Globalization and Chinese Enterprises
企业迅速发展英语作文
企业迅速发展英语作文Title: The Rapid Development of Enterprises。
In today's fast-paced business environment, the rapid development of enterprises has become a common goal for many companies. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including globalization, technological advancements, and changing consumer demands. In this essay, we will delve into the reasons behind the rapid development of enterprises and explore its implications.First and foremost, globalization plays a significant role in the swift growth of enterprises. With the increasing interconnectedness of economies worldwide, businesses have access to larger markets and resources. Through international trade and investment, enterprises can expand their operations beyond domestic boundaries, tapping into new customer bases and revenue streams. Additionally, globalization fosters competition, compelling companies to innovate and adapt to stay ahead in the global market.Technological advancements also contributesignificantly to the rapid development of enterprises. The digital revolution has transformed the way businesses operate, enabling them to streamline processes, enhance productivity, and reach customers more effectively. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain have revolutionized industries, empowering enterprises to make data-driven decisions and capitalize on emerging opportunities. Moreover, the advent of e-commerce has opened up new avenues for businesses to engage with consumers and conduct transactions online, facilitating faster growth and scalability.Furthermore, the changing landscape of consumer demands drives enterprises to evolve rapidly. In today's dynamic marketplace, consumers are more discerning than ever, seeking personalized experiences, sustainable products, and seamless convenience. Enterprises that can anticipate and adapt to these evolving preferences are better positioned to succeed and grow. By investing in research and development, market intelligence, and customer relationshipmanagement, companies can stay attuned to consumer needs and preferences, driving innovation and growth.Moreover, the rise of entrepreneurship and startup culture has fueled the rapid development of enterprises. With the proliferation of incubators, accelerators, and venture capital funding, aspiring entrepreneurs have greater access to resources and support to turn their ideas into viable businesses. This entrepreneurial spirit fosters innovation, competition, and dynamism in the business landscape, driving the rapid emergence of new enterprises and disrupting traditional industries.However, it's essential to recognize that the rapid development of enterprises also poses challenges and risks. Rapid expansion can strain resources, undermine organizational cohesion, and increase operational complexities. Moreover, intense competition and market volatility can expose enterprises to uncertainties and disruptions. Therefore, it's imperative for businesses to maintain agility, resilience, and strategic foresight to navigate these challenges and sustain their growthtrajectory.In conclusion, the rapid development of enterprises is propelled by various factors, including globalization, technological advancements, changing consumer demands, and entrepreneurial dynamism. While this rapid growth presents opportunities for expansion and innovation, it also poses challenges that require careful management and strategic foresight. By embracing innovation, agility, and customer-centricity, enterprises can thrive in today's dynamic business landscape and sustain their growth momentum in the long run.。
全球化背景下中美文化冲突的根源与对策
The origin and Countermeasure of Chinese andAmerican cultural conflicts in the background ofGlobalizationAbstract:In the global context, international business activities are becoming more and more frequent.There are cultural conflicts in international business activities which are caused by cultural differences.Especially in China and the United States between the two world powers, economic exchanges are increasingly frequent.However, because of the huge cultural differences between the two countries, cultural conflicts are often occurred, and even affect the smooth progress of international business activities.This paper analyzes the causes of Sino US cultural conflicts in international business activities under the background of globalization, and puts forward some effective countermeasures. Key words:International business; cultural difference；source；Countermeasures一、SummaryAfter China's reform and development, more and more foreign enterprises and Chinese enterprises to establish a cooperative relationship;After China's accession to the world trade organization, more and more Chinese enterprises also go to the world.Along with the process of economic globalization, international business activities take place frequently, cultural conflict is becoming more and more serious, and correctly for cross cultural communication is increasingly important.In the course of international business activities, cultural differences is a complicated and very important variable.Cultural differences can cause cultural conflicts, and cultural conflicts will seriously affect international business cooperation.This paper analyzes the Sino US cultural conflicts and their causes in the context of globalization, and puts forward a unique and effective countermeasures.二、Three Stages of Cultural Conflict in Human History（一）Cultural C onflictCulture is a specific group of people common customs and traditions, values, behavior norms, ways of thinking and passed on from generation to generation, it is the product of human social and historical accumulation. Cultural conflict is defined as refers to two or more than two kinds of cultural contact with each other the resulting competition and confrontation.（二）Three S tages of C ultural C onflict1, Stage of Cultural ConflictThis stage of cultural conflict is mainly reflected in different regions, different cultures, in the mutual competition and confrontation, force and military strength of the party to achieve the development of local culture, and attempt to force the local culture to achieve the control and domination of different cultures.2, The Economy is the Main Cultural Conflict StageThe cultural conflicts in this stage are mainly reflected in the economic exchanges as the main medium of cultural conflict, the scope of cultural conflicts in the expansion, the contents of the cultural conflict has also been a huge change.Small to local conflicts in the economic interests of the struggle, the world hegemony, the economic interests are the main objectives, and the level of economic development has become the main weight of the economic interests and hegemony.3, Cultural Conflict StageThis stage of cultural conflict is a different cultural forms in the exchange and interaction between the conflict and differences in the characteristics, to reflect the conflict between different regions and cultures, mainly in the context of globalization and the country's fundamental position in the cultural differences.Into the era of economic globalization, the exchange between countries is increasingly frequent.In the context of globalization, cultural conflicts are more intense and widespread than any one of the stages in the history. In international trade, businessmen from different countries have different cultures, and different cultural backgrounds will have an impact on international cooperation.