Poetry
what is poetry
Importance of poetry
TO THE SOCIETY:
Poetry is a part of social culture. It has also been a constant part of our experience of music and culture in the modern world. Poetry has become something that is being fought for in terms of its relevance to creation. Some of the most common signs of poetry in the modern world come in our celebrations of major holidays. In the end, poetry does have an impact on society because it captures our experiences and our lives. It is helping to communicate our biggest dreams and our darkest secrets.
Poems without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme
I hear America singing
In this poem, the reader envisions a country of people working for the greater good of mankind. These people come together as part of the whole society developing industry and production. Each person has a different occupation, but each job is important to the bigger picture. The bigger picture and theme being that of a country in which everyone is working together to create a successful and harmonious civilization.
英文诗歌Poetry(含中文翻译)
Poetry1THE POETRY OF DRESSRobert Herrick (1591-1674)A sweet disorder in the dressKindles in clothes a wantonness:--A lawn about the shoulders thrownInto a fine distraction,--An erring lace, which here and thereEnthrals the crimson stomacher,--A cuff neglectful, and therebyRibbons to flow confusedly,--A winning wave, deserving note,In the tempestuous petticoat,--A careless shoe-string, in whose tieI see a wild civility,--Do more bewitch me, than when artIs too precise in every part.衣裙甜雅的噪乱点燃野性的火焰：——双肩耷拉的草坪显露闲暇的靓景，——凌乱飘逸的花边使肚兜平添缀点，——漫不经心的袖口缎带蓬松地漂流，——一股汹涌的波浪让裙摆起伏跌荡，——系扎松乱的鞋带狂野但并不懈怠，——与精美艺术相比，叫人更欣喜痴迷。
2THE SOLIT ARY REAPERWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1856)Behold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland Lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! for the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.No Nightingale did ever chauntMore welcome notes to weary bandsOf travellers in some shady haunt,Among Arabian sands:A voice so thrilling ne'er was heardIn spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird,Breaking the silence of the seasAmong the farthest Hebrides.Will no one tell me what she sings?--Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago:Or is it some more humble lay,Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,That has been, and may be again?Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sangAs if her song could have no ending;I saw her singing at her work,And o'er the sickle bending;——I listen'd, motionless and still;And, as I mounted up the hill,The music in my heart I bore,Long after it was heard no more3How Do I Love Thee?Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861)How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of Being and ideal Grace.I love thee to the level of everyday'sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints, -- I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life! -- and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.我是怎样地爱你？让我逐一细算。
poetry
《毛诗序》
• 诗者，志之所也。在心为志，发言为 诗，情动于中而行於言，言之不足， 故嗟叹之，嗟叹之不足故咏歌之，咏 哥之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之 也。”
William Wordsworth:
• “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”
Types of foot I
| |foot ˇ unstressed ¯ stressed • | Ŏ Ō | : iambus, iambic • e.g. Appear, beside • | Ō Ŏ | : trochee, trochaic • e.g. summer, father • | Ŏ Ŏ Ō | : anapaest, anapaestic • e.g. disappear understand
• A metrical-rhetorical device based on the sound identity or sound similarities of words, or any kind of echoing between words.
The sorts of rhyme I:
Image:
• A poetic image is a picture made out of words, a mental picture something seen in the minds eye.
Types of Images
• 1. Literal images: images expressed in nonfigurative language, or without rhetorical device, they are expressed in literal objects. • 2.figurative images: images expressed in figurative language or through metaphorical use of words, such as simile, metaphor, personification, etc. • 3. conceptual images: images expressed in concepts one can hardly visualize it but one may have an idea of it.
