Rome convention-罗马公约
1980年罗马公约英文版
CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980 (80/934/EEC)Official Journal L 266 , 09/10/1980 p. 0001 - 0019Spanish special edition...: Chapter 1 Volume 3 p. 36Portuguese special edition Chapter 1 Volume 3 p. 36PREAMBLETHE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, ANXIOUS to continue in the field of private international law the work of unification of law which has already been done within the Community, in particular in the field of jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments, WISHING to establish uniform rules concerning the law applicable to contractual obligations,HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:TITLE I SCOPE OF THE CONVENTIONArticle 1Scope of the Convention1. The rules of this Convention shall apply to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different countries.2. They shall not apply to: (a) questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 11;(b) contractual obligations relating to: - wills and succession,- rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship,- rights and duties arising out of a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity, including maintenance obligations in respect of children who are not legitimate;(c) obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character;(d) arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court;(e) questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organization or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate and the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body;(f) the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind acompany or body corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;(g) the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries;(h) evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article 14.3. The rules of this Convention do not apply to contracts of insurance which cover risks situated in the territories of the Member States of the European Economic Community. In order to determine whether a risk is situated in these territories the court shall apply its internal law.4. The preceding paragraph does not apply to contracts of re-insurance.Article 2Application of law of non-contracting StatesAny law specified by this Convention shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Contracting State.TITLE II UNIFORM RULESArticle 3Freedom of choice1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice must be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or a part only of the contract.2. The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously governed it, whether as a result of an earlier choice under this Article or of other provisions of this Convention. Any variation by the parties of the law to be applied made after the conclusion of the contract shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 9 or adversely affect the rights of third parties.3. The fact that the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not accompanied by the choice of a foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country which cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called "mandatory rules".4. The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 8, 9 and 11.Article 4Applicable law in the absence of choice1. To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country.2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated.3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated.4. A contract for the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business is also the country in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or the principal place of business of the consignor is situated, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods.5. Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presumptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country.Article 5Certain consumer contracts1. This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services toa person ("the consumer") for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract for the provision of credit for that object.2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence:- if in that country the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclusion of the contract, or- if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or- if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy.3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract to which this Article applies shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of this Article.4. This Article shall not apply to: (a) a contract of carriage;(b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence.5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4, this Article shall apply to a contract which, for an inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation.Article 6Individual employment contracts1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, in a contract of employment a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law which would be applicable under paragraph 2 in the absence of choice.2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract of employment shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed:(a) by the law of the country in which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract, even if he is temporarily employed in another country ; or (b) if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, by the law of the country in which the place of business through which he was engaged is situated; unless it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closelyconnected with another country, in which case the contract shall be governed by the law of that country.Article 7Mandatory rules1. When applying under this Convention the law of a country, effect may be given to the mandatory rules of the law of another country with which the situation has a close connection, if and in so far as, under the law of the latter country, those rules must be applied whatever the law applicable to the contract. In considering whether to give effect to these mandatory rules, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application.2. Nothing in this Convention shall restrict the application of the rules of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the contract.Article 8Material validity1. The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under this Convention if the contract or term were valid.2. Nevertheless a party may rely upon the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence to establish that he did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in the preceding paragraph.Article 9Formal validity1. A contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of the country where it is concluded.2. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of one of those countries.3. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2.4. An act intended to have legal effect relating to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which under this Convention governs or would govern the contract or of the law of the country where the act was done.5. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a contract to which Article 5 applies, concluded in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of Article 5. The formal validity of such a contract is governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence.6. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, a contract the subject matter of which is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property shall be subject to the mandatory requirements of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law those requirements are imposed irrespective of the country where the contract is concluded and irrespective of the law governing the contract.Article 10Scope of the applicable law1. The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles 3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern in particular:(a) interpretation;(b) performance;(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consquences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions;(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract.2. In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place.Article 11IncapacityIn a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would have capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from another law only if the other party to the contract was aware of this incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contract or was not aware thereof as a result of negligence.Article 12Voluntary assignment1. The mutual obligations of assignor and assignee under a voluntary assignment of a right against another person ("the debtor") shall be governed by the law which under this Convention applies to the contract between the assignor and assignee.2. The law governing the right to which the assignment relates shall determine its assignability, the relationship between the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged.Article 13Subrogation1. Where a person ("the creditor") has a contractual claim upon another ("the debtor"), anda third person has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether the third person is entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law governing their relationship and, if so, whether he may do so in full or only to a limited extent.2. The same rule applies where several persons are subject to the same contractual claim and one of them has satisfied the creditor.Article 14Burden of proof, etc.1. The law governing the contract under this Convention applies to the extent that it contains, in the law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof.2. A contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognized by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum.Article 15Exclusion of renvoiThe application of the law of any country specified by this Convention means the application of the rules of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law.Article 16"Ordre public"The application of a rule of the law of any country specified by this Convention may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy ("ordre public") of the forum.Article 17No retrospective effectThis Convention shall apply in a Contracting State to contracts made after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to that State.Article 18Uniform interpretationIn the interpretation and application of the preceding uniform rules, regard shall be had to their international character and to the desirability of achieving uniformity in their interpretation and application.Article 19States with more than one legal system1. Where a State comprises several territorial units each of which has its own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying the law applicable under this Convention.2. A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations shall not be bound to apply this Convention to conflicts solely between the laws of such units.Article 20Precedence of Community lawThis Convention shall not affect the application of provisions which, in relation to particular matters, lay down choice of law rules relating to contractual obligations and which are or will be contained in acts of the institutions of the European Communities or in national laws harmonized in implementation of such acts.Article 21Relationship with other conventionsThis Convention shall not prejudice the application of international conventions to which a Contracting State is, or becomes, a party.Article 22Reservations1. Any Contracting State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval, reserve the right not to apply:(a) the provisions of Article 7 (1);(b) the provisions of Article 10 (1) (e).2. Any Contracting State may also, when notifying an extension of the Convention in accordance with Article 27 (2), make one or more of these reservations, with its effect limited to all or some of the territories mentioned in the extension.3. Any Contracting State may at any time withdraw a reservation which it has made ; the reservation shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after notification of the