（三）Value O rientation C onflictPeople in different cultures, values tend to have a big difference.For example, the traditional ethics China overall orientation benefits."The distinction between right and right" is a basic problem in the history of Chinese civilization.For thousands of years of feudal society in China the mainstream ideology of Confucianism as a dominating, the basic idea is "justice", "see", advocate shall sacrifice for righteousness and benefit conflicts, leading to people for their willingness to speak righteousness, ashamed to talk about Lee, heavy moral tutelage, light outside in the utilitarian value orientation.In the west, the whole is based on the individual,the pursuit of the value of the individual's rights and interests, and that they are sacred and can not be violated, is born, is a gift.While avoiding suffering is the individual instinct, and profit is the survival of the objective.Therefore, in real life, in the west, it is the personality spirit of seeking novelty, creativity, and utility.This also led to western society heavy rational and emotional light, longer than the reasoning rather than love, good logical thinking and lack of intuitive feeling.So, perhaps in the West seems to be normal, common, and for the Chinese people is unusual, can not accept.In the eyes of the Chinese Western sensibilities. Good out of the limelight, like to express themselves; and in the eyes of Westerners, the Chinese people love to face, hypocrisy, too subtle.These differences and conflicts of moral values, along with the deepening of the Sino Western exchanges will continue to highlight.三、The Globalization Background, has the Profound Influence to the Modern Cultural ConflictFirst, globalization has expanded the scope of cultural conflict.Before the advent of the era of globalization, production methods and technical level of backward, so that the high mountains, sea, desert and other natural conditions to stop people's footsteps.Therefore, the occurrence of cultural conflicts in this period is very limited in both the region and the content.Globalization has opened a new chapter in the world of human communication, and has expanded the scope of cultural conflicts to a certain extent, both in the space and the content.The development of productive forces and the progress of technology, especially the development of transportation and communication technology, have made the communication and relation of human beings in the world reach unprecedented level.Cultural conflicts are also beginning to rise to the globe, and by the individual content of the culture.Second, globalization has increased the frequency and intensity of cultural conflicts.Huntington, a political science professor at Harvard University in 1993, said: "the main line of future international conflicts will be the conflict between civilizations, which is rooted in cultural differences.Because of the deep cultural characteristics, the differences can not quickly disappear. Huntington's clash of civilizations has been a certain degree of reminding people that the cultural conflicts in the era of globalization may be further intensified, and have a great impact on the development of human civilization.In the process of globalization, with the various regions, various nationalities, all countries in the political, economic and cultural contactsand exchanges, the differences and characteristics of different cultures are clearly highlighted, inspired the awakening of national consciousness and the appeal of national culture.The values of different cultures collide, which lead to cultural conflicts.Along with the development of globalization, the cultural conflict will be more frequent and universal, and the intensity is also more profound and sharp.Third, globalization makes cultural conflicts more long-term.Different cultural forms are the product of the long-term selection and identification of different people in different regions, although it is said that the value of a nation's culture has always been a change, but its core, the most basic elements are always universal and timeless.As a core part of the "national culture", the basic value of the eternal values is the basis of the "identity" of a group of people, so that people know “who I am”.This is a kind of very personalized group cognition.Therefore, the difference between cultures is not likely to change in a short time.In the history of mankind, the conflict between different cultures often takes a long time to melt or end.For example, Buddhism entered China from the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Chinese traditional Confucianism, cultural conflict happened long Taoism traditional culture.Until the Song Dynasty, was introduced to China nearly a thousand years later, Buddhism was not with the Taoist philosophy of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi combined with the formation of Zen, become a part of Chinese culture.Globalization has crossed the boundaries of regional and national boundaries, which greatly expanded the space of cultural exchanges between countries.As a result, the national spirit of the product became a public property, the people of the nation's one-sided and limitations are increasingly becoming impossible "As mentioned before, although the conflict in the former globalization era culture may only occur in the contact and interaction between two or more than two kinds of cultures, but the coordination between them is a very long period of time.Therefore, in the era of globalization, it is possible to make a rational dialogue and communication between different cultures, and to reach a consensus on the basic values, thereby reducing the cultural contradictions and conflicts, but also a longer way to go.四、The Source of Cultural Conflict（一）Collectivism and I ndividualismCollectivism culture tends to emphasize the harmony and development of the collective.Collectivism can be understood as a culture characterized by "we". In this culture, the collective is far more important than theindividual, the collective goal is higher than the individual target. The members of the collective are not individual but a part of the collective, the collective interests are important. In addition, the relationship between the collective members is particularly important.Collective internal cooperation is often more than the competition. Individualism culture tends to encourage the development of individual, the individual is also often referred to as "I" culture.Personal independence and freedom are particularly important in the culture of individualism. In the treatment of different people, standards are equal and the same.China is a typical group of countries, while the United States is a typical individualistic culture.In Chinese companies, the employment of relatives and friends is a common phenomenon, is considered for granted.China's social relations are quite complex.Business activities in China, contacts and relationships are very important, and in the United States, the emotions and work will often be clearly separated.To treat their own acquaintances and strangers standards are often the same。
企业的重要性英文作文
企业的重要性英文作文The Importance of Enterprises。