poetry用法
poetry用法Poetry是一个英语单词，主要用作名词，作名词时译为“诗；诗意，诗情；诗歌艺术；美好的品质；优雅的气质”。
例句：That's the wonder of poetry ─ you're always discovering something new. 这就是诗的奇妙之处，你总有新的发现。
I had little acquaintance with modern poetry.我对现代诗所知甚少。
Her poetry has a good deal of political content.她的诗歌含有大量的政治内容。
She gave a reading from her latest volume of poetry.她朗诵了她最近出版的诗集里的一首诗。
Writing poetry liberated her from the routine of everyday life.写诗使她从日常生活的例行公事中解脱出来。
The beautiful poetry was ruined by her poor delivery.这优美的诗被她拙劣的朗诵给糟蹋了。
Poetry always loses something in translation.诗歌一经翻译总会失去某些东西。
His poetry was slow in achieving recognition.他的诗迟迟得不到赏识。
Most poetry does not translate well.诗歌大多翻译不好。
She's very creative ─ she writes poetry and paints. 她极富创造力，既赋诗又作画。
She began writing poetry in her teens.她从十几岁开始写诗。
poetry
3．借代Metonymy
禅 垂诿饮清露， 流响出疏桐。 居高声自远， 非是藉秋风”
TO THE CICADA Though rising high, you drink but dew; Yet your voice flows from sparse plane trees. Far and wide there‟s none but hears you; You need no wings of autumn breeze. (Tr. XYZ)
（7）送别诗(Farewell poetry)
诗的范畴（现代诗歌） Classification of Modern Poetry
按照作品内容的表达方式(Ways of expression)
（1）叙事诗：诗中有比较完整的故事情节和人物形象，通常 以诗人满怀激情的歌唱方式来表现。 Narrative poems: complete plot and characters （2）抒情诗：主要通过直接抒发诗人的思想感情来反映社会 生活，不要求描述完整的故事情节和人物形象。如，情歌、颂歌、 哀歌、挽歌、牧歌和讽刺诗。 Lyrics: full release of the poet‟s emotion
上尖起读：明，通慧；智达全，谋生道备；制变论周行，法学成义务厚；明理事功政载德。 回文：德载政功事理明，厚务义成学法；行周论变制，备道生谋；全达智，慧通；明。 左尖起读：明，理法；事学制，功成变谋；政义论生智，载务周道达通；德厚行备全慧明。 回文：明慧全备行厚德，通达道周务载；智生论义政，谋变成功；制学事，法理；明。 右尖起读：德，厚载；行务政，备周义功；全道论成事，慧达生变学理；明通智谋制法明。 回文：明法制谋智通明，理学变生达慧；事成论道全，功义周备；政务行，载厚；德。 外圈环读：明慧全备行厚德，德载政功事理明；明法制谋智通明。 回文：明通智谋制法明，明理事功政载德；德备行厚全慧明。 内圈环读：达道周务，务义学成；学变生达。 回文：达生变学，成学义务；务周道达。
1-Poetry
Theme
IV. Poetic Devices:
Simile
Metaphor
Conceit Personification Symbol Paradox
Ambiguity
Onomatopoeia
V. Versification （诗律） Poem
1. Foot 音步
An iamb, or iambic foot, consists of an
unaccented (unstressed) syllable followed by an accented (stressed) syllable. Its pattern is like this: U /
-- T.S. Eliot
I. Definition of Poetry: Poetry is an oldest form of art, and is
reputed as the most democratic art. Poetry means a quality or a state more than a form. Poetry as a genre must be a particular form combined with a particular quality. For this very reason, poetry is to be defined in terms of degree. Poetry is a literary genre that communicates experience in the most condensed form.
Therefore, the poet's business is to
诗歌英文术语poetry
“Father William”
Page 400
• In this poem, a young man questions his father about some rather unusual behavior. • Have you ever asked someone what they were doing and received an explanation that made very little sense at all?
Mrs. Smith’s Limerick:
There once was a man from Japan. All the while he hoped for a tan. So he lay on the beach, And ate a ripe peach, That came from a Georgia van.
– A three-lined Japanese verse
9. Image:
– A word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses
10. Lyric Poem:
– Highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker
Unit8 Literature Lesson 2 poetry北师大版2019高中英语选择性必修三
For oft, when on my couch I lie, In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye, which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. 后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠， 这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞； 我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。
1.Before the poet saw the daffodils,he felt lonely. Afterwards, he felt companionship from the flowers.The poet's mood in the poem is happy and positive.
6. Group Work What is the effect of the
repetition in the last lines of the poem?
Answer: The writer repeats the last line to show how sad the speaker feels.He cannot stop and must continue on his long journey.
He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound’s the sweep of easy wind and downy flake 马儿摇响身上的串铃，问我这地方该不该停； 此外只有轻风拂雪片，再也听不见其他声音。
英语诗歌入门1.
Ballads（民谣） （民谣）
Ballads are perhaps the most popular form of narrative poetry. Originally ballads were meant to be sung or recited. Folk ballads (popular ballads as they are sometimes called) were passed on orally, only to be written down much later.
Epic（史诗） （史诗）
The grandest of narratives is the epic. Epics are long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. Typically they chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central beliefs and values. Epics tend to be larger than life as they recount valorous deeds enacted in vast landscapes. The epic style is as grand as the action; the conventions require that the epic be formal, complex, and serious — suitable to its important subjects.
POETRY
Pun
• a play on the multiple meanings of a word, or two different words that sound alike but have different meanings. Example: Cleopatra was the queen of denial as opposed to the Queen of the Nile.
