglish Poetry, such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure ofnoble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all thewrongs in a corrupt society and he would fight single-handelyagainst all the misdoings, political, religious moral. Thus thisfigure is a rebellious individual social systems and customs.Because Byron’s poetry is one of texperience on the whoel, such a hero is more or less a surrogate of himself, He appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and then further develops in later works such as the “Oriented Tale” “Manfred” and “Don Juan”.Persy Bysshe Shelley1 In 1813 he published his first long serious work. Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem.2 Masterpiece “The Cenci” “Prometheus unbounded”lyrics: “The Cloud” “To a Skylark” “Adonais”3 He held a life-long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority,institutional religion and the formal shames of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.4 Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny in several of his lyrics such as : Ode to Liberty,” “Ode toNaples,” “ Sonnet: England in 1819” and so on.5Best of all the well known lyric pieces is his “Ode to the west wine” it is rhapsodic and declamatory.6Shelley’s style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figure of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel, orexpress what passionately moves us.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 6 2006-02-16 13:58John Keats1. Work: Limia, Isabella, The Eve of St.Agne2. The Odes are generally regarded as Keats’s most importantand mature works.Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Psyche3. Keats’s poetry is always sensuous, colorful and rich inimagery, which expresses the actuelness of his senses , sights,sound, scent, taste and felling are all taken in to give an entireunderstanding of an experience of others either human or animal.4. His realization of the empathetic power of the imaginationis of the greatest consequence to his work and is a faculty which,as his thought and technique matured, leads him to his most profound insights. Keats’s poetry, characterized by exact and closely knitconstruction, sensual description, and by force of imagination,gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.Jane AustenWorks : Pride and Prejudice. Sense and Sensibility. Northanger Abbey As a realistic writer, she considers it her duty to express in herworks a discriminated and serious criticism of life, and to expressthe follies and illusions of mankind. She shows contemptuousfeelings towards snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and vulgaritythrough subtle satire and irony. And in style, she is aneoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideals oforder, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.TO BE CONTINUED短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 7 2006-02-16 13:58The Victorian Period1. The Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign ofQueen Victorian from 1836 to 1901, the most glorious in the English history.2 Towards the mid-19th century,, England had reached its highlypoint of development as a world power.3 Darwin’s The origin of species and The Descent of Man shooktheoretical basic of traditional faith. Utilitarianism was widelyaccepted and practiced . In this period, the novel became the mostwidely read and the most vital and challenging experiences ofprogress thought4 Famous novelists like Charles Dickens , William MakepeaceThackery, Charlotte Bronte , Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and Anthony Trollope.5 Victorian literature has the high-spirted vitality, thedown-to-earth earnestness , the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 8 2006-02-16 13:58Charles Dickens1 Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of theVictorian Age2 In language, he is often compared with Shakespeare for hisadeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary with which he brings out many a wonderful verbal picture of man and scene.3 His humor and wit seem inexhaustible, character- portrayal is the most distinguished feature of his work.4His best-depicted characters, are those innocent , virtuous ,persecuted helpless child characters.5Dickens work are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. He seems to believe that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief.The Bronte sistersCharlotte Bronte1Masterpiece: Jane Eyre2Jane Eyre is one of the most popular and important novels of theVictorian Age. It is noted to its sharp criticism of the existingsociety, e.g the religious hypocrisy of charity institution such asLowood School, where poor girls are treated constant starvation andhumiliation, to be humble slave, the social discrimination . Jane experiences first as a dependant at her aunt’s house and later as agoverness at Thornfield and the false social convention asconcerning love and marriage. At the same time, it is an intensemoral fable, Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series ofphysical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness3The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to theEnglish novel the first governess heroine, Jane Eyre, and orphanchild with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, apoor, plain, little governess who dares to love his master, a mansuperior to her in many ways , and even is brave enough to declareto the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman images. She represents those middle-class working woman who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.That vivid description of her intense feeling and her thought andinner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Emily Bronte1 Masterpiece: Wuthering Heights2 The novel is a riddle of view, it is a story about a poor manabused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters, because he isa poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most misery: thepassion between Heathcliff and Cathrine proves the most intense, the most beautiful and at the same time, the most horrible passion areto be found in human being.