Enterprises play a vital role in the functioning of economies worldwide. Their significance transcends mere profit-making; they are integral to societal progress, innovation, and job creation. This essay delves into the multifaceted importance of enterprises in contemporary society.Firstly, enterprises are engines of economic growth. They contribute to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a nation by producing goods and services, generating income, and stimulating consumption. Their activities spur investment, innovation, and technological advancement, fostering a dynamic economic environment. Moreover, enterprises enhance competitiveness, both domestically and internationally, driving productivity gains and overall prosperity.Furthermore, enterprises serve as vehicles for innovation and entrepreneurship. They are hotbeds of creativity, where new ideas are conceived, developed, and brought to market. Through research and development (R&D) efforts, enterprises introduce groundbreaking products, processes, and business models, driving progress across various industries. Entrepreneurial ventures, in particular, embody risk-taking and initiative, challenging the status quo and pioneering novel solutions to societal problems.Moreover, enterprises play a pivotal role in jobcreation and employment. As major employers, they offer opportunities for individuals to gain meaningful employment, develop skills, and achieve financial stability. Byproviding wages and benefits, enterprises contribute to improving living standards and reducing poverty levelswithin communities. Additionally, they foster inclusive growth by promoting diversity and equal opportunity in the workforce.Enterprises also wield considerable influence inshaping social and environmental outcomes. Throughcorporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, they address pressing societal issues such as education, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. By aligning business objectives with broader social goals, enterprises can make a positive impact on the communities they operate in, fostering goodwill and enhancing their reputations.Moreover, enterprises drive international trade and globalization. As global players, multinational corporations facilitate the exchange of goods, services, and capital across borders, fostering economic interdependence and cooperation among nations. They leverage economies of scale and comparative advantages to access new markets, expand operations, and diversify revenue streams, contributing to global economic integration and development.Despite their myriad benefits, enterprises also face challenges and responsibilities. They must navigate regulatory frameworks, market uncertainties, and societal expectations while upholding ethical standards and corporate governance practices. Moreover, enterprises mustadapt to technological disruptions, demographic shifts, and environmental pressures, ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience in a rapidly evolving world.In conclusion, enterprises are indispensable agents of economic, social, and technological progress. Their contributions to economic growth, innovation, job creation, and societal well-being are unparalleled, shaping thefabric of modern civilization. However, their success hinges on responsible stewardship, ethical conduct, and a commitment to serving the interests of stakeholders beyond shareholders. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, enterprises will continue to play a central role in driving sustainable and inclusive development on a global scale.。
人民币国际化对我国企业全球化经营的影响
人民币国际化对我国企业全球化经营的影响摘要世界经济全球化发展的整体趋势和人民币的国际化，使得中国与世界经济的联系度得到日益提高。
人民币国际化对于中国与世界经济的影响十分深远，对于我国企业全球化经营战略举足轻重。
改革开放以来，我国取得了巨大的经济成就，积累了一定的物质基础，对外开放不断扩大和深化，为人民币国际化提供了坚实的经济基础。
人民币在周边国家和地区流通已有一定规模，这些都有利于人民币走向国际舞台。
在人民币国际化的大背景下，我国企业有着极为有利的经营条件，同时伴随着风险。
关键字：人民币国际化企业全球化经营战略The IMPACT OF RMB INTERBATIONALIZATION OF CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION ON BUSINESSSTRATEGYAbstractTrend and development of globalization of world economy and the internationalization of RMB, which makes the China economic ties with the world's increasing degree. The internationalization of RMB for the impact of Chinese and world economy is very profound, to play a decisive role in globalization management strategy of enterprises in china. Since the reform and opening up, China has made great economic achievements, and accumulated a certain material base, expanding and deepening of opening to the outside world, providing a solid economic foundation for the internationalization of RMB, circulation of RMB in the surrounding countries and regions have a certain scale, which are conducive to the internationalization of RMB stage. In the background of RMB internationalization, the enterprises of our country has a very favorable business conditions, also accompanied by risks.By studying the RMB internationalization, globalization, and the historical background of corporate globalization and economic trends, analyzes the progress of RMB internationalization, the impact of globalization on business, money, markets. In this paper, the main conclusions are: the internationalization of RMB is still in its infancy, yet can not be called an international currency, but the yuan internationalization trend is clear; economic globalization challenges for Chinese enterprises, while beneficial to improve the competitiveness of Chinese enterprises, explore the international market, is also conducive to China to attract foreign investment; RMB internationalization will help Chinese enterprises to reduce transaction costs, the development of trade, and enhance the international influence, but also brings a more difficult macro-economic instability. This article also provides coping strategies in RMB internationalization and globalization of corporate globalization business background, that optimize the product structure to enhance their competitiveness and develop the international market diversification strategy.Keywords：RMB Internationalization；Globalization of Enterprises；Management；Economy；Currency目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1 绪论 (1)1.1研究的背景 (1)1.2研究的目的及意义 (1)1.3文献综述 (1)2 人民币国际化趋势分析 (3)2.1 人民币流通现状 (3)2.1.1 人民币的历史发展 (3)2.1.2 人民币的流通现状 (3)2.2 人民币国际化 (4)2.2.1 人民币国际化的概念 (4)2.2.2 人民币国际化的条件背景分析 (4)2.2.3 人民币国际化的现状 (5)2.3 人民币国际化的趋势 (6)2.3.1 可自由兑换外币 (6)2.3.2 可作为储备货币 (6)2.3.3 可在国际结算时作为支付货币 (6)3 人民币国际化趋势分析对我国企业全球化经营的影响 ...... 错误!未定义书签。
APEC-中-英-PART 1(附译文和部分译文分析)
加强企业间的合作，是当今世界企业发展的重要方向。
不少企业家认为．企业间开展平等竞争固然重要，但开展合作更为重要，合作的空间要大于竞争的空间。
这个看法是很有见地的。
在经济全球化和新经济不断发展的条件下，如果不能与其他企业建立良好的合作关系，任何企业都难以获得成功。
Closer cooperation between （中文v-英文n）enterprises is a major trend in the enterprise development today. Many entrepreneurs believe that although competition among enterprises is important, cooperation is even more so and that there is a bigger scope for cooperation than for competition. This is a sensible view. Given the development of economic globalization and the New Economy, enterprises can hardly succeed without（中文v-英文prep）good cooperative relations with other enterprises.中国进一步发展经济、扩大开放，对各国企业就意味着更多的商机。
改革开放以来，中国企业与国外、海外企业积极开展经济技术合作，取得了巨大成就。
这些企业帮助了中国企业的成长，同时也在合作中获得了利益，取得了互利和双赢的结果。
在这次亚太经合组织工商领导人峰会上，各位可以讨论世界经济发展的大事，也可以讨论加强相互合作的问题。
中国政府愿继续提供便利和条件，推动中国企业与国外、海外企业进一步开展合作。
China will develop its economy further and open itself still wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. （注意句子间的衔接词）Since China ' s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have vigorously undertaken economic and technical cooperation with overseas enterprises and scored tremendous achievements. While helping Chinese enterprises develop, overseas enterprises have also benefited from it, hence a result of mutual benefit and win-win has been achieved. At this APEC CEO Summit, you will discuss the important matter of world economic development and you will also discuss how to strengthen mutual cooperation. The Chinese Government stands ready to continue to offer facilities and necessary conditions for closer cooperation between Chinese enterprises and their overseas counterparts.需注意的是，经济全球化是一把“双刃剑”。
Globalization
reflected areas
Benefits· Economic
Economic globalization is advantageous to make better
use of the international market and resources to
develop our own. Economic globalization offers more job opportunities and has a major effect on wages and income distribution.
