【名校推荐】话题05 个人情况-备战2019年高考英语考试大纲话题分类解析 Word版含解析

话题05 个人情况【话题解读】“个人情况”是高中新课标24话题之一，也是高考英语常考的一个热点话题，本话题包括个人情况简介和名人事迹介绍等两个方面，这类文章通常以人物传记和逸闻趣事为主，目的是培养学生高尚的道德情操，树立正确的人生观和价值观。

【高考探究】“个人情况”这个热点话题通常以阅读理解(人物传记)和书面表达(名人简介)的形式来进行考查，例如2018年新课标III卷阅读理解C篇；2018年浙江卷阅读理解A篇；2018年新课标I卷完形填空；2017年新课标I卷短文改错；2016年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A篇；2016年江苏卷阅读理解D篇；2016年北京卷书面表达第一节；2014年江苏卷完形填空；2014年新课标全国卷Ⅰ书面表达等。

导读：赞美她的人，称她是捍卫自由世界，振兴英国经济的英雄；诅咒她的人，说她是镇压罢工民众，摧毁福利制度的恶魔。

尽管人们对于她评价不一，然而，不可否认她是一位杰出的女性，她曾以铁腕改变了20世纪的英国，甚至全世界。

她，就是铁娘子撒切尔夫人。

Margaret Thatcher -The Iron LadyMargaret Hilda Roberts was born on 13 October 1925 in Grantham, Lincolnshire, the daughter of a grocer. She went to Oxford University and then became a research chemist, retraining to become a lawyer in 1954. ①In 1951, she married Denis Thatcher, a wealthy businessman, with whom she had two children.Thatcher became a Conservative member of parliament for Finchley in North London in 1959. Her first parliamentary post was junior minister for pensions in Harold Macmillan's government. From 1964 to 1970, when Labour were in power, she served in ②a number of positions in Edward Heath's shadow cabinet. Heath became prime minister in 1970 and Thatcher was appointed secretary for education.After the Conservatives were defeated in 1974, Thatcher challenged Heath for the leadership of the party and, to the surprise of many, won. In the 1979 general election, the Conservatives③came to power and Thatcher became prime minister.She was an advocate of privatising state-owned industries and utilities, reforming trade unions, lowering taxes and reducing social expenditure across the board. Thatcher's policies succeeded in reducing inflation, but unemployment dramatically increased during her years in power.Victory in the Falklands War in 1982 and a divided opposition helped Thatcher win a landslide victory in the 1983 general election. In 1984, she narrowly escaped death when the IRA planteda bomb at the Conservative party conference in Brighton.④In foreign affairs, Thatcher cultivated a close political and personal relationship with US president Ronald Reagan, based on a common mistrust of communism, combined with free-market economic ideology. Thatcher was nicknamed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviets. She warmly welcomed the rise of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.In the 1987 general election, Thatcher won an unprecedented third term in office. But controversial policies, including the poll tax and her opposition to any closer integration with Europe, produced divisions within the Conservative Party which led to a leadership challenge. In November 1990, she agreed to resign and was succeeded as party leader and prime minister by John Major.In 1992, Thatcher left the House of Commons. She was appointed a peeress in the House of Lords with the title of Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven and continued giving speeches and lectures across the world. She also founded the Thatcher Foundation, which aimed to advance the cause of political and economic freedom, particularly in the newly liberated countries of central and eastern Europe. In 1995 she became a member of the Order of the Garter, the highest order of knighthood in England.In 2002, after a series of minor strokes, Baroness Thatcher retired from public speaking. She died of a stroke on April 8, 2013, at the age of 87.“铁娘子”玛格丽特·撒切尔玛格丽特·希尔达·罗伯茨于1925年10月13日出生于英格兰肯特郡的格兰瑟姆，是一位杂货店主的女儿。

她毕业于牛津大学后成为了一名化学研究员，之后经过在培训于1954年成为一名律师。

1951年，她与丹尼斯·撒切尔，一位富有的商人结婚，并育有两个孩子。

1959年，撒切尔夫人成为北伦敦芬奇利市保守党议会成员。

她在哈罗德·麦克米伦政府内的第一个职位是养老金副部长。

1964年至1970年，工党执政期间，她在爱德华·希斯的影子内阁担任了一系列职位。

1970年希望成为首相后，撒切尔被任命为教育局局长。

1974年保守党落败后，撒切尔向希斯在党内的领导发出了挑战，并出人意料地获胜。

在1979年的大选中，保守党重新上台执政，撒切尔就任英国首相。

撒切尔主张国有企业和设施私有化、改革商会、降低税赋并缩减理事会社会开支。

她的这些政策在减轻通货膨胀方面取得了成功，然而在她执政期间英国的失业率急剧上升。

1982年马岛战争的胜利和反对党派的分裂使撒切尔在1983年的大选中以绝对优势获胜。

1984年，在布莱顿举行的保守党会议上，爱尔兰共和军投掷了一枚炸弹，撒切尔侥幸逃脱。

在外交事务中，基于对共产主义的不信任和自由市场经济理念的认同，撒切尔与美国总统罗纳德·里根成为了政治伙伴和私人密友。

撒切尔被当时的苏联成为“铁娘子”。

她热烈欢迎改革派的苏联领导人米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的崛起。

在1987年的大选中，撒切尔取得了史无前例的的第三次连任。

但是包括人头税、反对与欧洲密切接触等有争议性的政策使得保守党内部产生了分歧，导致有人向她的领导权发出了挑战。

1990年11月，撒切尔同意辞职，由保守党领袖约翰·梅杰继任首相。

1992年，撒切尔离开了英国下议院。

她被册封为上议院终身贵族，成为了克斯蒂文女爵，随后在世界各地进行演讲和报告。

她还成立了撒切尔夫人基金会，旨在推进政治和经济的自由，尤其是在欧洲中东部那些刚刚解放的国家。

1995年，她成为女嘉德勋爵士，这是英国骑士的最高荣誉。

2002年，几次轻微中风之后，撒切尔女爵停止了公开演讲。

2013年4月8日，撒切尔因中风去世，终年87岁。

重点单词：1. conservative [kən'sɜːvətɪv] adj. 保守的2. expenditure [ɪk'spendɪtʃə; ek-] n. 支出，花费；经费3. inflation [ɪn'fleɪʃ(ə)n] n. 膨胀；通货膨胀4. cultivate ['kʌltɪveɪt] vt. 培养5. ideology [,aɪdɪ'ɒlədʒɪ; ɪd-] n. 意识形态；思想意识6. unprecedented [ʌn'presɪdentɪd] adj. 空前的；无前例的7. integration [ɪntɪ'greɪʃ(ə)n] n. 集成；综合8. peeress ['pɪərɪs; -res] n. 有爵位的妇女；贵族夫人9. knighthood ['naɪthʊd] n. 骑士；骑士身份10. stroke [strəʊk] n. 中风话题下的阅读理解Passage1（2018年·新课标III卷）While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize —which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).Wang’s works show a deep underst anding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said."Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, " he said."Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.28. Wang’s wi nning of the prize means that Chinese architects are ___________.A. following the latest world trendB. getting international recognitionC. working harder than ever beforeD. relying on foreign architects29. What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?A. Its hilly environment.B. Its large size.C. Its unique style.D. Its diverse functions.30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?A. The mixture of different shapes.B. The balance of East and West.C. The use of popular techniques.D. The harmony of old and new.31. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?A. Spread them to the world.B. Preserve them at museums.C. Teach them in universities.D. Recreate them in practice.【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。