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴Nothing Can Be Everything会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 4,090精华数量: 2所持现金: 19271巴士币银行状态:正常用户积分: 16来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 9 2006-02-16 13:59Alfred Tennyson1. His poetry voices the doubt and the faith, the grief and thejoy of English people in an age of fast social change.2. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the poet laureate.3. Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power oflinking visual picture with musical expression, and these two with the feelings.4. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England’s great poets.The dreaminess of Spencer, the majesty of Milton, the naturalsimplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.Robert Browning1He is the most original poet of the time.Masterpiece: The ring and the Book2Dramatic MonologueA kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listens whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s life, and the dramaticmonologue reads the speaker’s personality as well as the incid ent that is the subject of the poem, an experience of a dramatic monologue is “My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning.3“My Last Duchess” : this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negociate the marriage. In this talk about “Last Duchess” the duck reveals himself as aself-conceited , cruel and tyrannical man. The poem is written isheroic couplet, but with no regular metrical system. In reding, itsounds like bland verse.George Eliot1 Three great popular novel, Adam Bede, The Millon the Floss and Silus Mane. Her mind is always active, instinctively analyzing and generalizing to discuss the fundamental truth about human life. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and toreveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.2 As a woman of exceptional, intelligence and life experience,George shows a particular and social aspiration. In her mind, thepathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferioreducation and limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance and realization of their goals, and they haveonly to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Tomas Hardy1 real success in literature came with “Under Greenwood”major works: Tess of the D’Urbevilles , Jude the Obscurelong epic grama: The Dynasts2 He is both a naturalistic and a critical realistic writer.3 Hardy’s heroes and heroines are all vividly and realisticallydepicted. They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuousbeauty. They are not only individual cases but also of universaltruth. Their plight is not just their own; it applies to any one,any age. And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for therustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into theirperfectly designed architectural structures. They are the product of a conscientious artist.短消息发送邮件报告帖子引用回复返回顶部自烤成柴。
2014英美文学教程笔记
2014 English LiteratureChapter OneEnglish Literature in the Middle Age (5th -15th )Main points:I. Background information of the Anglo-Saxon period.II. Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon period.III. Background information of the Anglo-Norman period.IV. Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Norman period.V. Important literary works and men of letters of the Anglo-Norman period.VI. Geoffrey ChaucerI . Background information of the Anglo-Saxon periodThe period can be roughly divided into two stages: the Anglo-Saxon period and the Anglo-Norman period.1.The making of the nation.1.1 The inhabitants of the nationThe native Celts凯尔特人(they inhabit in what is now Ireland, Wales and Scotland )------- the Roman Conquest ( this conquest was led by Julius Caesar in 55B.C., which lasted 4 centuries, but it made little influence on the nation’s literature )------- the Anglo-Saxon Conquest in about 449 by three Teutonic tribes 条顿部落--- the Anglos, the Saxons, the Jutes.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century, which influenced the literature in two aspects: one is the great number of Christian poetry which forms an important part of English literature of this period; the other is Christian color in pagan works, for the monks recorded the oral literature with their Christian ideas. (The ideas usually do not go with the content of the whole being.)1.2 The languageIn the 7th, the three tribes mixed into a whole people called English and the language spoken by them is generally called Anglo-Saxon, that is the Old English.II. Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon period.The main literary form of the period is poetry and there are two groups: pagan poetry and religious poetry, and often Christian one.The most important works left is Beowulf《贝奥武甫》or《贝尔武夫》The introduction to BeowulfIt is the earliest complete epic in English literature and it is regarded as the national epic of the English people.----- Definition of epic or national epic 史诗: it is a poetic account ofthe deeds of one or more great heroes, orof a nation’s past history.