Hyperbole
• a great exaggeration. Example: She wept oceans of tears.
Oxymoron
• The joining of two words that seem to be contradictory (opposites) Example: such as living deaths, freezing fires, deafening silence, and pretty ugly
Form
• the appearance of the words on the page
Line
• a group of words together on one line of the poem
Stanza
• a group of lines arranged together
Consonance
Imagery
• Words that create pictures in your head
Alliteration
• repetition of consonant sounds Example: Sallie sells sea shells by the sea shore
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Farewell: thou art too dear for my possessing;And like enough thou know’st thy estimate. The charter of thy worth gives thee releasing;My bonds in thee are all determinate.For how do I hold thee but by thy granting, And for that riches where is my deserving? The cause of this fair gift in me is wanting, And so my patent back again is swerving. Thy self thou gav’st, thy own worth then not knowing,Or me, to whom thou gav’st it, else mistaking:So thy great gift, upon misprision growing, Comes home again, on better judgement making.Thus have I had thee as a dream doth flatter,In sleep a king, but waking no much matter.“你能让孩子离开祖国，”我的上辈人常常这样说，“却不能让孩子忘记祖国。
”我当时觉得他们是在谈他们那一代的事，这话不可能是对我的告诫。
后来，我离开祖国来到巴黎，直到这时我方才认识到老人们的话一点也不假。
我发现当我的双脚踏上法国的土地，就身不由己地一下子认识到自己是美国人。
将近9年过去了，现在我已归来。
如果不是在法国住了这么长时间，我绝不会觉得有必要，或者有可能去访问美国南方，想到这里真觉得是莫大的讽刺。
以前一想到南方，我就感到恐惧，那个我从未看到过的地方使我产生的恐惧有多么深啊！而当我来到那里时曾在我梦魇中出现过的情景又发生得何等迅速? 所发生的事促使我重新估量童年的秘密以及令人不可思议之处，并用新的目光思考这一问题，使我难以理解之处是孩子们究竟是从哪儿得到的力量，就这次的事件而论，是什么力量使一个孩子有勇气冲破暴民的包围走向学校。
They that have power to hurt and will do none,That do not do the thing they most do show,Who, moving others, are themselves as stone, Unmoved, cold, and to temptation slow;They rightly do inherit heaven’s gracesAnd husband nature’s riches from expense;They are the lords and owners of their faces,Others but stewards of their excellence.The summer’s flower is to the summer sweet, Though to itself it only live and die,But if that flower with base infection meet, The basest weed outbraves his dignity;For sweetest things turn sourest by their deeds; Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds.Poetry1.Syllables 音节音节一般是一个不可分割的语音单位，通常带有一个元音及一个或多个辅音。
紧张度音节是发音时发音器官肌肉每次渐增的紧张与渐减的紧张所构成的语音单位。
音节的中心应该是发音时发音器官紧张度最大的声音。
2．诗歌的音节韵步、节奏、韵律诗歌的语音指对固定的诗歌文本的朗读，因此诗歌的语音应该被称为读音。
对诗歌的韵律分析（scansion）首先是对诗歌的读音的分析，并在读音分析的基础上确定诗歌的节奏类型和韵律结构。
韵步的划分、韵律的确定、押韵格式的分析等，都不能离开读音的分析。
诗歌分析以音节为基础，而音节的划分则依赖于音素的划分。
音素（phoneme）不同于字母，音素依靠听觉辨别，字母依靠视觉辨别。
音素是字母组合后的读音标记，它属于读音系统，字母则属于拼写系统。
英语的音素分为元音和辅音。
在英语诗歌里，重音和节奏需要通过元音确定。