withdrawal.TITLE III FINAL PROVISIONSArticle 231. If, after the date on which this Convention has entered into force for a Contracting State, that State wishes to adopt any new choice of law rule in regard to any particular category of contract within the scope of this Convention, it shall communicate its intention to the other signatory States through the Secretary-Geneal of the Council of the European Communities.2. Any signatory State may, within six months from the date of the communication made to the Secretary-General, request him to arrange consultations between signatory States in order to reach agreement.3. If no signatory State has requested consultations within this period or if within two years following the communication made to the Secretary-General no agreement is reached in the course of consultations, the Contracting State concerned may amend its law in the manner indicated. The measures taken by that State shall be brought to the knowledge of the other signatory States through the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.Article 241. If, after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to a Contracting State, that State wishes to become a party to a multilateral convention whose principal aim or one of whose principal aims is to lay down rules of private internationallaw concerning any of the matters governed by this Convention, the procedure set out in Article 23 shall apply. However, the period of two years, referred to in paragraph 3 of that Article, shall be reduced to one year.2. The procedure referred to in the preceding paragraph need not be followed if a Contracting State or one of the European Communities is already a party to the multilateral convention, or if its object is to revise a convention to which the State concerned is already a party, or if it is a convention concluded within the framework of the Treaties establishing the European Communities.Article 25If a Contracting State considers that the unification achieved by this Convention is prejudiced by the conclusion of agreements not covered by Article 24 (1), that State may request the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities to arrange consultations between the signatory States of this Convention.Article 26Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Convention. In this event a revision conference shall be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities.Article 271. This Convention shall apply to the European territories of the Contracting States, including Greenland, and to the entire territory of the French Republic.2. Nothwithstanding paragraph 1:(a) this Convention shall not apply to the Faroe Islands, unless the Kingdom of Denmark makes a declaration to the contrary;(b) this Convention shall not apply to any European territory situated outside the United Kingdom for the international relations of which the United Kingdom is responsible, unless the United Kingdom makes a declaration to the contrary in respect of any such territory;(c) this Convention shall apply to the Netherlands Antilles, if the Kingdom of the Netherlands makes a declaration to that effect.3. Such declarations may be made at any time by notifying the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.4. Proceedings brought in the United Kingdom on appeal from courts in one of the territories referred to in paragraph 2 (b) shall be deemed to be proceedings taking place in those courts.Article 281. This Convention shall be open from 19 June 1980 for signature by the States party to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community.2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.Article 291. This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the seventh instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval.2. This Convention shall enter into force for each signatory State ratifying, accepting or approving at a later date on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval.Article 301. This Convention shall remain in force for 10 years from the date of its entry into force in accordance with Article 29 (1), even for States for which it enters into force at a later date.2. If there has been no denunciation it shall be renewed tacitly every five years.3. A Contracting State which wishes to denounce shall, not less than six months before the expiration of the period of 10 or five years, as the case may be, give notice to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. Denunciation may be limited to any territory to which the Convention has been extended by a declaration under Article 27 (2).4. The denunciation shall have effect only in relation to the State which has notified it. The Convention will remain in force as between all other Contracting States.11。
罗马国际公约全文内容 -回复
罗马国际公约全文内容-回复
主题：罗马国际公约全文内容
导言：
罗马国际公约是一项重要的国际法律文件，旨在加强对国际刑事犯罪的打击和国际刑事司法体系的建设。
本文将以罗马国际公约的主要条款为线索，一步一步回答相关问题。
一、背景和目的
1. 罗马国际公约的背景是什么？
2. 罗马国际公约的目的是什么？
二、定义和管辖
3. 罗马国际公约是如何定义国际刑事犯罪的？
4. 罗马国际公约建立了哪些管辖机构？
三、国际刑事法院
5. 罗马国际公约成立了哪个国际刑事法院？
6. 国际刑事法院的组成和运作是怎样的？
四、罪行和刑事责任
7. 罗马国际公约列举了哪些国际刑事犯罪罪行？
8. 美国是否承认国际刑事法院的管辖权？
9. 罗马国际公约如何确保刑事责任的追究？
五、合作与逮捕
10. 罗马国际公约规定了哪些合作和逮捕的原则？
11. 执法机构如何与国际刑事法院合作？
六、受害人权利
12. 罗马国际公约保护了受害人的哪些权利？
13. 受害人在国际刑事法院审判中的地位是怎样的？
七、国家责任和主权例外
14. 罗马国际公约对国家的责任和主权有什么规定？
八、争议和改革
15. 罗马国际公约在国际社会中遇到了哪些争议？
16. 是否有可能对罗马国际公约进行修订？
结语：
罗马国际公约是国际刑事司法领域的重要里程碑，它的内容和机制为国际社会打击国际刑事犯罪提供了有效的工具。
然而，该公约也存在一些争议和挑战，需要进一步的改革和完善。
通过深入了解罗马国际公约的全文内
容，国际社会能够更好地理解和应用该公约，以维护全球的和平与公正。
WTO简明术语