----- 3182 lines, two parts with an interpolation between the two.----- The theme of the poem: Beowulf is one of the nation’s heroes of the English people. With the descriptions of his heroic deeds, the song reflects events taking place on the Scandinavian peninsula at the beginning of the 7th century.----- The significance of the poem: The story represents 1) the fight of the ancient people against beasts and natural forces ( e.g. flood, volcano ); 2) it reflects the features of tribal society of ancient time; 3)Beowulf’s deeds presents the ideal virtues of ancient Anglo-Saxons.( courage, prowess, devotion to his people )----- Characteristics of the poem: an alliterative verse头韵体诗歌;pagan in spirit and matter, yet with visibleChristian marks.III. Background information of the Anglo-Norman period.3.1 The Norman ConquestThe beginning of the Anglo-Norman period is marked by the Norman Conquest in 1066. The influences of the conquest on the English society are: 1) the nation turned from the tribal society to the feudal society; 2) the conquest brought for the nation French civilization and the French language.3.2 The languageAt first, French was the language of the upper class or the oppressor and Old English was the language of the oppressed. Then Old English was combined with French to form a new language ---- Middle EnglishIV. Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Norman periodThe main literary forms of the period are poetry and prose.( romance inthe form of prose )Literary characteristics------ 中古英诗呈现法国诗风与英格兰本土传统交融的情景。
英美文学考核完整笔记
Chapter I The Renaissance PeriodI. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza 节of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格and the last line in iambic hexameter六步抑扬格, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.Ⅲ. William Shakespeare1. 一般识记Brief IntroductionWilliam Shakespeare was the greatest writer of plays who ever lived. His friend and fellow playwright Ben Jonson said that Shakespeare was "not of an age but for all time." The 18th-century English essayist Samuel Johnson described his work as "the mirror of life." The 19th-century English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge spoke of "myriad-minded Shakespeare." The 20th-century English dramatist George Bernard Shaw stressed his "enormous power over language."2. 识记His Life and CareerThe exact date of Shakespeare's birth is not known, but his baptism was recorded on April 26, 1564, in the parish register of Holy Trinity Church at Stratford-on-Avon. Since it was customary to baptize infants within two or three days of birth, April 23 is regarded as a reasonable birth date. It is also the date on which he died in 1616. Generally, his dramatic career is divided into 4 periods.The First Period (1590-1594)-five historical plays and four comedies:Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅰ(1590)Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅱ(1590)Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅲ(1591)Richard Ⅲ(1592)Titus Andronicus (1593)The Comedy of Errors (1592)The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594)The Taming of the Shrew (1593)Love's Labor's Lost (1594)The Second Period (1595-1600)-five historical plays, six comedies and two tragedies:Richard Ⅱ(1595)King John (1596)Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰand Part Ⅱ(1597)Henry V (1598)A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595)The Merchant of Venice (1596)Much Ado About Nothing (1598)As You Like It (1599)Twelfth Night (1600)The Merry Wives of Winsor (1598)Romeo and Juliet (1595)Julius Caesar (1599)The Third Period (1601-1609)-Seven tragedies and two dark comedies:HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and CleopatraTroilus and CressidaCoriolonusAll's Well That Ends WellMeasure for MeasureThe Fourth Period (1609-1612)-Romantic tragic-comedies and two plays:PericlesCymbelineThe Winte's TaleThe TempestHenry ⅧThe Two Noble KinsmenShakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and his sequence of 154 sonnets.3. 领会His Influence1) Contributions to languageMany words and commonly used phrases have been added to everyday English vocabulary through their appearance in Shakespeare's works.2) Effects on literatureShakespeare's plays and poetry have had a pervasive无处不在的influence on world literature. Most of the great literary figures of the world have been inspired and stimulated by his achievement.On the whole, however, Shakespeare's contribution has been to the language and spirit of later writing rather thanto its form. References and parallels to Shakespeare's phraseology措词have occurred in literature since the 16th century.Perhaps the greatest inspiration to subsequent随后的, 继…之后的authors has been Shakespeare's capacity to depict life in all its complexity and to illuminate 说明, 阐明man's character and destiny.4. 领会His Major Works1) DramaA. The Merchant of VeniceTheme: to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable 无法满足的, 贪得无厌的greed and brutality残忍, 野蛮, 粗暴of the Jew.Plot: The play has a double plot (P39)B. HamletHamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a "blood-and-thunder"凶杀情节thriller紧张刺激的故事and a philosophical 哲学的exploration of life and death. And the timeless永存的; 无日期的appeal 吸引力of this mighty强有力的, 强大的drama lies in its combination of intrigue阴谋, 诡计, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy忧郁, 悲哀.The play opens with Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, appearing in a mood of world-weariness 厌世occasioned 惹起, 引起by his father's recent 近来的death and by his mother's hasty 仓促完成的, 急忙的remarriage with Claudius, his father's brother. While encountering突然遇到his father's ghost, Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father's throne and widow寡妇, 遗孀. This, Hamlet, is urged by the ghost to seek revenge for his father's "foul and most unnatural murder." Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable 不能忍受的; 无法容忍的burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life and death.C. The TempestThe Tempest, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. The characters are rather allegorical and the subject full of suggestion. The humanly impossible events can be seen occurring everywhere, in the play. The playwright resorts to the supernatural atmosphere and to the dreams to solve the conflict. To Shakespeare, the whole life is no more than a dream. Thus, The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.2) PoemsA. SonnetsThe first 126 sonnets are apparently addressed to a handsome young nobleman, presumably the author's patron.The poems express the writer's selfless but not entirely uncritical devotion to the young man.Twenty of the sonnets are about a young woman characterized as a " dark lady," whom the poet distrust but cannot resist. The poems addressed directly to her are perhaps the most remarkable in the sequence because their unsentimental tone is unlike that of traditional love sonnets.A philosophical theme that appears in many of the sonnets is that of time as the destroyer of all mortal things. Also expressed in the poems is the author's disillusionment with the false ness of earthly life.The form of the poems is the English Variation of the traditional Italian, or Petrarchan, sonnet, Shakespeare's sonnets have three quatrains, or groups of four lines, and a final couplet. Their rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg. A theme is developed and elaborated in the quatrains, and a concluding thought is presented in the couplet.B. Other poemsVenus and Adonis, in which Shakespeare made his first bid for literary patronage and fame, is a conventional Elizabethan narrative poem. Its mythological story, taken from Ovids Metamorphoses, tells of the passionate love goddess who woos the reluctant youth Adonis.The Rape of Lucrece, another narrative of passion, is based on the semi historical story of the rape of a chaste Roman matron by Tarquin, son of the king of Rome.5. 领会His Major Theme1) Shakespeare is against religious persecution迫害and racial discrimination种族歧视, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.2) He was a humanist of the time and accepted the Renaissance views on literature.6. 领会His Literary Achievements1) CharacterizationHis major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others. The soliloquies 独白in his plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.The women in the plays are vivid creations, each differing from the others. Shakespeare was fond of portraying "mocking wenches," such as Kate of the Taming of the Shrew, Rosaline of Love's Labor's Lost, and Beatrice of Much Ado About Nothing, but he was equally adept at creating gentle and innocent women, such as Ophelia in Hamlet, Desdemona in Othello, and Cordelia in King Lear. His female characters also include the treacherous Goneril and Regan, the iron-willed Lady Macbeth, the witty and resourceful Portia, the tender and loyal Juliet, and the alluring Cleopatra.2) Plot ConstructionShakespeare's plays are well known for their adroit plot construction. He seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources. There are usually several threads running through the play, thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension.3) LanguageIn Shakespeare's time, English grammar and spelling were not yet formalized, so Shakespeare could freely inter charge the various parts of speech, using nouns as adjectives or verbs, adjectives as adverbs, and pronouns as nouns. Such freedom gave his language an extraordinary flexibility, which enabled him to express his thoughts as easily in poetry as in prose.Most of Shakespeare's dramatic poetry is in blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter. His bland verse is especially beautiful and mighty. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.7. 应用Selected Readings1) Sonnet 18Theme: a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.Imagery: a summer's day-youthhe eye of heaven-the sun2) The Merchant of VeniceTheme: To praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.3) HamletThis is one part of Hamlet's most famous monologue. Hamlet, facing the dilemma of action and mind, is hesitating whether he should revenge for his father, which may bring him death, or he should suffer and hide his hatred for his uncle in his deep heart, which may secure his life.Ⅵ. John Milton1.一般识记Brief IntroductionJohn Milton, English poet and prose writer, born in London, England, Dec. 9, 1608, and died in London, Nov 8, 1674.Milton was one of the greatest poets in the English language and one of the towering figures in all literature. His masterpiece, Paradise Lost, is considered the unsurpassed English epic poem. It is a powerfully imaginative and dramatic work, based in part on the Biblical story of the temptation and fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Milton, a deeply religious man, wrote the epic " to justify the ways of God to men." He is also famous for his graceful lyric poems, such as Lycidas, L'Allegro, and for his intensely moving sonnets.Milton was a great master of language, and his poetry, both epic and lyric, is admired for its sublime eloquence and rich musical quality.2. 