Benefits· Cultural
Cultural globalization promotes cross-cultural contacts
and spread foreign culture to china.
Cultural globalization develops our own culture and we can gain much knowledge from other countries and a wide range of lifestyles, which makes our life colorful.
Benefits· Political
Many international Union) institutions has been Trade
established under globalization ， such as the
EU(European 、 WTO(World Organization)、 TPP(Trans-Pacific Partnership).
Economic globalization means market economic globalization, market economy has blindness, spontaneity（自发性）, hysteresis （迟滞性） and other shortcomings. One country ’ s slack enconomy can effect the whole world. In recent years, China ’ s economy has been influenced by American great depression. The influx of the large number of foreign companies hinder the development of domestic enterprises. And these foreign companies caused lots of environmental problems.
全球化企业英语作文
全球化企业英语作文Title: The Impact of Globalization on Enterprises。
In today's interconnected world, globalization has become a defining feature of the business landscape. Enterprises across the globe are increasingly influenced by the forces of globalization, shaping their strategies, operations, and competitive landscapes. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of globalization andits profound impact on enterprises worldwide.Firstly, globalization has facilitated unparalleled opportunities for businesses to expand their markets beyond borders. With advancements in technology, communication, and transportation, enterprises can now easily reach customers in distant corners of the world. This expansion of market reach has not only increased revenue streams but has also diversified risk by reducing dependency onspecific markets.Secondly, globalization has intensified competition among enterprises. As barriers to entry diminish and markets become more accessible, companies face heightened competition from both domestic and international rivals. This dynamic environment compels enterprises to constantly innovate, improve efficiency, and differentiate their offerings to stay ahead in the global marketplace.Moreover, globalization has led to the emergence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) as major players in the global economy. These corporations operate across multiple countries, leveraging their global presence to optimize production, distribution, and sourcing activities. By capitalizing on economies of scale and scope, MNEs can achieve cost efficiencies and gain a competitive edge over smaller, localized firms.Additionally, globalization has fostered the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and best practices among enterprises worldwide. Through cross-border collaborations, joint ventures, and strategic partnerships, companies can leverage the expertise and resources of diversestakeholders to drive innovation and accelerate growth. This sharing of knowledge not only benefits individual enterprises but also contributes to the overall advancement of industries and economies.Furthermore, globalization has necessitated enterprises to adapt to diverse cultural, regulatory, and economic environments. Operating in foreign markets requires companies to navigate complex geopolitical landscapes, adhere to local laws and regulations, and understand the preferences and behaviors of diverse consumer segments. Successful enterprises are those that demonstrate cultural sensitivity, adaptability, and a willingness to embrace diversity in all its forms.However, it is important to acknowledge that globalization also presents challenges and risks for enterprises. Economic volatility, geopolitical tensions, and regulatory uncertainties can disrupt global supply chains, affect market demand, and increase operational complexities for businesses. Moreover, concerns regarding environmental sustainability, social responsibility, andethical business practices have become paramount in the era of globalization, requiring enterprises to adopt responsible and sustainable business models.In conclusion, globalization has transformed the business landscape, reshaping the way enterprises operate, compete, and collaborate on a global scale. While presenting unprecedented opportunities for growth and expansion, globalization also brings forth challenges that enterprises must navigate strategically. In this dynamic environment, agile and adaptable enterprises are best positioned to thrive amidst the complexities of globalization and emerge as leaders in the global marketplace.。
The_Impact_Of_Globalization_In_China_Economics_Essay
The Impact Of Globalization In China Economics Essay/essays/economics/the-impact-of-globalization-in-china-economics-essay.phpOver the past 30 years, international trade and investment are very fast- growing and expand faster than the world economy. Many firms decided to expand their business outside their countries, employing peoples internationally. Varieties of products are offered in the stores competing against one another. The technology has been introduced which allows the economy to increase their chance of trade internationally.(1)“Globalization is today’s objective trend in the economic development in the world in which featured by free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information and service into the global context. It is result in development of the productive forces and advances in science and technology.”(1)“As a result, economic interdependence and interaction between countries are very strong. In the economic sense globalization means that means there is no country in the world which can develop and prosper in their isolation and successful without trading internationally. China has therefore learnt from their history that isolation in business leads them to go backward. Development progress and prosperity could only be able to achieved through the integration of the outside the countries by increasingly exchanges and cooperation with other countries in the world and influenced by human civilization. Therefore, the globalization gives the world opportunities to keeping up with the changing world outside their origin country.”The Criticle Reflection on the Impact on ChinaGlobalization is the process of increasing the integration between different countries and economies by increase the impact of the international influences on other economic aspects.China sees globalization as their key to economic development and securing a better future for its 1.3 billion of populations.As the world’s greatest opponent of globalization, China, due to the lack of international economic order, the influence of globalization on specific countries in different stages of their development is entirely treated different. Most of the developed countries often benefit from globalization through their capital, technology, human resources and administrative expertise. On the other hand, developing countries are on focus mainly on the unfavourable position where they can benefit from other foreign investment, advanced technologies and management expertise. (3)China is benefit from being a fast growing economy. This is mainly occur due to their low cost of manufacturing and labour. Many Westerns companies have change to use Chinese labour more extensively. China has been successfully reduced their poverty through their economic system by mainly focused on increasing openly to trade and foreign investment with other countries.Even though China’s political system has been run by the communist party, their approach