W T O简明术语AAccession 加入（世界贸易组织）Acceptable risk level 可接受的风险水平ACP---African、Caribbean and Pacific 非加太国家Actionable subsidy 可诉补贴Ad valorem tariff 从价税Aggregate measurement of support（AMS）（农业国内支持）综合支持量Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协议》Agreement on Textiles and Clothing（ATC）《纺织品与服装协议》Air transport services 空运服务Amber box measures （农业国内支持）“黄箱”措施Annex 附件Annual bound commitment（农业国内支持）年度约束水平Anti-circumvention 反规避Anti-competitive practice 反竞争行为Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税Audiovisual services 视听服务Automatic licensing 自动许可Appendix 附录Appeal （争端解决）上诉Appellate body （争端解决）上诉机构Appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection 适当的动植物卫生保护水平Acquisition of intellectual property rights 知识产权的获得Arbitration 仲裁Areas of low pest or disease prevalence 病虫害低度流行区Assessment of risk 风险评估Association of Southeast Asian Nations（ASEAN）东南亚国家联盟（东盟）Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations（ANCER）《澳大利亚新西兰紧密经济关系协定》BBerne Convention 《伯尔尼公约》Base tariff level 基础税率Basic Instrument and Selected Documents（BISD）《基本文件和资料选编》Basic telecommunication services 基础电信服务Best information available （反倾销）可获得的最佳信息Blue box measures （农业国内支持）“蓝箱”措施Balance-of-payments（BOP）provisions 国际收支条款Built-in agenda （世界贸易组织）既定议程Business services 商务服务Bound level 约束水平Bretton Woods Conference 布雷顿森林会议CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Causal link 因果联系Ceiling bindings （关税）上限约束Central Product Classification（CPC）《（联合国）中心产品分类》Challenge Procedures （政府采购）质疑程序Clean report of findings 检验结果清洁报告书Codex Alimentarius Commission（CAC）食品法典委员会Common Agriculture Policy（CAP）（欧洲共同体）共同农业政策Communication services 通信服务Conciliation 调解Confidential information 机密信息Conformity assessment procedures 合格评定程序Circumvention 规避Combined tariff 复合税Commercial presence （服务贸易）商业存在Committee on Trade and Development（CTD）贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Environment（CTE）贸易与环境委员会Compensation 补偿Competition policy 竞争政策Complaining party （争端解决）申诉方Computed value 计算价格Consensus 协商一致Constructed value （反倾销）结构价格Consultation 磋商Consumption abroad （服务贸易）境外消费Copyright 版权Council for Trade in Goods（CTG）货物贸易理事会Counterfeit trademark goods 冒牌货Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing duty 反补贴税Contraction parties 关税与贸易总协定缔约方Cross border supply （服务贸易）跨境交付Cross retaliation 交叉报复Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Current market access（CMA）现行市场准入Current total AMS （农业国内支持）现行综合支持量Customs duty 关税Customs tariff 海关税率，海关税则Customs value 海关完税价值Customs valuation 海关估价Customs union 关税同盟DDeveloped member 发达成员Developing member 发展中成员Direct payment （农业国内支持）直接支付Distribution services 分销服务Domestic industry 国内产业Domestic production 国内生产Domestic sales requirement 国内销售要求Domestic subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support （农业）国内支持Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes（DSU）《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Due restraint （对农产品反补贴）适当克制Dumping 倾销Dumping margin 倾销幅度EEconomies in transition 转型经济体Enabling clause 授权条款Enforcement of intellectual property rights 知识产权法Equivalence （检验检疫标准）等效性European Communities（EC）欧洲共同体European Free Trade Association （EFTA）欧洲自由贸易联盟Electronic commerce 电子商务Enquiry point 咨询点European Union 欧洲联盟Exhaustion of intellectual property rights 知识产权权利用尽Existing subject matter （知识产权）现有客体Ex officio 依职权Export credit 出口信贷Export credit guarantee 出口信贷担保Export subsidy 出口补贴FFall-back method （海关估价）“回顾”方法Findings 争端解决调查结果First-come first served 先来先得Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO）联合国粮农组织Food security 粮食安全Foreign direct investment（FDI）外国直接投资Foreign exchange balancing requirement 外汇平衡要求Free-rider 搭便车（指根据最惠国待遇享受其他成员贸易减让而不进行相应减让的成员）Free trade area 自由贸易区GGATT 1947 《1947年关税与贸易总协定》GATT 1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Service（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Agreement on Tariff and Trade （GATT）《关税与贸易总协定》General Council 总理事会General exceptions 一般例外Geographical indications （知识产权）地理标识Genetically Modified Organisms（GMO）转基因生物Good offices 斡旋Government procurement 政府采购Green box measures （农业国内支持）“绿箱”措施Grey area measures 灰色区域措施General Preferential System（GPS）普惠制HHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding System（HS）《商品名称及编码协调制度》Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章Horizontal commitments （服务贸易）水平承诺IIdentical product 相同产品Illustrative list 例示清单Import deposits 进口押金Import licensing 进口许可Import substitution 进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Import variable duties 进口差价税Industrial designs 工业设计Infant industry 幼稚产业Information Technology Agreement（ITA）《信息技术协议》Injunctions 禁令Initial negotiating rights （INRs）最初谈判权（初谈权）Integration process 一体化进程Intellectual property rights（IPRs）知识产权Internal taxes 国内税International Labor Organization (ILO ) 国际劳工组织International Monetary Fund （IMF）国际货币基金组织International Organization for Standardization （ISO）国际标准化组织International Plant Protection Convention 《国际植物保护公约》International Textile and Clothing Bureau （ITCB）国际纺织品与服装局International Trade Organization （ITO）国际贸易组织International Trade Center （ITC）国际贸易中心International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行JJudicial review 司法审议Judicial person （服务贸易）法人KLLayout-designs（Topographies）of integrated circuits 集成电路外观设计（拓扑图）Least-developed countries （LDCs）最不发达国家License fee （知识产权）许可费Like product 同类产品Limited tendering （政府采购）有限招标Local content requirement 当地含量要求Local equity requirement 当地股份要求Mad-cow disease 疯牛病Maintenance of intellectual property rights 知识产权的维护Maritime transport services 海运服务Market access 市场准入Market boards 市场营销机构Market price support 市场价格支持Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》Marrakesh protocol 《马拉喀什协定书》Material injury 实质损害Medication 调停Minimum market access （MMA）最低市场准入Minimum values （海关估价）最低限价Most-favored-nation treatment （MFN）最惠国待遇MFN exemptions （服务贸易）最惠国待遇例外Ministerial conference 部长级会议Modalities 模式Modulation of quota clause （保障措施）配额调整条款Movement of natural persons 自然人流动Multi-Fiber Arrangement （MFA）《多种纤维协定》Multilateral trade negotiations （MTNs）多边贸易谈判Mutual recognition agreement 相互承认协议NNational treatment 国民待遇Natural person 自然人Negative standard （原产地）否定标准Neighboring rights （版权）邻接权New issues （世界贸易组织）新议题Non-actionable subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-automatic licensing 非自动许可Non-discrimination 非歧视Non-violation complaints 非违规之诉North American Free Trade Agreement（NAFTA）《北美自由贸易协定》Notification obligation 通知义务Non-tariff measures（NTMs）非关税措施Non-trade concern 非贸易关切Nullification or impairment （利益）丧失或减损Offer （谈判）出价Open tendering （政府采购）公开招标Orderly marketing arrangement （OMA）有序销售安排Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OEDC）经济合作与发展组织Original member （世界贸易组织）创始成员PPanel 争端解决专家组Paris convention 《巴黎公约》Patents 专利Peace clause 关于农产品反补贴的和平条款Pest or disease-free area 病虫害非疫区Pirated copyright goods 盗版货Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议Positive standard （原产地）肯定标准Presence of