识记His literary achievementsMilton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems.1) Education and Early PoetryMilton's education would ordinarily have led him to a post in the Church of England. He was a Puritan, however, and his religious vies conflicted with those of the Church. After his 7 years at Cambridge, therefore, he retired in 1632 to his father's estate at Horton. His famous poems L'Allegro and IL Penseroso were probably written in 1631, before his withdrawal from Cambridge. These are companion pieces that contrast the temperaments of the cheerful, active man and the melancholy, reflective man. In his early works, Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature. Lycidas (1637) is a typical example. All of Milton's early works reflect his interest in Greek and Latin poetry, which greatly influenced his style. His poems contain a wealth of classical references, figures of speech, and other poetic devices, all masterfully blended into his rich verse.2) Middle Period and Prose PamphletsIn 1638, Milton began a 15-month tour of the Continent, where he met the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. Upon his return to England he became deeply involved in the political and religious struggle between Parliament, which was then dominated by the Presbyterians, and the followers of king CharlesⅠ, who supported the Church of England. Milton sided with Parliament and began to write a series of pamphlets attacking the power of the bishops and the rituals of the Church. In 1652 he suffered great personal tragedy with the total loss of his eyesight and the death of his wife and infant son In spite of his blindness, Milton continued his official duties until 1655. During these tragic years of his life he wrote some of his most poignant and beautiful sonnets. They include On His Blindness, which reveals the consolation he found in religious faith, and Methought 1 Saw My Late Espoused Saint, written as a tribute to his second wife. Another of his greatest sonnets, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont, commemorated the slaughter of a sect of religious martyrs in 1655. Areopagitica (1644) is probably his most memorable prose work. It is a great plea for freedom of the press. Its style is smooth and calm.3) Later Years and Major PoetryAfter the Restoration in 1660, Milton was imprisoned. His release was brought about mainly through the efforts of his friends, notably the poet Andrew Marwell, After that time he devoted himself to his 3 major poetical works: Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671). Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; and the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.3.领会His Major Works1) LycidasIt is a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward king, a fellow undergraduate of Milton's at Cambridge, who was drowned in the Irish Sea. The poem begins with grief and a feeling of immaturity; then the grief is deepened by the sense of irrecoverable loss in the silencing of a young poet. With this bitter sense of loss, Milton asks why the just and good should suffer. These emotions swell to a passionate call for the consolation of art. The poem moves from a sad apprehension of death, through regret, to passionate questioning, rage, sorrow and acceptance. The feelings begin in a low key but move on to the large questions of divine justice and human accountability. The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy, i.e. the "Shepherds," who are corrupted by self-interest.2) Paradise LostParadise Lost, an epic poem in 12 books, written in blank verse, represents the fullest expression of Milton's genius. The poem vividly portrays the story of Satan's rebellion against God and his tempting of Adam and Eve to eat the fruit of the forbidden Tree of Knowledge. The theme is the "Fall of Man," i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause-Satan. Although Adam is the central figure in Paradise Lost, it is the villain, Satan, who emerges for many readers as the most interesting character in the poem, In Paradise Lost, Milton used the conventions of ancient Greek and Latin epics and enriched his poem with reference to classical mythology and literature.Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the waysof Satan and to "justify the ways of God to men." At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton's primary concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to obey God's prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But man's fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels. By lifting his argument to that degree, Milton raises the problem of evil in a more intractable form. Milton holds that God created all things out of Himself, including evil. There was evil in Heaven before Satan rebelled: Pride, Lust, Wrath, and Avarice were there. At the glorification of the son these forces erupted and were cast forth. But God suffered them to escape from Hell and infect the Earth. And then the tragedy was re-enacted, but with a difference-"Man shall find grace." But he must lay hold of it by an act of free will. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton's creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God just allows Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it paves the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.3) Paradise RegainedMilton followed Paradise Lost with a shorter and less brilliant religious religious epic, Paradise Regained, which describes the New Testament story of Christ's victory over Satan in the wilderness.4) Samson AgonistesMilton's last important work was the magnificent poetic drama Samson Agonistes, which presents the Biblical story of Samson in the form of a Greek tragedy. The blind and suffering Samson is strongly reminiscent of Milton himself.The theme of Samson Agonistes is a more vital and personal one. The picture of Israel's mighty champion, blind, alone, afflicted by thoughtless enemies but preserving a noble ideal to the end, is a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself. The poet's aim was to present in English a pure tragedy, with all the passion and restraint which marked the old Greek dramas. The whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. In this sense, Samson is Milton.6. 应用Selected ReadingAnalyze Satan, the hero in John Milton's Paradise Lost.Milton's Paradise Lost is a long epic of which the theme is the "Fall of Man" with its prime cause-Satan. In Heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God. Defeated, he and his angels were cast into Hell, However, Satan refused to accept his failure, vowing that "all was not lost" and that he would seek revenge for his down fall. In order to achieve his ambition, Satan managed to tempt Adam and Eve, the first human beings created by God, to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge against God's instruction. Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is he, who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he was won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which overwhelmed him left heart still unvanquished.Chapter II The Neoclassical Period1. 识记Definitions of literary terms1) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope and so on.2) NeoclassicismIn the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on)and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.3) The heroic coupletIt means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme and are written with five beats each..4) the Realistic NovelThe mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats贵族, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, and Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)and those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws andrules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.III. Daniel Defoe1. 一般识记His lifeEnglish novelist and journalist, born in London, England, 1660, and died in London, Apr. 26,1731.Like Pope, he never went to university, but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant and all his life his business underwent many ups and downs and yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues.2. 识记His social outlookAs a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class and his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.3. 识记His major worksDefoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events and materials, such as the maps and logs 日志of actual sea voyages, personal memoirsand historical or eyewitness reports.Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe (1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island荒岛. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful and detailed account of the London plague of 1664 and 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece, Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, and other social institutions of Defoe's era.4. 领会Characteristics of his worksDefoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible可信的and fascinating有极大吸引力的. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp简明扼要的and plain朴素的, and sometimes long and rambling布局凌乱的, which leave on the reader on impression of casual 非正式的narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial 口语的and mostly vernacular方言. There is nothing artificial矫揉造作的in his language: it is common English at its best.。
英美文学选读完整版笔记
Chapter I The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期Definitions（定义）1.The Renaissance： The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally， it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy，with the flowering of painting，sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance， which means "rebirth" or "revival，" is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture，the new discoveries in geography & astrology， the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance， therefore， in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe， to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie， & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism：人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious， intellectual side， for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning， humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment， but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections， and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question， explore， and enjoy. Thus， by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life， they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life， but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More， Christo- pher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza：斯宾塞诗节Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines， with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter， rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry：玄学诗The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit，the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods， and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved， with God， or with himself.5. The Renaissance hero：A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition，facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays， who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will，he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power，knowledge，and glory，the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a sprit（二）该时期的重要作家Edmund Spenser--English poet，born in London， England，（ 1552-- Jan 13，1599）斯宾塞代表作 The Faerie Queene.A.创作意图: The principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentlemanB.整体线索:The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole.C.寓意:The Redcrosse Knight in Book I stands for St. George, he also represents Holiness.D.主题:The theme is not "Arms and the man,"but something more romantic-" Fierce wares and faithfull loves."E.作者文学地位:His exquisite melodythat make him known as "the poets' poet."His Major Works Spenser's mostimportant work & masterpiece is TheFaerie Queene， a great poem of its age.A complex moral， religious， & politicalallegory， it is also an epic that exaltsQueen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation.According to Spenser's own explanation，his principal intention is to presentthrough a "historical poem" the exampleof a perfect gentleman： "to fashion agentleman or noble person in virtuous &gentle discipline." Its principal herois the Arthur of medieval legend. The sixbooks of the poem illustrate the natureof particular virtues，such as，temperance & justice. Other major worksof Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender（1579）， a poem consisting of 12eclogues-corresponding to the 12 monthsof the year； Epithalamion （1595）， apoem expressing the deep personalfeelings occasioned by the poets secondmarriage； Amoretti （1595）， a seriesof sonnets.3. 领会His Influence1）Main qualities of Spenser'spoetry①a perfect melody②a rare sense of beauty③a splendid imagination④a lofty moral purity & seriousness⑤a dedicated idealism2） In his writing， Spenser drew onthe conventions & thought of Classical，medieval，& Renaissance literature.However， he added to his fusion of thesediverse elements much that was original，& his works inspired many later Englishpoets. He created a new stanza， calledthe Spenserian stanza， which is wellsuited to narrative verse. His skills inwriting melodious English verse & hiscombination of emotion， erudition， &spiritual vision have won him theadmiration of generations of Englishpoets. It is his idealism， his love ofbeauty， &his exquisite melody that makehim known as "the poets' poet."4. 应用The Faerie Queene：1） It is a long， allegorical poem.In the poem，Spenser dramatizedpolitical， religious， & moral themesby personifying them， or making themcharacters.2）Plot： The story， which is setagainst a background of Arthur &medieval legend，deals with theadventures of six knights of the courtof the fairy queen named Gloriana， whorepresents Queen Elizabeth ⅠofEnglish. The faerie Queen was leftunfinished at Spenser's death. It wasoriginally planned as a 12-book poem.But only 6 books were completed. The poemis particularly admired for the melodicbeauty of its language & for its richcontent of philosophical & mythologicalmaterial presented in the form of vividnarratives.II. Christopher Marlowe1. 一般识记Brief IntroductionEnglish dramatist & poet，born inCanterbury， England， Feb， 6，1567，died in Deptford， England， May 30， 1593.Marlowe was the first great EnglishDramatist. He brought to the Englishstage a new concept of tragedy， one inwhich the drama centers around thestruggles of a man overwhelmed by hispassions & ambitions.2. 识记His Major WorksHis most famous tragedies are DoctorFaustus， The Jew of Malta， Tamburlaine& Edward Ⅱ。
(完整版)英美文学史复习笔记
英美文学复习时期划分-—Early ＆ Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period--Renaissance 文艺复兴—-Revolution ＆ Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动-—Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life， death， belief, time， youth, beauty， love, feelings of differen t kinds, reason（wisdom), moral lesson， morality。
修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵， sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵， form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步， iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格， anapest抑抑扬格, da ctyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧novel起源：Christianity基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Roma nce of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、 1、The Anglo—Saxon period(496—1066）这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）(Christ ian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》（national epic）（民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period（1066—1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon element s。
(word完整版)英美文学史复习笔记(2021年整理精品文档)
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Chapter 1 Old and Medieval English Literature（450—1066—1340)1.Beowulf： a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo—Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.2.Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period。
②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions。
傲慢与偏见的英文读书笔记
傲慢与偏见的英文读书笔记傲慢与偏见的英文读书笔记《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀的小说，下面是小编为大家整理的傲慢与偏见英文版，希望大家喜欢。
傲慢与偏见读书笔记英文1It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心目中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。
"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?"有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说：“我的好老爷，尼日斐花园终于租出去了，你听说过没有?”Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.班纳特先生回答道，他没有听说过。
"But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it."“的确租出去了，”她说，“朗格太太刚刚上这儿来过，她把这件事的底细，一五一十地告诉了我。