所以，把构成一个多音节词的音节划分出来，是确定一首诗的节奏和韵律的基础。
一般说来，分析诗歌的第一步就是划分词语的音节，给重读和非重读的音节标上标记，从而识别最为普通的韵律单位即韵步，并最终确定其是升调节奏还是降调节奏。
Exasperate, exulcerate, and raiseDire inflammation, which no cooling herbOr medicinal liquor can assuage,Nor breath of vernal air from snowy Alp.--Samson Agonistes by `John Milton2.音节的省略一般说来，英语诗歌都有严格的韵律形式，英语诗歌在写作的过程中，作者必须考虑到让诗歌符合韵律规则，如韵步和格律。
韵律规则以音节为基础。
诗人在写作诗歌时，其遣词造句都要使音节在数量上符合诗歌的形式要求。
所以诗人为了既能正确表达情感和思想，又能使诗行的音节数量法和格律的要求，往往采用音节省略的方法来处理多余的音节。
省略的方式：（１）词语音节的省略其特征为省去两个元音字母中间的辅音字母，用省略符号（’）代替，以减少一个音节。
例如：She kisses o’er And o’er againHim whom she loves, her Idiot Boy;She’s happy here, is happy there,She is uneasy every where;Her limbs are all alive with joy.--The Idiot Boy by WilliamWordsworthLo’ed, e’e, heav’nE’en, mem’ries,（２）词语合并的省略（３）省略动词时态的后缀以减少音节。
They stretch’d in never-ending lineAnd many a gambol frolick’d o’er the groundNor e’er had changed, nor wish’d to change, his place.3.重音和重读重音和重读的定义重音（accent）是指在朗读一个音节时对该音节的强调。
重音与语言用法有关，而重读（stress）则与韵律有关。
D. Crystal: 重读就是短语中的单词重读（word stress）。
重音就是句子的强调。
重读和重音的区别在于，重读是在朗读时对某个音节的强调，因此重读是语义上的一种要求，即在朗读时增加某个音节的力度和长度，以表现这个音节同其他音节的区别，进而使这个音节增加语义上的内容。
而就重音而论，则主要是对某个被重读的音节的称呼。
因此与重音相对应的是轻音或弱音，与重读相对应的是轻读或弱读。
也可以说，被重读的那个音节就称为重音，没有被重读的那个音节就称为轻音。
我们根据语言学读音的客观性特点把语言学上的重读音节称为重音。
根据诗歌读音上的主观性把诗歌的重读音节称为重读。
重音的度与位置重读有三种：（１）锐音acute accent（２）长音circumflex accent（３）钝音grave accent第一重读，第二重读，第三重读，弱重读。
Elevator 1-4-3-4 operator 2-4-3-4 Trager-SmithChomsky and Halle: 核心音节—主音节核心重读原则The lady saw the tramp.在一个音调单位里，核心音调是一种最突出的音高运动。
在任何主要的句法结构中，核心重读原则决定了最右边的主要重读是第一重读，而左边所有音节则都是弱读音节。
单词重读决定是否能够重读的音节，但是在读词组和句子时，语义学倾向和其他一些因素又决定了这个音节会不会重读。
这种重读在传统上被称为“修辞学重音”（rhetorical accent）。
修辞学重音可以因说话者自己的愿望而加以改变，并因重读的不同而产生审美感受上的差别，强调不同的事物。
1．就单词而言，重读的不同可以改变单词的性质。
ContentI never said I loved you.2. 重读位置的变化可以改变句子的意义，以及对某些部分的强调和突出。
这种重读被称为对比重读。
Love me with thine eyes.在古典诗歌中，把音节整理成有序的韵律形式的语音特点既不是音高，也不是强度，而是以音节发音的持续时间为基础的长短的对照。
重音建立在语音学基础上的读音规则，大多是诗歌的重读需要遵守的规则，即使诗歌的重读违背了语音学的读音规则，改变了这些语音学上约定俗成的重音结构，重音也是诗歌重读的重要读音参照。
尤其是语音的度的划分，它不仅是语音学上的重音内部结构的一种分析，而且也是确定诗歌的节奏和韵律的基础。
重音与重读的规则轻重音符号放置在音节开头，也就是第一个字母上比较好些。
其优势在于一方面这样做使诗歌的轻重读音节在划分位置上同语音音节的划分保持一致，另一方面也有利于诗歌的节奏的划分如韵步和韵律的确定。
对诗歌进行分析时既要考虑它的读音也要考虑它的拼写形式。
如果分析诗歌的韵步，由于韵步是以音节为前提的，因此对诗行的音节的划分主要是根据他们的拼写形式，同时也要兼顾它的读音。
尤其是在分析英语诗歌的韵律如节奏和韵步时，诗行的读音远比拼写形式重要，也就是说，诗行中要重读的音是十分重要的。
在通常情况下，次重音一般位于单词的第一个音节，但是次重音有时候也可能出现在单词的最后一个音节上。
诗歌的节奏和韵律是由重音决定的，而重音的基础则是音节。
就诗歌而言，诗歌主要有两个方面的重音：一个是词重音，一个是朗读重音，朗读重音带有较大的主观性。
重音（accent）主要由三个要素构成：音高（pitch）、重读（stress）、音长（duation）。
这三个部分组合起来构成语调的曲线（inotnation contour）。
重音的类型Ictus—stressArsis—非重读音节Arsis: 弱音节Thesis: 强音节或扬音节就古希腊和拉丁诗歌而言，韵律只是对音节进行排列的技巧，因而构成古代希腊语和拉丁诗歌的韵律基础不是重读，而是音节音量，即音节在发声过程中所占用的时间。