英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech
新编英语教程修辞Figures of Speech--Metaphor
Synecdoche(2)
Two heads are better than one. A pale oval face came forward into the light. 灯光下走进一个人来，一张椭圆脸，脸色苍白。 There were several big names at the party. 宴会上有几名知名人士。 He has passed 50 winters. We couldn’t start up the car. He gave the beggar a few coppers. Shanghai is the New York of China. (以纽约代替繁华城市)
Oxymoron(5)
Cf. Paradox: 共同点是：字面意义互相矛盾，不 合逻辑，有时甚至荒唐可笑，但仔细推敲，却语 言含蓄，哲理深刻，耐人寻味；两者不同在于： 在oxymoron中，意义相誖的词语紧密地置在一 处，有修饰与被修饰的直接关系，或者是说明与 被说明的关系；而paradox则把意义相对的概念 组合在句子中，不一定存在直接修饰或说明的关 系。（与oxymoron类似的汉语修辞格是“对 顶”）
我嗤之以鼻的正是其宏大与权势，我从未见 过哪个城市有像这里这样的最贫穷的百万富翁， 最渺小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人， 最低矮的摩天大厦，最无趣味的乐事。
Oxymoron(4)
6个oxymoron，是看问题角度不同的结果。从 实际角度看，纽约的确不乏腰缠万贯的富翁，声 明显赫的伟人，不名一文的乞丐，倾国倾城的美 人，高耸入云的大厦，趣味横生的乐事；但从说 话人的角度去看，富翁不富，伟人渺小，乞丐不 穷，美人不美，高楼不高，乐事不乐。从中可以 看出纽约表面繁华富裕，五光十色，而内里极为 空虚贫乏、腐朽堕落的两重性。
英语修辞简介
Some Common Forms of Figures of Speech宋德文（讲义）Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。
因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。
修辞(figures of speech / rhetorical devices / rhetoric) 大体分为三类：音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)1. Alliteration: (头韵) It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.头韵与拟声修辞方式能使语言具有音韵美，可增加口头或书面表达的实际音感，给人以声情并茂的美感。
英语修辞手法figuresofspeech[文字可编辑]
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colourful
?In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers
Plato
?“…the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor. It is the one thing that cannot be learnt from others, and it is also a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception （直觉） of the similarity in dissimilars.”
?An implied comparison between two objects that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity without the use of “like” or “as”.
The girl was a fish in the water. The clown was a feather floating away.
?Simile 直喻 ?Metaphor 暗喻
What's the difference?
figuresofspeech
figuresofspeech1. 比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方。
可分为明喻和暗喻：明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。
O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。
他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。
例如：He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。
The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。
2. 换喻(metonymy)用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。
比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle 来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。
His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。
The kettle is boiling. (water in the kettle)He took to the bottle.他爱上了喝酒。
figures of speech
Figures of speechFigures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.英语的修辞可以分为消极修辞和积极修辞两大类。
一、消极修辞(Passive Rhetoric Techniques)它主要指那些没有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧，它与语法、语言结构和词汇的关系密切，只是为了修辞和立意新颖的缘故，对之做了一些调整。
举一种情况进行说明：为了增加文采，强化文章的表现力，常常避免重复使用同一个词汇，而另选他词。
这种无固定格式可循的消极修辞手段被称为Elegant Variation（求雅换词）。
如在Elizabeth Razzi写的题为10 Ways to Lose Pounds 的文章中，“减肥”的表达竟有8种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：1. Try to shed a fewextra pounds 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4. …like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. …roughly the amount needed to burn off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight.7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. 8. 10 Ways to Lose Pounds.求雅换词的手法之一是大字小用，或小词大用。
英美文学 英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech
Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality. Weslowly drove--He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my Leisure too, For His Civility--…
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
她嘴唇腥红，姿色妖艳， 缕缕秀发如金子般耀眼： 皮肤却似麻风病人般苍白， 她是一个死中之生的梦魇， 使人血液凝冻，毛骨悚然
The Waning Moon By Percy Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by the insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.
Examples
She has a face that's as round as the moon. Time flies like an arrow. You run like a rabbit. Life is a yo-yo . It's a series of ups and downs. All the world's a stage,
英语修辞手法讲义figures of speech
A doctor must have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.狮子般的胆量
Figures of resemblance
Personification: a figure that endows objects, animal, ideas, or abstractions with human forms, characters, or sensibility.
Figures of emphasis/understatement
Oxymoron ---a kind of antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms.
Happy tears/ glorious defeat
Climax---arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
Anti-climax---the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. Anticlimax is usually comic in effect.
Understatement
Figures of sound
(完整版)英文修辞手法详解Figuresofspeech
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
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The Nightmare Life-in-Death was she,
Who thicks man's blood with cold.
她的唇色鲜红，她的表情 不羁。
她的枷锁黄如金。 她的皮肤白如麻风。 梦魇般的死中生命是她的 存在，
用冰冷浓稠了的血液。
Metaphor 暗喻
A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Major figures of speech in poetry
Simile 直喻
Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.
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16. Irony 17. Sarcasm 18. Satire 19. Ridicule 20. Innuendo 21. Parody 22. Climax 23. Anti-climax 24. Alliteration 25. Assonance 26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet 28. Pun 29. Parallelism 30. Repetition
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Words are either literal or figurative
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Literal 原意
Words used in their original meanings are used literally.
Figurative 比喻义
Words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s mind are used figuratively.
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Figures of Speech (2)
1. simile 2. metaphor 3. personification 4. metonymy 5. Synecdoche 6. Antonomasia 7. euphemism 8. Hyperbole 9. litotes 10. Antithesis 11. Paradox 12. Oxymoron 13. Epigram 14. Apostrophe 15. rhetorical question
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the chief functions of figures of speech
to embellish, to emphasize or to clarify.
to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament.
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Examples
she has a face that's as round as the moon.
Time flies like an arrow. You run like a rabbit. Life is a yo-yo . It's a series of ups and
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The Waning Moon By Percy Bysshe Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by the insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.
downs. All the world's a stage, And all the men
and women merely players; …
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Her lips were red, her looks were free,
Her locks were yellow as gold.
Figures of speech
In Poetry
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Definition
Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.
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colourful
In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers
in “a colourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour.