英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech PPT
Figures of Speech 修辞手法
Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)
• Definition: In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect. E.g. thunderous silence die merrily
1) like和as型
E.g.:
1.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. 2. Light as a breeze, soft as a cloud.
英语中许多成语含有明喻，其结构为as + adj.+ as + noun (第一个as可省略）或 like 坚如磐石 轻如鸿毛 如鱼得水 瓮中之鳖
1.
My rocking chair was making noises all night; it’s getting very old.
2. Learning a foreign language helps us bridge the gap metaphor between two difference cultures. 3. The apple was too sour, my teeth didn’t like it. personification
Synecdoche (提喻)
• Definition: a figure of speech by which a part is for the whole, the whole for the part.
(完整版)figuresofspeech(英语修辞格复习总结)
5.Figures of Speech5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech (语音辞格)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech (语义辞格)5.3 Logical Figures of Speech (逻辑辞格)5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech (句法辞格)5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech5.1.1 Alliteration (头韵)It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance: the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.5.1.2 Assonance (押韵/部分谐音)It has to do with the repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. For instance: The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea;the plowman homework plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and to me.5.1.3 Consonance (尾韵)It has to do with the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different. For instance: She tipped her loyal big dog a big hug.5.1.4 Onomatopoeia (拟声)It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. For instance: on the roof of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.5.1.5 Aposiopesis (说话中断法)It is a rhetorical device of suddenly stopping in mid-sentence, as if to say more would be superfluous. An example would be the threat "Get out, or else—!" This device often portrays its users as overcome with passion (fear, anger, excitement) or modesty.5.1.6 Apostrophe (顿呼)In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance: England! awake! awake! awake!5.1.7 Pun (双关)It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance: a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech5.2.1 Simile (明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example: As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.5.2.2 Metaphor (隐喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example: the world is a stage.5.2.3 Metonymy (转喻)It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance: the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).5.2.4 Synecdoche (提喻)It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance: they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.5.2.5 Antonomasia (换喻)It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example: Solomon for a wise man; Daniel for a wise and fair judge; Judas for a traitor.5.2.6 Personification (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example: the wind whistled through the trees. 5.2.7 Parody (戏仿)It is a kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of a text or writer’s idiolect and fits new subject matter to it. It is often used for a humorous or satirical purpose. For example: to smoke or not to smoke, that is a question．5.2.8 Synesthesia (通感)It refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense. For example: Posner lipstick：Music to your lips.5.2.9 Transferred epithet (移就)It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance: I spent sleepless nights on my project.5.3 Logical Figures of Speech*5.3.1 Allegory (讽喻)Allegory is a story either in verse or in prose with a double meaning: surface meaning—a story, and under-the-surface meaning—a hidden truth. In allegories, names of the characters and places are often symbols of certain qualities. In Banyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, from the names of the characters “Christian”, “Mr. Blind-man”, ‘Mr. No-good”, the names of places “Vanity Fair”, “Celestial City”, we can easily understand the meaning behind these names.*5.3.2 Allusion (暗引)It is a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famous historical or literary figure or a well-known historical event. For instance: she sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.5.3.3 Hyperbole (夸张)It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance: he almost died laughing.5.3.4 Understatement (含蓄陈述)It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance: It is no laughing matter.5.3.5 Irony (反语)It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance: we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.5.3.6 Innuendo (暗讽)It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example: the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.5.3.7 Euphemism (委婉)It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance: we refer to "die" as " pass away".5.3.8 Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in “bitter-sweet memories”, “orderly chaos” and “proud humility”.*5.3.9 Analogy (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.5.3.10 Paradox (隽语)It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example: more haste, less speed.5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech5.4.1 Repetition (反复)It is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable. For example: one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.5.4.2 Anaphora (首语重复)It is the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. For example: out of sight, out of mind. 5.4.3 Epiphora (尾词重复)It is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive clauses. For example: grasp all, lose all.5.4.4 Simploce (首尾同复)It is a combination of anaphora and epiphora: the repetition of two sets of words or phrases, one set repeated at the beginning of, the other set repeated at the end of sentences or verse lines. The pattern is “a…b, a…b”.For example: broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.5.4.5 Anadiplosis (蝉联)It is the repetition of the last part of one unit or sentence at the beginning of the next, whose pattern is /…a, a…(b, b…c, c..)/. For example: The king was bad tempered because he was often ill. He was often ill because he ate and drank too much.5.4.6 Parallelism (平行结构)It refers to the method of expressing ideas of equal importance in the same grammatical form, and elements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. For example: Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.5.4.7 Antithesis (对偶)It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example: speech is silvern; silence is golden.5.4.8 Climax (层进法)It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example: I came, I saw, I conquered.5.4.9 Anticlimax (突降法)It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance: He lost his empire, hisfamily and his fountain pen.5.4.10 Syllepsis(一笔两用法)It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applyingto or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example: He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example: while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)5.4.11 Chiasmus (交错法)It is a construction involving the repetition of words or elements in reverse order (a b : b a).Beauty is truth, truth (is) beauty. For example: You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.5.4.12 Asyndeton (连词省略)It refers to the deliberate omission of the co-ordinator in a series of words, phrases or clauses. For example: They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, (and )understanding.5.4.13 Polysyndeton (连词叠用)It is a stylistic device that uses several conjunctions (usually the same one) in succession to link up a series of things, ideas or events. The conjunctions involved are mainly and and or. For example: advancing and prancing and glancing and dancing.5.4.14 Rhetorical question(反问句)It is a question which does not need an answer, for the answer is suggested by the speaker, or presumed by the speaker to be fairly obvious or probably known to the audience--the equivalent of a statement. For example: If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?。
英语修辞学课件
Type Three: what
What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。 What salt is to food, wit and humor are to conversation and literature
Type Three: what
Two Patterns: A is to B what C is to D. What C is to D, A is to B.
Type Three: what
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。
Structure of a Simile
w Tenor + comparative word + vehicle w Subject + comparative word + reference w Example: My love is like a red red rose w Tom is as tall as his brother (not a simile) w Tom is as tall asnary of Literary Terms)
Simile
w 1. Origin: Latin, meaning like w 2. Comparative words: like, as w 3. Functions: describing shape, scenery; expressing emotions; explaining; vivid description, making easy to understand; creating interest.
英语修辞手法讲义figures of speech
A doctor must have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.狮子般的胆量
Figures of resemblance
Personification: a figure that endows objects, animal, ideas, or abstractions with human forms, characters, or sensibility.
Figures of emphasis/understatement
Oxymoron ---a kind of antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms.
Happy tears/ glorious defeat
Climax---arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
Anti-climax---the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. Anticlimax is usually comic in effect.
Understatement
Figures of sound
(完整版)英文修辞手法详解Figuresofspeech
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric).ppt
Division of Rhetoric
Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞 (Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞) -- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain; Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞 (Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞) -- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.
The three uses of similes:
Descriptive描述型明喻; Illuminative启示型明喻 ; Illustrative说明型明喻;
;
Descriptive 描述型
Her lips were red, her locks 头发were yellow as gold. Pop looked so unhappy, almost like a child who’s lost his piece of candy. The big black flies hit us like bombs.
What is Rhetoric?
Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
To understand the author’s intention better. To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves. To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language. To learn how to achieve an effective communication.
英语修辞手法Figures_of_speech
religion
God – gosh/golly Jesus – jeez Devil – Old Nick
The grey hair should be respected.
He is too fond of the bottle.
The pen is mightier（强而有力的） than the sword.
There was not a soul in the street.
1. 容器代替内容 Please have a cup or two. The kettle is boiling. 2.工具代替使用者 The pen is mightier than the sword. 3.人体器官代替其作用或者感受 I shouldn't let my heart rule my head. He has a ready tongue. She has an ear for music.
sarcasm
Sarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in English especially when people are being humorous.
Generally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use, often intending to be rude or to laugh at the person the words are addressed（针对） to.
新编英语教程修辞Figures of Speech--Metaphor
1）Juliet--- Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow,
That I shall say good night till it be tomorrow.
朱丽叶…晚安！晚安！离别是这样甜蜜的凄清，我真 要向你道晚安直到天明。
In the satisfaction and aplomb of animals,
In the annual return of the seasons,
In the hilarity of youth,
In the strength and flush of manhood,
In the grandeur and exquisiteness of old age,
Synecdoche大体上分为6类：以局部代替整体， 以整体代替局部，以种代替属，以属代替种，以 材料代替制品，以个体代替一类。
Synecdoche(2)
Two heads are better than one. A pale oval face came forward into the light. 灯光下走进一个人来，一张椭圆脸，脸色苍白。 There were several big names at the party. 宴会上有几名知名人士。 He has passed 50 winters. We couldn’t start up the car. He gave the beggar a few coppers. Shanghai is the New York of China. (以纽约代替繁华城市)
2) A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich. 吝啬鬼装穷变富，奢 侈者装富变穷。
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The Waning Moon By Percy Bysshe Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by the insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.
purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s mind are used figuratively.
colourful
In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Examples
she has a face that's as round as the moon. Time flies like an arrow. You run like a rabbit. Life is a yo-yo . It's a series of ups and downs. All the world's a stage, And all the men and
the chief functions of figures of speech
to embellish, to emphasize or to clarify.
to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament.
英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech
Definition
Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.
Major figures of speech in poetry
Simile 直喻
Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.
in “a colourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour.
Figures of Speech (2)
Metaphor 暗喻
A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
16. Irony 17. Sarcasm 18. Satire 19. Ridicule 20. Innuendo 21. Parody 22. Climax 23. Anti-climax 24. Alliteration 25. Assonance 26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet 28. Pun 29. Parallelism 30. Repetition
1. simile 2. metaphor 3. personification 4. metonymy 5. Synecdoche 6. Antonomasia 7. euphemism 8. Hyperbole 9. litotes 10. Antithesis 11. Paradox 12. Oxymoron 13. Epigram 14. Apostrophe 15. rhetorical question
Words are either literal or figurative
Literal 原意 Words used in their original meanings are
used literally. Figurative 比喻义 Words used in extended meanings for the
有如苍白、清癯、垂危的女 郎，
薄纱掩面，步履踉跄， 精神恍惚，漫游出闺房— 神魂颠倒，气吁吁游荡， 月儿升起在朦胧的东方，
模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。
Mixed metaphors
One danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with another