英美文学 英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech
Figures_of_speech
Figures of speech (修辞格)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻;隐喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Understatement: (低调陈述）It is the opposite of overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.4) Metonymy (借代，转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).* In the last six years we have won twenty-nine international awards. But no one could accuse us of resting on our laurels. 5) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.6) Climax: (递进法）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.* Here. There. Everywhere. * One Ticket. One Airline. All of America. ( Delta Airline )* Fly the world via KLM’s super home base. Via Schiphol, the Gateway to Europe. And pick up the bargains on the way. Test us. Try us. Fly us. ( Royal Dutch Airline )7) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.8) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.9) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive of some action or movement.10）Repetition （重复）11）Parallelism （排比）Both parallelism and antithesis have parallel structure. But antithesis emphasize on contrasting words or ideas, while parallelism falls on word-to-word parallel structure. It usually extends the previous idea to reinforce its selling points. With its parallel, tidy and compact structure, parallelism reflects a clear image of the goods or company. Sentence of this structure are forceful and energetic, containing the power of confidence. * 20 Years Ago SEIKO started A Quartz Revolution Today We Start A New One. ( SETKO: watch ) * No need to down load. No need to fiddle with cables. * Buy Smart. Fly Free. * Twenty-one years in the cask. Twenty-six dollars the ounce. ( Glenlivet whisky ) * We provide the luxury. You enjoy the view. * What Makes US Better, Makes You Stronger. ( Nordic sports machine )Figures of Speech (修辞格)Review (本文中遇到并需要复习的修辞格）: metaphor, metonymy, alliteration, etcNew （本文出现的新修辞格）:1. antithesis (对偶句）: the difference between what people claim to and what they really are.a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.2. euphemism （委婉）: ...who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man's final release from earthly struggles3. personification (拟人): Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh4. transferred epithet (修饰语移位): Mark Twain hone and experimented with new writing muscles.5. hyperbole (夸张): America laughed with him.修辞格详解：1. Antithesis （对偶修辞格）is a counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition. In setting the opposite, an individual brings out of a contrast in the meaning (e.g., the definition, interpretation, or semantics) by an obvious contrast in the expression.1) Man proposes, God disposes. (谋事在人，成事在天)2) Many are called, but few are chosen.3) "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." (Goethe)4) "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee." (advertising slogan)5) "We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools." (Martin Luther King, Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964)6) "You're easy on the eyes, hard on the heart." (Terri Clark)7) "The more acute the experience, the less articulate its expression." (Harold Pinter)8) "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!"9) "...although the surface appears to be...very, very fine-grained as you get close to it. It's almost like a powder...Okay, I'm going to step off the LEM now. That's one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind."10) "We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change."11) "We find ourselves rich in goods but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon but falling into raucous discord on earth. We are caught in war, wanting peace. We're torn by division, wanting unity."12) "It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues." ( Abraham Lincoln)13) "It can't be wrong if it feels so right" —Debbie Boone14) ― Give me liberty or give me death.‖15) ―The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.‖ (1863, Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address )16) "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will." Martin Luther King, Jr. , Letter from Birmingham Jail17) "History proves that dictatorships do not grow out of strong and successful governments, but out of the weak and helpless ones." Franklin D. Roosevelt2. Euphemism （委婉）A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver, or to make it less troublesome for the speaker. It may also substitute a description of something or someone to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to amuse.1) Dr. House: Who were you going to kill in Bolivia? My old housekeeper?Dr. Terzi: We don't kill anyone.Dr. House: I'm sorry--who were you going to marginalize?