and how they form their strategies in order to promote their economic growth and development has become a bigger player in globalizationThe accession of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 has further improve its economy through the integration into the world economy and furthermore into the globalization. As the result becoming part of WTO members they are entitled to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all other members and all foreign individuals. In order to protect the domestic industries and service providers, the price controls is not to be used in this purposes. WTO provided regulations to restrictChina’s export subsidies on their agriculture products as they aimed to revise their existing domestic laws and therefore restart their new legislation in compliance with the agreement. In order for China to optimize their export structure and fully participate in international trade. China has to agreed to seize the opportunity under WTO who actively optimist its export structure.However it does gives China to liberalize its regime in order to integrate in the world economy and offer more pleasant environment for trade and foreign investment in accordance with WTO regulations. This is possible to lead to reduce in the level of corruption in political systems which then pull its index and ranking up as China become more attractive to the foreign investors and traders“From 1983 to 1985 China has double-digit GDP growth as it has been accompanied with the first wave of the foreign investment into China and the development of non-state enterprises.” (4)“In 1989-1991 The growth start to slow down after the Chinese Government has set the price reform in 1988 which resulted in panic buying and runaway inflation. The price stability was achieved by cancelling large fixed investment projects, slowing domestic demand, foreign investment fell off after the Beijing Massacre of June 1989’’ (4)“In Recent year the global economic crisis began to reduce China’s economic growth rate, the government decided to injected 4 trillion RMB into the economy in form of economic stimulus package consisting largely of investment in infrastructure and human capital” (4)As a result of industrialization and increase in infrastructure and investment in China , the agriculture sector as a percentage of GDP has been dramatically decreased from 29% to 13% in 1997 to 2003, as the farm that used to do agriculture has been converted into cities and factories. It might be also that all other industries have been producing much more than the agriculture industry. This economic growth has been very attractive to the western expansion market, which later has result in more market-based economy with globalization and deregulation by the Chinese government. The recent trend growth rate is at average of 9.4 % over the past decade is 1.7% higher than other countries in Asia. As China is a major economy in the world, their main competitor which has another major economy is the USA.Globalization helps China to make a better use of foreign investment to promote the increase in their industrial construction. As Labour cost in China is very low respectively, it become very attractive to the foreign investment. The more consumption of labour, the faster they can speed up the high development of new technological industries, thus China’s industrial can compete internationally.Globalization also lead to the increase in the level of trades in China as subject prior to 1978. China’s trade has been conducted under the system of state where a foreign trade corporations monopolized all foreign trade. Under the planning regime, import has been minimized while exports authorized only for the extent to pay for the imports. In the last 20 years, the systems has been changed dramatically and China’s trade has expanded enormously, the increase in the share of the world trade.The foreign direct investments and transnational corporations (FDI and TNC’s) have been increasing very rapidly since the globalization and the opening of the markets and deregulation by Chinese economy. FDI and TNC encouraged in the modern agricultures, high tech industries, infrastructure and construction. They focus on the development of the western regions, and the re-engineering of State Owned Enterprises. Foreign investment capital became major factor in growth. However, rapid growth has caused some problems such as, high inflation rates in urban areas which may leading to increasing economic inequalities between regions and social group.The last area this report will be discussed is about the environmental issues in China. In an attempt to maximize the opportunities of globalization, China may pursue unsustainable practices. As globalization increase the level of economic growth, the environmental problems also arise. The fact that China has been getting used to be the fastest growing economy with high growth rate and development and HDI levels that environmental issue may be less concern by the government. As it play less important part in the growth of the economic situation. As the major exports are based on themanufactured goods, the process of manufacturing involves degradation or pollution done to the environment. “It is estimated that 300 million peoples are drinking contaminated water in China, only 20% of solid waste is properly disposed of, and only 10% of the sewage is treated.” These problems are very costly, as about 7 %of China’s GDP and could rise to 13 % if the problem are not to be addressed.The problem of the air pollution in South East Asia is very serious occurs due to the increase in industrial production contributing to poor environmental quality. The increase in the amount of oil used through the production, it may impact the rest of the world as well as China, such as, they may faced the problem of rise in oil price as the demanded created by China has increased the consumption.ConclusionThe globalization benefits China in terms of economic growth and economic development. As China has lower their trade barrier internationally which leads to the increase in the international trade and foreign investment, this results in significant levels of economic growth and development. It also give the competition for the domestic industries and encourage high level of efficiency and competitiveness. The Chinese government provided the more ways in which to promote its domestic and international investment. However, the inequality in distribution of income still a problem. The growing economy also caused the problem to the environment through the pollution.。
外文翻译--中小企业,技术与全球化
外文文献翻译（2013届）译文一：中小企业,技术与全球化1译文二：中小企业,技术与全球化2学生姓名学号院系Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Technology, and Globalization:Introduction to a Special Issueon Small and Medium-SizedZoltan J. AcsEnterprises in the Global EconomyLee PrestonAbstract. This paper is an introduction to the special issue on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Global Economy. The paper gives a broad outline of globalization, the role of technology, and examines the role that small and medium-sized enterprises play in the global economy. We focus on foreign direct investment of small technology based firms and how their innovations diffuse into the global economyThere is little question that economic activity of all types is moving in the direction of globalization. As we approach the 21st century, a worldwide system of production and distribution is evolving, in much the same way as national markets evolved from local and regional networksduring the 19th century (Chandler, 1990). In nearly every economically active country of the world, the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) have risen significantly over the last decade. The growth of FDI has been particularly dramatic, increasing more rapidly than either world production or world trade. As a result, both inbound and outbound FDI stocks have increased relative to total investment and gross domestic product in nearly every country (Dunning, 1995).Globalization refers to the web of linkages and interconnections between states, societies, and organizations that make up the present world economic system. Globalization creates new structures and new relationships, with the result that business decisions and actions in one part of the world have significant consequences in other places. Underlying and reinforcing these globalization trends is the rapidly changing technological environment, particularly in biotechnology, information processing, and telecommunications. Changes in telecommunications and data processing capabilities make it possible to coordinate research, marketing and production operation around the world. Almost instantaneous communications makes it possible to trade financial instruments twenty-four hours a day: and thus more return-sensitive are location of resources within firms, industries and countries.The growth of global markets stimulates competition and forces governments to adopt market-oriented policies, both domestically and internationally. Modern technologies have greatlyreduced the cost of information and the capabilities to participate in the global economy (Dunning,1993). Countries must join the club. Policies that aim to exclude global participation via trade and investment barriers can be easily circumvented, and they keep no hostages but deprive the countries of global prosperity.Along with the globalization trend, contemporary technical advances are demanding a much closer synthesis and more integrative learning between innovative and production activities.The pressures of global competition force producers to continually innovate, and to upgrade the quality of existing products. Yet, at the same time, many firms can no longer acquire or afford all the technological and human resources that they need. Increasingly, they form interdependent and flexible relationships with other firms –including suppliers and competing firms –to fully capitalize on their core competencies (GomesCasseres,1996). Interdependence calls for a capacity on the part of firms, individuals, and governments to interact with speed, flexibility and creativity to the actions of other agents (de la Mothe and Paquet,1996) In this new environment knowledge and intellectual labor are being mobilized on a more collaborative basis. Firms must develop human resource strategies based on synthesis with educational institutions. They must locate design and production facilities in metropolitan areas that allow partnerships with suppliers and educational institutions, and in places served by governments committed to business-friendly policies. The main form of economic organization in intermediary product markets is increasingly a network of inter firm cooperative arrangements, rather than the large hierarchical firm (Reich, 1992).Advancement in technologies and management skills have blurred firm boundaries. Before 1980 most FDI was of the “stand alone” variety. Each Multinational Enterprise (MNE) would exploit its own home-based competitive advantages and coordinate related intra-firm activities across national boundaries through internal mechanisms. More recently, however, MNEs are expanding their territorial and functional horizons by acquiring, or gaining access to, new resources and capabilities. The critical feature of strategic asset-seeking FDI, as opposed to market-seeking FDI, is that participating firms recognize that their stand-alone resources and capabilities are insufficient to sustain their international competitiveness, and that they need to draw upon resources and capabilities of others to achieve this goal. While there are may reasons why firms form alliances with other firms, the great majority of those concluded over the past decade have been to gain access to new product or process, technologies and organizational competencies, especially those perceived necessary to advance their core competenciesGlobalization challenges management and students of business economics. According to conventional wisdom, most transnational business activities, particularly those involving FDI or cross-border alliances, are traditionally carried out by large firms. In addition, some people have believed that technological change requires increasingly large scale total operations, along with increasing size of research and development resources. These views would lead one to expect that small enterprises would decline in importance as they become overwhelmed by global firms exploiting economies of scale.As the readers of this Journal well know, there is considerable evidence that these commonly held views are no longer correct. Depending upon the measure of business size examined, the long-term trend toward increasing firm size either decelerated, ceased, or reversed itself sometime between the late 1960s and the late 1970s (Acs, 1996). This leads to an interesting question: “Is the apparent resurgence of smaller firms due to the emergence of a dynamic, vital innovative entrepreneurial sector, or is it due to the inability of large incumbent MNEs to prevail in a technologically dynamic global environment?”Harrison (1994) has argued that the role ofSMEs has been overestimated, and that MNEs have been able to prosper in the new global environment by combining four basic building blocks: returning to their core competencies; using new information technologies; forming strategic alliances; and eliciting more activecollaboration from their workers. However, this view overlooks the synergy between large and small firms, the strong attachment of small firms to their local economies, the role of small firms in technological change, and the role they play in the growth and evolution of industries (Acs, 1995). In fact,there is ample evidence that small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs) have not only flourished in domestic economies, but that their international presence has grown as well (UNCTAD, 1993; Masataka, 1995a and 1995b; Admiraal, 1996; and Buckley et al., in press). However, very little isknown about the processes by which SMEs participate in the global economy. 10 For this reason, the Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER) at the University of Maryland organized a conference of experts on “Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and the Global Economy”, held on October 20, 1995. The conference was organized by Zoltan J. Acs,then Associate Director of CIBER. The primary focus of the conference was on the role that technology and network organizations play in the global activities of SMEs. Participants in thisconference examined the role of SMEs in the identification of technological opportunity, technological diversity and geographical localization, technology transfer, R&D spillovers, strategic alliances, and the international diffusion of innovations. The papers appearing in this special issue of Small Business Economics are revised versions of those presented on that occasion.An overview of SME participation in the global economy reveals at least three lines of activity: trade, technology, and investment. The most commonly discussed topic in SMEs international literature is their role as exporters from their domestic jurisdictions to foreign customers. The opportunities and challenges facing SMEs in this role are well known. The conference papers do not address these topics in any detail. Instead, they see that export activity as linked to the other activities that are given greater emphasis here. The second most prominent issue in the literature is SMEs and technology, and particularly SME supplier connections with larger MNEs in local markets. In their simplest form, these connections involve “intra-national exports,” that is, domestic sales to foreign firms, who happen to be operating within the home country of the supplier. The importance of these connections is stressed by Porter (1993), in his discussion of the role of “related and supporting industries”, and Dunning (1993) under the heading of “linkages and spillover effects” of MNEs. These connections came up for explicit attention at the conference primarily in connection with technological opportunity, technologic diversity, technology transfer, and R&D spillovers. The emphasis was mostly ontransfer of technology from MNEs to their SME suppliers and costumers, although it was also acknowledged the MNEs might also acquire the appropriate technology from local SMEs, and possibly eventually acquire the SME firms them- selves as well.The final issue is the SME role in investment, the connection between SMEs and FDI. SMEs may evolve as multinationals either through their own investments or as a result of the formation of alliances. The questions of why SMEs go abroad, how they do it, and what are the consequences of this activity are examined carefully in the papers in this volume. We start by examining the technological basis of SMEs. Though in aggregate SMEs spend less on R&D than large firms, they produce almost twice as many innovations on a per employee basis (Acs and Audretsch, 1990). In 1993 U.S., SMEs receive 3.8 percent of federal R&D dollars and performed 14.5 percent of company funded industrial R&D (U.S. National Science Foundation, 1996). In1991 SMEs received 40 percent of all domestic utility patents granted in the UnitedStates (U.S Patent and Trademark Office, 1996). Recently Cohen and Klepper (1996) have suggested that while small firms may be superior in the generation of new knowledge, larger firms are superior in their ability to appropriate returns from these innovations, either by buying property rights, acquiring the firms or benefiting through spillovers. This raised two important questions: (1) Why are SMEs superior innovators in the first place? and (2) How do we explain the superior innovative performance of SMEs if they spend less on R&D than large firms? Why SMEs are superior innovators is examined in the first paper by Acs, Morck, Shaver and Yeung. The critical role of property rights in capitalist economies is becoming increasingly evident. Societies must protect innovators’ property rights to the gains from their innovations. An additional angle in the paper is that it also emphasizes an innovator’s property rights within an organization. An innovator in a large companyonly has very limited property rights protection. The new product, process, etc. generally belongs to the firm, not the employee who invented it. This reduces creative employees’incentives to innovate for the company. The lack of clear property rights in large corporations creates perverse incentives for both employees and managers. Both can benefit from “free riding” on other people’s innovative efforts and results.翻译:文摘。
中国企业跨国并购的SWOT分析与模式研究
中国企业跨国并购的SWOT分析与模式研究一、本文概述Overview of this article随着中国经济的快速发展和全球化步伐的加快，中国企业跨国并购（Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions, CBM&A）已成为国际商务活动中的重要组成部分。
本文旨在深入分析中国企业跨国并购的SWOT（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）以及并购模式，以期为企业在全球化背景下制定有效的跨国并购策略提供参考。
With the rapid development of the Chinese economy and the acceleration of globalization, Cross order Mergers and Acquisitions (CBM&A) by Chinese enterprises have become an important component of international business activities. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) and M&A models of Chinese enterprises in cross-border mergers and acquisitions, in order to provide reference for enterprises to formulate effective cross-border M&A strategies in the context of globalization.本文将首先概述中国企业跨国并购的现状和趋势，包括并购的规模、行业分布、地域特征等。
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Globalization and Chinese EnterprisesGlobalization is a phenomenon of human social development process. There are many definitions of globalization, in the usual sense globalization refers to growing global linkages, human life, based on a global scale development and the rise of global consciousness. Politics, economic, trade between countries are interdependence. After 1990s, with the forces of globalization affect the level of the expansion of human society, which has gradually caught people’ attention about the politics, education, social and cultural disciplines, which has caused a boom of studies.The opportunities of globalization for ChinaThe first, China has abundant natural resources, cheap labor and other advantages. Which determine the long-term exports of primary products and labor-intensive products for China. But from a dynamic point of view, over time China will change the factor endowments, labor factors of production are fully utilized in this, and gradually becomes short.Accordingly, it becomes abundant because of the accumulation of capital and technology. Economic globalization makes worldwide industrial restructuring and further deepening of the pace of increase. China should continue to introducing technology, the introduction ofmore advanced labor-intensive industries from developed countries , developing a number of high-tech industries to fully exploit the comparative advantages, increasing domestic employment, increasing exports, completing the process of industrialization, speeding up the process of national modernization, seizing the strategic future competition high ground.The second, economic globalization has promoted the development of multinational companies in China and made it more competitive in world markets gradually.The third, economic globalization has promoted financial integration. Economic globalization has attracted more foreign investment conditions and opportunities for developing countries.The challenges of globalization for Chinese enterprisesThe first, what the market competition changes in the environment impact on our business and challenges. Economic globalization has become an irreversible historical trend. Countries and regions of the economy are intertwined and affecting each other, merging into a unified whole, the environment of enterprises in which fundamental changes in the market, domestic enterprises will be more truly experiencing the fast-changing and unpredictable of the business environment. If there is not the world economy, globalization of business operations, global technology, capital, labor and raw materials market system, differentcountries, national policies, legal system, economic development, social and cultural differences in customs, instant messaging andcommunication tools and agile competitor strategies and so on. Which encourage enterprises to face the competitive market environment ,to become more complex, to increase competition , business risk increases with the depth of modern information revolution and economic globalization. The acceleration of these features will become increasingly real. The fatal weakness of Chinese enterprises is reflected in the lack of an accurate analysis of the new market environment and the ability to judge the results to the sea has a vast number of Chinese enterprises is only a brilliant flash in the pan, then disappeared without a trace.The second, the impact and challenges from the market changes about business competitors for Chinese enterprises.China is a huge potential market for any country because of Chinese rapid economic development of enterprises. China attracts a huge influx of foreign companies. Mostly foreign companies investing in China have a strong, valuable talent, advanced technology, management experience and excellent corporate culture. Multinational corporations can be not profitable for five years or even decades in order to dominate the market. While most Chinese enterprises generally don’t have such heavy strength as the Multinational corporations. It becomes a prime target of employment for the students because of better wages and benefits,excellent growth opportunities and advanced corporate culture in the multinational corporations, which provides the opportunity to have talents for multinational corporations. And because multinational corporations have the strength to invest in research and development, its technical level is a world leader in the technical reserves, technology transactions took initiative, and Chinese enterprises are in weak position in these areas The third, the impact and challenges from the changes of the contents of the market competition for Chinese enterprisesWith economic development, accelerating the process of globalization and intensifying the market competition. The substantive differences between enterprises which provide the provision of products and services have tended to disappear, the spending trends of consumers have shift from physical consumption to psychological consumption. Which means consumers pay more attention to the psychological feelings from the products and services. And brands meet the consumer s’ need, so the battle of the brands among enterprises is inevitable. Because of shorting product life cycles, new product after another, if companies want to maintain market competitiveness, they must continue to launching new products, which in turn requires constant technical innovation, and technological innovation requires a lot of money and good talent, which requires companies to have solid strength. So the contents of market not only include products and services but also the brand competition,technological competition, talent competition, the strength of competition, marketing mode competition and corporate culture of competition. It is the so-called One hour round loser. It is not infrequent that many Chinese companies are falling by the wayside. We can reach the following conclusions from the influence of globalization for Chinese enterprises: The market environment has become increasingly complex, the viability of increasingly high demand for more and more competitors, competitive pressures are growing, product life cycle getting shorter, the new product development has become increasingly difficult; competition become more and more complex content, and the association among enterprises become increasingly strong. In this context, the Chinese enterprises want to survive and develop, and compete with multinational corporations in the international market place, we must develop own core competencies.Chinese enterprises should actively respond to globalization from the following aspects:The first, active participation in the globalization process. Economic globalization is an irreversible trend, we must actively participate in the rules, actively cooperate with developing countries, individual developing country’s force is weak, the strength is not enough to push the rules of globalization which is not conducive to the development of developing countries. In order to effectively protect their own interests, developing countries should have the courage to change the existing irrationalinternational economic order. The developing countries should have the courage to force developed countries to give more consideration to the interests of developing countries when they make the rules of globalization, to reduce debt of developing countries, to open the markets and technologies for developing countries.The second, participation in economic regionalization and grouping. For China, before participating in economic globalization, they should focus on the participation in regional economic integration of organizations. Which is a more realistic, more appropriate approach. So far as the nation state is the core of regional economic integration, which has included the distribution of benefits, included clear rules of the game. There is better monitoring and coordination mechanisms, and thus the interests of developing countries, the guarantee can be relatively good. Meanwhile, regional economic integration has brought favorable conditions and accumulated experience for Chinese participation in economic globalization. It provides a solid rear.The third, we should guide industries and sectors to participate in international competition. With the development of productive forces, we should guide the conditional industries and sectors directly participate in international economic competition, in order to make appropriate business have a greater incentive to pursue new technology. Increasing efficiency and improving the management, which can make us obtainmore benefits from the world market. That is to take different protection measures for the national economy and the industrial sector at different times and in different levels. The domestic industry and the need to explore the potential importance of economic development industries are under the appropriate protection, while encouraging them to actively participate in international competition, basing on the domestic market, then going out to have foreign development.The fourth, we must develop the market economy and make Chinese enterprises become an integral part in the world economic system.The fifth, we must open up the market. Only opening up the market ,it can become an integral part of the world economy, but China is a developing country, markets can not fully open immediately and unconditionally, we should conditionally, step by step, and adapt to their own level of development in the case of opening, so as to produce the benefits of trade ,to better promote the development of Chinese enterprises.The sixth, we must abide by international trade rules, to some extent the market economy is the legal economy, so China must abide by the rules and participate rules.The seventh, we should enhance independent innovation capability. Technological innovation and progress are the basis and conditions of economic globalization. China will adhere to the strategic principles ofscience and technology, using modern technology, science and technology trade, and constantly improving the technology of China's foreign economic and trade content and international competitiveness, and participation in economic globalization. China has only accelerated technological innovation, developed high-tech industries, using advanced technology and high technology to transform and improve the technological content of traditional industries in order to continuously promote the development of productive forces and achieve a leap in technology development in China.。