natural person 自然人存在Preshipment inspection 装运前检验Price verification （装运前检验）价格核实Price undertaking （反倾销）价格承诺Principal supplying interest 主要供应利益Product mandating requirement 产品授权要求Product-to-product method 产品对产品（谈判）方法Production subsidy 生产补贴Professional services 专业服务Prohibited subsidy 被禁止的补贴Protocol accession 加入议定书Protocol of Provisional Application of GATT 关贸总协定临时适用协议书Provisional application 临时适用Prudential measures 审慎措施QQuads 四方集团（至美国、欧盟、日本和加拿大）Quantitative restrictions 数量限制Quantity trigger level （农业特殊保障措施）数量触发水平RReciprocity 对等Recommendations （争端解决）建议Reference years 参照年Regional trade agreements 区域贸易协议Request （谈判）要价Responding Party （争端解决）应诉方Restrictive business practices 限制性商业惯例Risk analysis 风险分析Risk assessment 风险评估Roll-back 逐步退回Rome convention 《罗马公约》Round （知识产权）使用费Rules of origin 原产地规则SSafeguards 保障措施Sanitary and phytosanitary （SPS）measures 卫生与植物措施Schedule of commitments （服务贸易）承诺表Schedule of concessions （货物贸易）减让表Sectoral negotiations 部门谈判Security exceptions 安全例外Selective tendering （政府采购）选择性招标Separate customs territory 单独关税区Serious injury 严重损害Serious prejudice 严重侵害Simple average tariff 简单平均关税Similar product 类似产品Special and differential（S&D）treatment provisions 特殊与差别待遇条款Special Drawing Rights （SDRs）（国际货币基金组织）特别提款权Special safeguard（SSG）measures （农产品）特殊保障措施Specific tariff 从量税Specificity （补贴）专项性Standardizing bodies 标准化机构Standards 标准Standstill 维持现状State trading enterprises （STEs）国营贸易企业Subsidy 补贴Subsidies in general 一般补贴Substantial supplying interest 实质供应利益Substantial transformation （产品）实质改变Suspend concessions 暂停减让TTariffs 关税Tariff bindings 关税约束Tariff classification 税则归类Tariff concessions 关税减让Tariff equivalent 关税等值Tariff escalation 关税升级Tariff headings 税目Tariffication 关税化Tariff line 税号Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff rate quotas/ Tariff quotas （TRQ）关税配额Technical assistance 技术援助Technical barriers to trade（TBT）技术性贸易壁垒Technical regulationsTelecommunication services 电信服务Terms of reference （TOR）（争端解决专家组）职责范围Textile Monitoring Body （TMB）（关税与贸易总协定）纺织品监督机构Textile Surveillance Body (TSB) (关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Tokyo Round Codes 东京回合守则Total AMS （农业国内支持）综合支持总量Trade-balancing requirement 贸易平衡要求Trade facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in civil aircraft 民用航空器贸易Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in services 服务贸易Trademark（TM）商标Trade Policy Review Body （TPRB）贸易政策审议机构Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM）贸易政策审议机制Trade-related intellectual property rights （TRIPs）与贸易有关的知识产权Trade-related investment measures （TRIMs）Trade remedies 贸易救济（措施）Trade-weighted average tariff 贸易加权平均关税Transaction Value 成交价格Transition economies 转型经济体Transitional safeguard measures （纺织品）过渡性保障措施Transparency 透明度Transport services 运输服务Trigger prices （农产品特殊保障措施）触发价格UUndisclosed information （知识产权）未公开信息United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易与发展会议Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合VVariable duties 差价税Value-added telecommunication services 增值电信服务Voluntary export restraints （VERs）自愿出口限制WWaiver （义务）豁免Washington Treaty 《华盛顿条约》Withdraw concessions 撤回减让World Customs Organization（WCO）世界海关组织World Intellectual Property Organization （WIPO）世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization（WTO）世界贸易组织WTO Members 世界贸易组织全体成员WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处。
9.2 1952年《罗马公约》
个。
1952年罗马公约和1978年蒙特利尔议定书 未被普遍接受的根本原因 航空器对第三方造成的损害不应设定赔偿限额； 公约规定的赔偿限额太低； 有些国家的国内立法已经给地（水）面第三方提 供了充分的保障，这方面不需要再制定统一的国 际规则； 公约没有处理噪音、声震或核损害等问题； 对其中只规定一个管辖权法院有异议。
第六，关于空中相撞问题。 公约草案第九条试图给在空中撞击时位于一架航空器上的 人员向另一运行人请求赔偿提供一个国际机制。 在空中碰撞的情况下，假如承运人A有过错： 在当前国际民用航空法律体系下，承运人B的旅客只能 根据蒙特利尔公约得到10万SDR。超过10万SDR，承 运人B只要证明承运人A有过错，自己就免责。 承运人A的旅客，因为承运人有过错，将可以得到充分 的赔偿。 第9条的目的就是要消除这种不平等。它还将允许承运 人B可以就其航空器机体从承运人A处获得赔偿。
（“补充赔偿机制议定书” ——公约缔约国自愿参加）
第三层：由国家和社会承担其对大灾难风险所应 有的责任。
新公约草案内容简介
第五，责任规则的中止。
一个新的规则：当一个非法干扰行为严重破坏 或可能严重破坏航空保险的提供时，国际民航 组织理事会可以向成员国建议中止他们在本公 约中的权利和义务。 该规定目的在于帮助运行人在可能失去保险的 情况下也能持续提供航空服务，并且满足公约 中规定的潜在责任。
新公约草案内容简介
1952年罗马公约的现代化
2000年8月——至今， 国际民航组织一直没有放 弃修改1952年罗马公约，促使其现代化的努力 。
罗马公约
（３）专有权内容。表演者权－－未经表演者许可，不得广播或向公众传播其表演实况（专为广播目的演出除外），不得录制其从未被录制过的表演实况，不得复制以其表演为内容的录音制品（公约另有规定者除外）；录音制品录制者权－－未经录制者许可，不得直接或间接复制其录音制品；广播组织权－－未经广播组织许可，不得转播其广播节目，不得录制其广播节目，不得复制未经其许可而制作的对其广播的录音、录像（公约另有规定者除外）。
（６）管理机关。公约由联合国的教科文组织、国际劳工组织及世界知识产权组织共同管理，日常事务由该公约的政府间委员会及其秘书处办理。
（７）“闭合式”公约。版权领域的闭合式公约以参加《伯尔尼公约》或《世界版权公约》为前提条件。公约的第２２条与２４条规定，只有参加了两个版权基本公约中的一个，才允许参加《罗马公约》。
至２００２年７月１５日，该公约有６９个缔约方。
编辑词条保护表演者、音像制品制作者和广播组织罗马公约
《保护表演者、音像制品制作者和广播组织罗马公约》 (Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations) 简称《罗马公约》。１９６１年１０月２６日，由国际劳工组织与世界知识产权组织及联合国教育、科学及文化组织共同发起，在罗马缔结了本公约。公约于１９６４年５月１８日生效。
罗马公约指南
罗马公约指南
《罗马公约指南》
嘿呀，咱今天来聊聊罗马公约哈！你知道不，这罗马公约可老重要了呢！
就说有一次啊，我去参加一个国际音乐活动。
哎呀妈呀，那场面可热闹了。
有各种不同国家的音乐人在那表演，那音乐声此起彼伏的，可带劲了。
我在那看着看着，突然就想到了罗马公约。
你想啊，要是没有这个公约，那这些音乐人的权益咋保障啊？他们的作品要是被随便乱用，那得多憋屈啊。
就像咱平时自己写了一篇好文章，或者画了一幅漂亮的画，那肯定不希望别人随随便便就拿去用了，对不？罗马公约就是来保护这些创作者的。
它就像是一个超级大盾牌，把那些想侵犯别人权益的坏家伙都给挡在外面。
在那个活动现场，我还看到好多人在讨论关于版权的问题呢。
大家都知道，只有尊重了版权，才能让创作者们有动力去创造更多更好的作品。
不然的话，谁还愿意费那个劲去创作呀。
所以说啊，罗马公约真的是太重要啦！咱可都得好好了解了解，支持支持，让它能更好地发挥作用，保护那些有才华的人。
以后咱再看到各种优秀的作品，也得想着这背后有罗马公约在保驾护航呢！咋样，我说清楚了不？哈哈！。
罗马公约
关于外国航空器对地（水）面上第三者造成损害的公约本公约签署国为了确保在地（水）面上受外国航空器损害的人获得适当的赔偿，同时合理地限制因此种损害而引起的责任范围，使其不致于阻碍国际民用航空运输的发展，并认为有必要，通过一种国际公约，在最大可能范围内统一世界各国适用于此种损害所引起的责任规则，经正式授权签署于后的全权代表达成协议如下：第一章责任原则一、凡在地（水）面上遭受损害的人，只要证明该项损害是飞行中的航空器或从飞行中的航空器坠落下的人或物所造成的，即有权获得本公约规定的赔偿。
但是，如所受的损害并非造成损害的事件的直接后果，或所受的损害只是航空器遵照现行的空中交通规则在空中通过的结果，则受害人无权要求赔偿。
二、就本公约而言，航空器自起飞使用动力时起，至降落终结时止，都被认为在飞行中。
如为轻于空气的航空器，“在飞行中”一词系指该航空器离开地面时起至重新系留地面时止的期间。
一、本公约第一条所指的损害赔偿责任由航空器的经营人承担。
二、（一）就本公约而言，“经营人”系指损害发生时使用航空器的人。
但是，将航空器的使用权已直接或间接地授与他人却仍保留对该航空器的航行控制权的人，被视为是经营人。
（二）某人自己使用航空器，或者通过其受雇人在执行职务过程中使用航空器，不论其受雇人是否在他们的职权范围内行事，应被视为该人在使用航空器。
三、在航空器登记簿上登记的所有人应被推定为航空器的经营人，并承担经营人的责任，除非在为认定其责任而进行的诉讼程序中他证明另外一个人是经营人，并在法律程序许可的范围内采取适当措施使该另一人成为诉讼当事人。
当损害发生时是经营人的人如果对航空器没有自其开始有权使用时起十四天以上的专有使用权，则授与使用权的人须与该人负连带责任，各受本公约规定的条件和责任限制的约束。
如某人未经有权控制航空器航行的人的同意而使用航空器，有权控制航空器航行的人除非能证明他已适当注意防止这种使用，否则应与航空器的非法使用人一起对根据第一条规定应予赔偿的损害负连带责任，各受本公约规定的条件和责任限制的约束。
罗马国际公约全文
罗马国际公约全文罗马国际刑事法院是该公约的核心机构，依据该公约对危害人类和国际社会最严重的罪行进行调查和起诉，这些罪行包括种族灭绝、战争罪、侵略罪和对人类罪（如奴役、酷刑、强制失踪等）。
《罗马国际刑事法院规约》又被称为罗马公约或罗马公约1998年版，它的出台被视为国际刑事法正式确立了，也是国际刑事司法领域里里程碑式的事件。
该公约是由联合国大会于1998年7月17日通过，它的主要目的是建立一个国际刑事法院用于追究人权犯罪的责任。
其中，公约明确了罗马法院的组建和运作方式，并规定了与国际刑事法院相关的定义、管辖权、程序、刑罚等内容。
《罗马国际刑事法院规约》的主要内容如下：1. 法院的组建和运作：- 第1章规定了国际刑事法院的组织、总部、代表大会等相关内容；- 第2章规定了发布创始文件的时间、国际刑事法院法详细的内容；- 第3章规定了法院的成员、选举、职责和权力等事项。
2. 法院的管辖权：- 第5章规定了国际刑事法院的管辖权范围，包括对犯有种族灭绝、战争罪、侵略罪和对人类罪的个人负有刑事责任，以及对与这些犯罪有关的其他犯罪负有刑事责任的个人行为。
3. 法院的程序：- 第7章规定了国际刑事法院的犯罪调查和起诉程序，包括逮捕令、传票、证据收集、听证会等程序；- 第8章规定了审判程序，包括法庭程序、辩护权、定罪和量刑等程序；- 第10章规定了刑罚和处罚的执行程序。
4. 合作与法院与其他国际机构的关系：- 第86章规定了国际刑事法院的国家合作与协助，包括逮捕犯罪嫌疑人、传递和保护证人、调取相关证据等事项；- 第87章规定了法院与国际刑事警察组织的合作与关系；- 第106至110章规定了国际刑事法院与联合国、国际法庭、其他国际机构的关系与合作。
在经过修订于2010年生效的国际刑事法院规程以及其他国际法规的规定下，罗马国际公约成为全球刑事司法体系的基础，对于保护人权，追究国际犯罪行为的责任，维护国际安全与和平具有重要意义。
罗马国际公约的主要内容
罗马国际公约的主要内容摘要：一、罗马国际公约的背景与意义1.罗马国际公约的制定背景2.公约对于国际私法的影响与意义二、罗马国际公约的主要内容1.适用范围与基本原则2.法律冲突的解决方法3.司法管辖权与判决的承认与执行4.跨国婚姻与家庭关系的法律适用5.遗产继承的法律适用6.知识产权的法律适用三、罗马国际公约在我国的实践1.我国加入罗马国际公约的情况2.公约在我国的实施情况3.我国在公约实践中的挑战与应对正文：罗马国际公约，全名为《关于国际私法中法律适用问题的罗马公约》，是于1980年在罗马召开的国际私法会议上通过的一项国际公约。
公约的主要目的是为了解决各国法律冲突问题，统一国际私法中的法律适用原则与规则，促进国际民商事交往的顺利进行。
一、罗马国际公约的背景与意义罗马国际公约的制定背景源于各国法律冲突的频繁出现，尤其是在国际民商事交往中，不同国家的法律制度、法律观念和法律术语的差异使得法律适用问题变得复杂。
为了协调各国间的法律冲突，统一国际私法中的法律适用原则与规则，国际私法会议在罗马召开，并通过了罗马国际公约。
罗马国际公约对于国际私法的影响与意义主要体现在：公约对国际民商事法律冲突的解决提供了统一的标准和原则，有助于降低各国间的法律障碍，提高国际民商事交往的效率。
二、罗马国际公约的主要内容罗马国际公约共分为五个部分，包括：适用范围与基本原则、法律冲突的解决方法、司法管辖权与判决的承认与执行、跨国婚姻与家庭关系的法律适用、遗产继承的法律适用以及知识产权的法律适用。
1.适用范围与基本原则：公约适用于各国的国际民商事关系，包括合同、侵权行为、财产权、知识产权等方面。
同时，公约确立了“最密切联系原则”作为解决法律冲突的基本原则。
2.法律冲突的解决方法：公约规定了各种法律冲突的具体解决方法，如：当事人意思自治原则、最密切联系原则、物之所在地法原则等。
3.司法管辖权与判决的承认与执行：公约规定了各国法院对涉外民商事案件的管辖权问题，并规定了判决的承认与执行的条件和程序。
romeconvention罗马公约
CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980 (80/934/EEC)Official Journal L 266 , 09/10/1980 p. 0001 - 0019 Spanish special edition...: Chapter 1 Volume 3 p. 36 Portuguese special edition Chapter 1 Volume 3 p. 36 PREAMBLETHE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, ANXIOUS to continue in the field of private international law the work of unification of law which has already been done within the Community, in particular in the field of jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments, WISHING to establish uniform rules concerning the law applicable to contractual obligations, HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:TITLE I SCOPE OF THE CONVENTIONArticle 1Scope of the Convention1.The rules of this Convention shall apply to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different countries.2. They shall not apply to: (a) questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 11;(b) contractual obligations relating to: - wills and succession,- rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship,- rights and duties arising out of a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity, including maintenance obligations in respect of children who are not legitimate;(c) obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character; (d) arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court;(e) questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organization or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate and the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body;(f) the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;(g) the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries;(h) evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article14.3. The rules of this Convention do not apply to contracts of insurance which cover risks situated in the territories of the Member States of the European Economic Community. In order to determine whether a risk is situated in these territories the court shall apply its internal law.4. The preceding paragraph does not apply to contracts of re-insurance.Article 2Application of law of non-contracting StatesAny law specified by this Convention shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Contracting State. TITLE II UNIFORM RULESArticle 3Freedom of choice1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice must be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or a part only of the contract.2.The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously governed it, whether as a result of an earlier choice under this Article or of other provisions of this Convention. Any variation by the parties of the law to be applied made after the conclusion of the contract shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 9 or adversely affect the rights of third parties.3. The fact that the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not accompanied by the choice of a foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country which cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called "mandatory rules".4.The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 8, 9 and 11. Article 4Applicable law in the absence of choice1. To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country.2.Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closelyconnected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated.3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated.4.A contract for the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business is also thecountry in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or the principal place of business of the consignor is situated, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods.5. Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presumptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country.Article 5Certain consumer contracts1. This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services to a person ("the consumer") for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract for the provision of credit for that object.2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence:- if in that country the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclusion of the contract, or- if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or- if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy.3.Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract to which this Article applies shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitualresidence if it is entered into in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of this Article.4. This Article shall not apply to: (a) a contract of carriage;(b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence.5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4, this Article shall apply to a contract which, for an inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation.Article 6Individual employment contracts1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, in a contract of employment a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law which would be applicable under paragraph 2 in the absence of choice.2.Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract of employment shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed:(a) by the law of the country in which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract, even if he is temporarily employed in another country ; or(b) if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, by the law of the country in which the place of business through which he was engaged is situated; unless it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country, in which case the contract shall be governed by the law of that country.Article 7Mandatory rules1.When applying under this Convention the law of a country, effect may be given to the mandatory rules of the law of another country with which the situation has a close connection, if and in so far as, under the law of the latter country, those rules must be applied whatever the lawapplicable to the contract. In considering whether to give effect to these mandatory rules, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application.2. Nothing in this Convention shall restrict the application of the rules of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the contract.Article 8Material validity1.The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under this Convention if the contract or term were valid.2.Nevertheless a party may rely upon the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence to establish that he did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in the preceding paragraph.Article 9Formal validity1.A contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of the country where it is concluded.2. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of one of those countries.3. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2.4. An act intended to have legal effect relating to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which under this Convention governs or would govern the contract or of the law of the country where the act was done.5. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a contract to which Article 5 applies, concluded in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of Article 5. The formal validity of such a contract is governed bythe law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence.6. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, a contract the subject matter of which is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property shall be subject to the mandatory requirements of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law those requirements are imposed irrespective of the country where the contract is concluded and irrespective of the law governing the contract.Article 10Scope of the applicable law1. The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern in particular:(a) interpretation;(b) performance;(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consquences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions;(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract.2. In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place.Article 11IncapacityIn a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would have capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from another law only if the other party to the contract was aware of this incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contract or was not aware thereof as a result of negligence.Article 12Voluntary assignment1. The mutual obligations of assignor and assignee undera voluntary assignment of a right against another person("the debtor") shall be governed by the law which under this Convention applies to the contract between the assignor and assignee.2. The law governing the right to which the assignment relates shall determine its assignability, the relationship between the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged.Article 13Subrogation1.Where a person ("the creditor") has a contractual claim upon another ("the debtor"), and a third person has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether the third person is entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law governing their relationship and, if so, whether he may do so in full or only to a limited extent.2.The same rule applies where several persons are subject to the same contractual claim and one of them has satisfied the creditor.Article 14Burden of proof, etc.1. The law governing the contract under this Convention applies to the extent that it contains, in the law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof.2. A contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognized by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum. Article 15Exclusion of renvoiThe application of the law of any country specified by this Convention means the application of the rules of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law.Article 16"Ordre public"The application of a rule of the law of any country specified by this Convention may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy ("ordre public") of the forum.Article 17No retrospective effectThis Convention shall apply in a Contracting State to contracts made after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to that State.Article 18Uniform interpretationIn the interpretation and application of the preceding uniform rules, regard shall be had to their international character and to the desirability of achieving uniformity in their interpretation and application.Article 19States with more than one legal system1. Where a State comprises several territorial units each of which has its own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying the law applicable under this Convention.2. A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations shall not be bound to apply this Convention to conflicts solely between the laws of such units.Article 20Precedence of Community lawThis Convention shall not affect the application of provisions which, in relation to particular matters, lay down choice of law rules relating to contractual obligations and which are or will be contained in acts of the institutions of the European Communities or in national laws harmonized in implementation of such acts.Article 21Relationship with other conventionsThis Convention shall not prejudice the application of international conventions to which a Contracting State is, or becomes, a party.Article 22Reservations1. Any Contracting State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval, reserve the right not to apply:(a) the provisions of Article 7 (1);(b) the provisions of Article 10 (1) (e).2. Any Contracting State may also, when notifying an extension of the Convention in accordance with Article 27 (2), make one or more of these reservations, with its effect limited to all or some of the territories mentioned in the extension.3. Any Contracting State may at any time withdraw a reservation which it has made ; the reservation shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after notification of the withdrawal.。
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《保护表演者、音像制品制作者和广播组织罗马公约》概述缔约各国，出于保护表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织的权利的愿望，达成如下协议：[编辑]第一条本公约给予之保护将不更动也决不影响文学和艺术作品的版权保护。
因此，本公约的条款不得作妨碍此种保护的解释。
[编辑]第二条(一) 在本公约中，国民待遇指被要求给予保护的缔约国的国内法律给予――(甲) 其节目在该国境内表演、广播或首次录制的身为该国国民的表演者的待遇；(乙) 其录音制品在该国境内首次录制或首次发行的身为该国国民的录音制品制作者的待遇；(丙) 其广播节目从设在该国领土上的发射台发射的总部设在该国境内的广播组织的待遇。
(二) 国民待遇应服从本公约具体给予的保护和具体规定的限制。
[编辑]第三条在本公约中：(甲) “表演者”是指演员、歌唱家、音乐家、舞蹈家和表演、歌唱、演说、朗诵、演奏或以别的方式表演文学或艺术作品的其他人员；(乙) “录音制品”是指任何对表演的声音和其他声音的专门录音；(丙) “录音制品制作者”是指首次将表演的声音或其他声音录制下来的自然人或法人；(丁) “发行”是指向公众提供适当数量的某种唱片的复制品；(戊) “复制”是指制作一件或多件某种录音的复版；(己) “广播”是指供公众接收的声音或图像和声音的无线电传播；(庚) “转播”是指一个广播组织的广播节目被另一个广播组织同时广播。
[编辑]第四条只要符合下列条件之一，缔约各国应当给予表演者以国民待遇：(甲) 表演是在另一缔约国进行的；(乙) 表演已被录制在受本公约第五条保护的录音制品上；(丙) 表演未被录制成录音制品，但在受本公约第六条保护的广播节目中播放。
[编辑]第五条(一) 只要符合下列条件之一，缔约各国应当给予录音制品制作者以国民待遇：(甲) 录音制品制作者是另一个缔约国的国民(国民标准)；(乙) 首次录音是在另一个缔约国制作的(录制标准)；(丙) 录音制品是在另一个缔约国首次发行的(发行标准)。
(二) 如果某种录音制品是在某一非缔约国首次发行的，但在首次发行后三十天内也在某一缔约国发行(同时发行)，则该录音制品应当认为是在该缔约国首次发行。
(三) 任何缔约国，通过向联合国秘书长递交通知书的办法，可以声明它将不执行发行标准，或者不执行录制标准。
此类通知书可以在批准、接受或参加本公约的时候递交，也可以在此后任何时间递交。
在后一种情况下，通知书应当于递交六个月之后生效。
[编辑]第六条(一) 只要符合下列两项条件之一，缔约各国就应当给予广播组织以国民待遇：(甲) 该广播组织的总部设在另一缔约国；(乙) 广播节目是由设在另一缔约国的发射台播放的。
(二) 任何缔约国，通过向联合国秘书长递交通知书的办法，可以声明它只保护其总部设在另一个缔约国并从设在该同一缔约国的发射台播放的广播组织的广播节目。
此种通知书可以在批准、接受或参加本公约的时候递交，或在此后任何时间递交。
在后一种情况下，通知书应当于递交六个月之后生效。
[编辑]第七条(一) 本公约为表演者提供的保护应当包括防止可能发生的下列情况：(甲) 未经他们同意，广播和向公众传播他们的表演。
但是如该表演本身就是广播演出或出自录音、录像者例外；(乙) 未经他们同意，录制他们未曾录制过的表演；(丙) 未经他们同意，复制他们的表演的录音或录像：(1) 如果录音、录像的原版是未经他们同意录制的；(2) 如果制作复制品的目的超出表演者同意的范围；(3) 如果录音、录像的原版是根据第十五条的规定录制的，而制作复制品的目的与此条规定的目的不同。
(二)(1) 如果广播是经演员同意的，则防止转播，防止为广播目的的录音、录像，以及防止为广播目的的此类录音、录像的复制，应当由要求其保护的缔约国的国内法律规定。
(2) 广播组织使用为广播目的而制作的录音录像的期限和条件，应当根据要求其保护的缔约的国内法律确定。
(3) 但是，本款第(1)和(2)小款中提到的国内法律不得用来使表演者失去通过合同控制他们与广播组织之间的关系的能力。
[编辑]第八条如果若干表演者参加同一项表演，任何缔约国均可根据本国法律和规章，明确指出表演者在行使权利方面确定代表的方式。
[编辑]第九条任何缔约国均可根据国内法律和规章，将本公约提供的保护扩大到不是表演文学或艺术作品的艺人。
[编辑]第十条录音制品制作者应当有权授权或禁止直接或间接复制他们的录音制品。
[编辑]第十一条对于录音制品，如果某缔约国根据其国内法律要求履行手续作为保护录音制品制作者或表演者或二者的权利的条件，那么只要已经发行的录音制品的所有供销售的复制品上或其包装物上载有包括符号(P)和首次发行年份的标记，并且标记的方式足以使人注意到对保护的要求，就应当认为符合手续；如果复制品或其包装物上没有注明制作者或制作者的许可证持有者(载明姓名、商标或其他适当的标志)，则标记还应当包括制作者权利所有者的姓名；此外，如果复制品或其包装物上没有注明主要表演者，则标记还应当包括在制作这些录音的国家内拥有此种表演者权利的人的姓名。
[编辑]第十二条如果某种为商业目的发行的录音制品或此类唱片的复制品直接用于广播或任何向公众的传播，使用者则应当付一笔总的合理的报酬给表演者，或录音制品制作者，或给二者。
如有关各方之间没有协议，国内法律可以提出分享这些报酬的条件。
[编辑]第十三条广播组织应当有权授权或禁止：(甲) 转播他们的广播节目；(乙) 录制他们的广播节目；(丙) 复制：(1) 未经他们同意而制作他们的广播节目的录音或录像；(2) 根据第十五条的规定而制作他们的广播节目的录音和录像，但复制的目的不符合该条规定的目的。
(丁) 向公众传播电视节目，如果此类传播是在收门票的公共场所进行的。
行使这种权利的条件由被要求保护的缔约国的国内法律确定。
[编辑]第十四条本公约所给予的保护期限至少应当为二十年，其计算始于：(甲) 对录音制品和录制在录音制品上的节目――录制年份的年底；(乙) 对未被录制成录音制品的节目――表演年份的年底；(丙) 对广播节目――开始广播的年份的年底。
[编辑]第十五条(一) 任何缔约国可以依其国内法律与规章，在涉及下列情况时，对本公约规定的保护做出例外规定：(甲) 私人使用；(乙) 在时事报道中少量引用；(丙) 某广播组织为了自己的广播节目利用自己的设备暂时录制；(丁) 仅用于教学和科学研究之目的。
(二) 尽管有本条第一款，任何缔约国对于表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织的保护，可以在其国内法律与规章中做出像它在国内法律和规章中做出的对文学和艺术作品的版权保护的同样的限制。
但是，只有在不违背本公约的范围内才能颁发强迫许可证。
[编辑]第十六条(一) 任何国家一旦成为本公约的成员，就应当履行本公约的所有义务，同时享受本公约的所有权益。
但是，任何国家可以在任何时候在递交联合国秘书长的通知书中声明：(甲) 关于第十二条：(1) 它将不执行该条规定；(2) 它将在某些使用方面不执行该条规定；(3) 对其制作者不是另一缔约国国民的录音制品，它将不执行该条规定；(4) 对其制作者是另一缔约国国民的录音制品，它将根据该缔约国给予发表声明的国家的国民首次录制的录音制品的保护范围与期限，对此条规定的保护范围与期限做出相应限制；但是，录音制品制作者为其国民的缔约国，对同一个或同一伙受益人不像发表声明的国家那样给予保护的事实，不能认为是保护范围的不同。
(乙) 关于第十三条，它将不执行该条(丁)款；如果某个缔约国发表此种声明，其他缔约国对其总部设在上述缔约国的广播组织则没有义务给予第十三条(丁)款提到的权利。
(二) 如果本条第一款提到的通知书是在批准、接受或参加证书递交之日以后发出的，则声明应当在通知书递交六个月之后生效。
[编辑]第十七条任何在1961年10月26日仅根据录制标准给予录音制品制作者以保护的国家，可以在批准、接受或参加本公约时通过向联合国秘书长递交通知书声明，为了第五条的目的，它仅执行录制标准；为了第十六条第一款(甲)目第(3)和第(4)小节的目的，他将执行录制标准以代替国民标准。
[编辑]第十八条任何根据第五条第三款、第六条第二款、第十六条第一款或第十七条递交了通知书的国家，通过向联合国秘书长递交另外一份通知书，可以缩小第一次通知书的范围或撤回该通知书。
[编辑]第十九条不管本公约有什么规定，一旦表演者同意将其表演录像或录音录像，第七条就不再适用。
[编辑]第二十条(一) 本公约不得影响任何缔约国当本公约在该国生效之前已经获得的权利。
(二) 任何缔约国无须一定将本公约的条款运用于本公约在该国生效之前已经进行的表演和已经广播的节目，以及已经录制的录音制品。
[编辑]第二十一条本公约规定的保护不得影响表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织另外取得的任何保护。
[编辑]第二十二条缔约各国保留互相之间签订特别协定的权利，只要此类协定给予表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织的权利比本公约给予的权利更广泛，或包含其他不与本公约相反的条款。
[编辑]第二十三条本公约应当送交联合国秘书长。
凡被邀请参加国际保护表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织外交会议的任何世界版权公约的成员国或保护文学艺术作品国际联盟的成员国，1962年6月30日前均可在本公约上签字。
[编辑]第二十四条(一) 本公约须经签字国批准或接受。
(二) 第二十三条提到的被邀请参加会议的任何国家和任何联合国成员国，只要它们参加了世界版权公约或保护文学艺术作品国际联盟，均可参加本公约。
(三) 批准、接受或参加本公约须向联合国秘书长递交有关证书后方能生效。
[编辑]第二十五条(一) 本公约应当于第六份批准、接受或参加证书递交三个月之后生效。
(二) 此后，本公约应当于各个有关国家递交批准、接受或参加证书三个月之后在该国生效。
[编辑]第二十六条(一) 各缔约国保证根据本国宪法采取必要措施保障本公约的实施。
(二) 各国在递交批准、接受或参加证书时，它就必须处于根据其国内法律使本公约所有条款生效的地位。
[编辑]第二十七条(一) 任何国家在批准、接受或参加本公约时，或在此后任何时间，可以在致联合国秘书长的通知书中，声明本公约将适用于由它对其国际关系负责的所有或其中任何一个领地，只要世界版权公约或保护文学艺术作品国际公约适用于这个或这些领地。
此通知书应当从收到之日起三个月后生效。
(二) 第五条第三款、第六条第二款、第十六条第二款和第十七、十八条所提到的通知书，可以适用于本条第一款提到的所有或其中任何一个领地。
[编辑]第二十八条(一) 任何缔约国可以用自己的名义或代表第二十七条中提到的所有或其中任何一个领地，通知退出本公约。
(二) 退出本公约必须通过向联合国秘书长递交通知书方能生效，而且应当于通知书收到之日后十二个月生效。