("Whatever It Takes," House, M.D.)2) Dan Foreman: Guys, I feel very terrible about what I'm about to say. But I'm afraid you're both being let go.Lou: Let go? What does that mean?Dan Foreman: It means you're being fired, Louie.(In Good Company, 2004)3) Paul Kersey: You've got a prime figure. You really have, you know.Joanna Kersey: That's a euphemism for fat.(Death Wish, 1974)3. Personification (拟人) is giving human traits (qualities, feelings, action, or characteristics) to non-living objects (things, colors, qualities, or ideas).1) Wind yells while blowing2) Necklace is a friend3) SNOWSnow speaks to the people its falling above in the glooming sunlight.Its white sparkling voice echoes as it falls through the air.By Jake4) STARSStars, bring me up with youBring me to the place you sleep.How do you do it?Bring me to your home.Bring your thoughts to me.Share them with me.By Alex5) The wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said he'd kill and kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.(James Stephens, "The Wind")6) "The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies spent, on its side, the bloody meal smear-dried upon its flanks. The knife rests." (Richard Selzer, "The Knife")7) "Fear knocked on the door. Faith answered. There was no one there." (proverb quoted by Christopher Moltisanti, The Sopranos)8) "The only monster here is the gambling monster that has enslaved your mother! I call him Gamblor, and it's time to snatch your mother from his neon claws!" (Homer Simpson, The Simpsons)4. Hyperbole (夸张), is a rhetorical device in which statements are exaggerated. It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally.1) These books weigh a ton. (These books are heavy.)2) The path went on forever. (The path was very long.)3) I'm doing a million things right now. (I'm busy.)4) She ran quicker than a bullet. (She ran fast.)5) I could sleep for a year6) I nearly died laughing.7) My dog is so ugly we have to wait 'till midnight to take him on walks.8) He is older than the hills.9) I will die if she asks me to dance.10) I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.11) I have told you a million times not to lie!5. Transferred epithet (修饰语移位) An epithet is an adjective (or phrase containing an adjective) or adverb which modifies (describes) a noun. In a transferred epithet the adjective or adverb is transferred from the noun it logically belongs with, to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically.1) a sleepless pillow2) dreamless sleep3) restless night4) He drew his coward sword5) He steers the fearless ship.6) And the merry bells ring round.Sarcasm (讽刺挖苦)Sarcasm is the use of words to damage the reputation of, or hurt, another person. It is a sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt. Some authorities sharply distinguish sarcasm from irony, as in: ―Irony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, caustic, ... manner.‖. However, others would argue that sarcasm may involve, or often does involve, irony. Thus: ―sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm…‖; and ―The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words.‖There is some doubt about that.1. Well, this day was a total waste of makeup.2. Well, ar en’t we just a ray of frigging sunshine?3. Make yourself at home! Clean my kitchen.4. Not the brightest crayon in the box now, are we?5. A hard-on doesn’t count as personal growth.6. Don’t bother me. I’m living happily ever after.7. Do I look like a frigging people person?8. This isn’t an office. It’s Hell with fluorescent lighting.9. I started out with nothing & still have most of it left.10. I pretend to work. They pretend to pay me.11. I’ve found Jesus. He was behind the sofa the whole time.12. You! Off my planet !!13. Therapy is expensive, popping bubble wrap is cheap! You choose.14. Practice random acts of intelligence & senseless acts of self-control.15. I like dogs too. Let’s exchange recipes.16. If I want to hear the pitter-patter of li ttle feet, I’ll put shoes on my cat.17. The Bible was written by the same people who said the Earth was flat.18. Did the aliens forget to remove your anal probe?19. I wish for a world of peace, harmony, & nakedness.20. Errors have been made. Others will be blamed.21. Let me show you how the guards used to do it.22. And your crybaby whiny-assed opinion would be…?23. I’m not crazy, I’ve just been in a very bad mood for 30 years.24. See no evil, hear no evil and date no evil.25. Allow me to introduce my selves.26. Sarcasm is just one more service we offer.27. Whisper my favorite words: ―I’ll buy it for you.‖28. Better living through denial.29. Whatever kind of look you were going for, you missed.30. Suburbia: where they tear out the trees & then name streets after them.31. Do they ever shut up on your planet?32. I’m just working here till a good fast-food job opens up.33. Are those your eyeballs? I found them in my cleavage.34. I’m not your type. I’m not inflatable.35. I’m trying to imagine yo u with a personality.36. A cubicle is just a padded cell without a door.37. Stress is when you wake up screaming & you realize you haven’t fallen asleep yet.38. Here I am! Now what are your other two wishes?39. Back off! You’re standing in my aura.40. I can’t remember if I’m the good twin or the evil one.41. Don’t worry. I forgot your name, too!42. One of us is thinking about sex… OK, it’s me.43. How many times do I have to flush before you go away?44. I have a computer, a vibrator, & pizza delivery. Why should I leave the house?45. I just want revenge. Is that so wrong?46. It’s sick the way you people keep having sex without me.47. I work 40 hours a week to be this poor.48. You say I’m a bitch like it’s a bad thing.49. Can I trade this job for what’s behind door #2?50. Okay, okay, I take it back! Un-Screw You!51. Macho Law forbids me from admitting I’m wrong.52. Nice perfume. Must you marinate in it?53. Not all men are annoying. Some are dead.54. Too many freaks, not enough circuses.55. J ust smile and say ―Yes, Mistress.‖56. Chaos, panic, & disorder – my work here is done.57. Mommy, I wanna grow up to be a neurotic bitch just like you.58. A woman’s favorite position is CEO.59. Ambivalent? Well, yes and no.60. You look like shit. Is that the style now?61. This is a mean and damned cruel world & I want my nappy & medication right now!62. Everyone thinks I’m psychotic, except for my friends deep inside the earth.63. Earth is full. Go home.64. Is it time for your medication or mine?65. Aw, did I step on your poor little bitty ego?66. Did I mention the kick in the groin you’ll be receiving if you touch me?67. I plead contemporary insanity.68. And which dwarf are you?69. I refuse to star in your psychodrama.70. I thought I wanted a career, turns out I just wanted pay checks.71. How do I set a laser printer to stun?72. It ain’t the size, it’s… no, I’m sorry, it really is the size.73. I’m not tense, just terribly, terribly alert.74. I majored in liberal arts. Will that be for here or to go?75. Gene Police!!! Get out of the pool!!窗体底端Ridicule:Mock the other person's claim and argument. Make fun of it. Get people to laugh at it.Alternatively, mock the alternatives that they might choose, giving them only one option that you have not mocked. Ridicule, mock, taunt twit, deride These verbs refer to making another the butt of amusement or mirth. Ridicule implies purposeful disparagement: ―My father discouraged me by ridiculing my performances‖ (Benjamin Franklin) To mock i s to poke fun at someone, often by mimicking and caricaturing speech or actions: ―Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort/As if he mock'd himself, and scorn'd his spirit‖ (Shakespeare) Taunt suggests mocking, insulting, or scornful reproach: ―taunting him with want of courage to leap into the great pit‖ (Daniel Defoe) To twit is to taunt by calling attention to something embarra ssing: ―The schoolmaster was twitted about the lady who threw him over‖ (J.M. Barrie) Deride implies scorn and contempt: ―Was a ll the world in a conspiracy to deride his failure?‖ (Edith Wharton)Example1) Supporting that cause would take several surgical trusses!2) Those other cars look ridiculous. This is the only man's car here.3) Those clothes would make you look like a overdressed donkey.4) Well, Tony will tell you something else, but then he always lived on the other side of the tracks.5) Mike doesn't have a degree, but he does speak nicely, doesn't he.6) Only an idiot would consider Didactus to have any useful opinion.7) Everybody knows that cold fusion is a proven impossibility. Jack: did you have something to say on this.8) "Sure my worthy opponent claims that we should lower tuition, but that is just laughable."9) "Equal rights for women? Yeah, I'll support that when they start paying for dinner and taking out the trash! Hah hah! Fetch me another brewski, Mildred."Antithesis(对偶句)Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.1）"He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose" -- Jim Elliot2）Lloyd Braun: "Serenity now; insanity later." -- from Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now"3）"It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues." —Abraham Lincoln4）"It can't be wrong if it feels so right" —Debbie Boone5）"One small step for a man, one giant leap for all mankind."6）"Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." (Goethe)7）"Hillary has soldiered on, damned if she does, damned if she doesn't, like most powerful women, expected to be tough as nails and warm as toast at the same time." (Anna Quindlen, "Say Goodbye to the Virago."8）"I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dryrot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time." (Jack London)9) "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee." (advertising slogan)10) "We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools." (Martin Luther King, Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964)11) "You're easy on the eyes. Hard on the heart." (Terri Clark)12) "The more acute the experience, the less articulate its expression." (Harold Pinter)A. Metaphor:1) a new Clovis, loving what I have despised … （相当于I am a new Clovis, …）2) an Endymion young and strong (相当于I am an Endymion young and strong: 一个Endymion般的年轻和壮健)3) looking at the sea, rippled with little white ponies, or with no ripples at all but only the lazy satin of blue4) Protests about … froze me with contempt.5) We wait for it while the red ball, cut in half as though by a knife, sinks to its daily doom.… .隐喻的一个主要特征是：用于构建隐喻的词汇可以是名词，动词，形容词，副词，甚至介词等等，隐喻在句子中的位置可以是主语，谓语，宾语，甚至定语和状语。
figures of speech
Simile(明喻)
• 1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻 词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。
• 虚拟句型 • 最常见的是as if/though • Eg: Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
• 爱因斯坦身上披了一条毯子，就好像从童 话故事里走出来的一样。
Metaphor(隐喻)(暗喻)
★以人或动物代替其特性 There is still much of the schoolboy in him. 他身上还有许多小学生的气质。 The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. • 凶残与贪婪交织在一起，浮现在他的脸上。 • • • •
• ★动词型 • The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it. • 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了 下去。
• ★形容词型 • She has a photographic memory for detail. • 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 • The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.
• 他们永远都攒不下钱买新房子，因为他们 都花钱如流水。
• ★ as 型 • as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连 词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此 外，还有两个常用句型，即as…as…和as…so…。 • (as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石 • (as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 • (as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶 • (as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉 • (as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛
英语修辞手法figuresofspeech[文字可编辑]
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colourful
?In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers
Plato
?“…the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor. It is the one thing that cannot be learnt from others, and it is also a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception （直觉） of the similarity in dissimilars.”
?An implied comparison between two objects that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity without the use of “like” or “as”.
The girl was a fish in the water. The clown was a feather floating away.
?Simile 直喻 ?Metaphor 暗喻
What's the difference?
figuresofspeech
figuresofspeech1. 比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方。
可分为明喻和暗喻：明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。
O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。
他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。
例如：He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。
The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。
2. 换喻(metonymy)用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。
比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle 来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。
His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。
The kettle is boiling. (water in the kettle)He took to the bottle.他爱上了喝酒。
英美文学 英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech
Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality. Weslowly drove--He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my Leisure too, For His Civility--…
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
她嘴唇腥红，姿色妖艳， 缕缕秀发如金子般耀眼： 皮肤却似麻风病人般苍白， 她是一个死中之生的梦魇， 使人血液凝冻，毛骨悚然
The Waning Moon By Percy Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by the insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.
Examples
She has a face that's as round as the moon. Time flies like an arrow. You run like a rabbit. Life is a yo-yo . It's a series of ups and downs. All the world's a stage,
英语修辞手法讲义figures of speech
A doctor must have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.狮子般的胆量
Figures of resemblance
Personification: a figure that endows objects, animal, ideas, or abstractions with human forms, characters, or sensibility.
Figures of emphasis/understatement
Oxymoron ---a kind of antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms.
Happy tears/ glorious defeat
Climax---arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
Anti-climax---the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. Anticlimax is usually comic in effect.
Understatement
Figures of sound
Figures of speech (II)英语修辞
Without knowing anything more about the context, it is easy to see that Neely was a extremely upset. Therefore, Lyon Burke was witty to refer to Anne‘s remark She’s a little upset as a classic understatement. In the novel, Anne was depicted as a little reserved － typical bearing of New Englanders. Her understatement here can be seen as a manifestation of this quality.
Figures of Speech
Euphemism
The use of pleasant, mild or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones. In old Greek, ‗eu‘ means ‗well‘ or ‗sounding well‘; ‗pheme‘ means speech(说话).
As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I, And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a‘ the seas gang dry, Till a‘ the sea gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi‘ the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o‘ life shall run.
figures of speech
Winnie
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.
Metaphor （暗喻）
He is the soul of the team. The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand,that “no”is a word the world never learned to say to her.(para2) She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts.(para12)
Onomatopoeia（拟声词）
When a cow comes nibbling around the edge of the yard she snaps it and me and Maggie and the house.(para22) As you approach it，a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. (para5,L1)
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16. Irony 17. Sarcasm 18. Satire 19. Ridicule 20. Innuendo 21. Parody 22. Climax 23. Anti-climax 24. Alliteration
25. Assonance半韵 26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet 28. Pun 29. Parallelism 30. Repetition
It is closely related to metaphor and is sometimes called personal metaphor .
There are three chief kinds of personifications:
1) That produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground
An allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across.
Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality. Weslowly drove--He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my Leisure too, For His Civility--…
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
她嘴唇腥红，姿色妖艳， 缕缕秀发如金子般耀眼： 皮肤却似麻风病人般苍白， 她是一个死中之生的梦魇， 使人血液凝冻，毛骨悚然
The Waning Moon By Percy Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by the insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.
purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s mind are used figuratively.
colourful
In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers
Hyperbole:
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects.
She was scared to death. I told you a thousand times that you
2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced
3) That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves
And all the men and women merely players. ---------Shakespeare
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Her lips were red, her looks were free, Her locks were yellow as gold. Her skin was white as leprosy, The Nightmare Life-in-Death was she, Who thicks man's blood with cold.
1. simile 2. metaphor 3. personification
4. metonymy借喻/转喻 5. Synecdoche提喻法 6. Antonomasia 7. euphemism 8. Hyperbole 9. litotes 10. Antithesis 11. Paradox 12. Oxymoron 13. Epigram 14. Apostrophe 15. rhetorical question
Figures of speech
In Poetry
Definition
Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.
When I hear your name
My compulsion is to blast down every wall when I hear your name
I’d painted on all the houses, There wouldn’t be a well I hadn’t leaned into To shout your name there… My compulsion is To teach the birds to sing it, To teach the fish to drink it… God will sentence me to repeating it endlessly and
Words are either literal or figurative
Literal 原意 Words used in their original meanings are
used literally. Figurative 比喻义 Байду номын сангаасWords used in extended meanings for the
Since then--’tis Centuries--and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses’Heads Were toward Eternity--
因为我不能停下来等待死神 他便好心地停下来等我—— 那辆车上只载我们两个—— 以及永生。 我们慢慢驱车——他不慌不忙 我也把我的劳与闲 统统丢掉一边， 为了他的礼让—— …… 离那时已是几个世纪 却仿佛过了还不到一天， 我首次猜测到， 马头在朝向永恒奔窜。
forever.
personification
By definition, personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.
shouldn’t behave like that. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.
( Pope) Her beauty made the bright world dim.
(Shelly ) I have a sea of trouble.
Metaphor 暗喻
A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
in “a colourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour.
Figures of Speech (2)
the chief functions of figures of speech
to embellish, to emphasize or to clarify.
to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament.
This is called a mixed metaphor （混合隐喻；多重隐喻）
Allegory
寓言;讽喻
Allegory: a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor.
Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre.