马铃薯播种机的性能评估——外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

马铃薯播种机的性能评估——外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
马铃薯播种机的性能评估——外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院

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20** 年 03月 10 日

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马铃薯播种机的性能评估

大多数马铃薯播种机都是通过勺型输送链对马铃薯种子进行输送和投放。当种植精度只停留在一个可接受水平的时候这个过程的容量就相当低。主要的限制因素是:输送带的速度以及取薯勺的数量和位置。假设出现种植距离的偏差是因为偏离了统一的种植距离,这主要原因是升运链式马铃薯播种机的构造造成的.

一个理论的模型被建立来确定均匀安置的马铃薯的原始偏差,这个模型计算出两个连续的马铃薯触地的时间间隔。当谈到模型的结论时,提出了两种假设,一种假设和链条速度有关,另一种假设和马铃薯的形状有关。为了验证这两种假设,特地在实验室安装了一个种植机,同时安装一个高速摄像机来测量两个连续的马铃薯在到达土壤表层时的时间间隔以及马铃薯的运动方式。

结果显示:(a)输送带的速度越大,播撒的马铃薯越均匀;(b)筛选后的马铃薯形状并不能提高播种精度。

主要的改进措施是减少导种管底部的开放时间,改进取薯杯的设计以及其相对于导种管的位置。这将允许杯带在保持较高的播种精度的同时有较大的速度变化空间。

1介绍说明

升运链式马铃薯种植机(图一)是当前运用最广泛的马铃薯种植机。每一个取薯勺装一块种薯从种子箱输送到传送链。这条链向上运动使得种薯离开种子箱到达上链轮,在这一点上,马铃薯种块落在下一个取薯勺的背面,并局限于金属导种管内.

在底部,输送链通过下链轮获得足够的释放空间使得种薯落入地沟里。

图一,杯带式播种机的主要工作部件:(1)种子箱;(2)输送链;(3)取薯勺;(4)上链轮;(5)导种管;(6)护种壁;(7)开沟器;(8)下链轮轮;(9)释放孔;(10)地沟。

株距和播种精确度是评价机械性能的两个主要参数。高精确度将直接导致高产以及马铃薯收获时的统一分级(McPhee et al, 1996;Pavek & Thornton, 2003)。在荷兰的实地测量株距(未发表的数据)变异系数大约为20%。美国和加拿大早期的研究显示,相对于玉米和甜菜的精密播种,当变异系数高达69%(Misener, 1982;Entz & LaCroix, 1983;Sieczka et al, 1986)时,其播种就精度特别低。

输送速度和播种精度显示出一种逆相关关系,因此,目前使用的升运链式种植机的每条输送带上都装备了两排取薯勺而不是一排。双排的取薯勺可以使输送速度加倍而且不必增加输送带的速度。因此在相同的精度上具有更高的性能是可行的。

该研究的目的是调查造成勺型带式种植机精度低的原因,并利用这方面的知识提出建议,并作设计上的修改。例如在输送带的速度、取薯杯的形状和数量上。

为了便于理解,建立一个模型去描述马铃薯从进入导种管到触及地面这个时间段内的运动过程,因此马铃薯在地沟的运动情况就不在考虑之列。由于物理因素对农业设备的强烈影响(Kutzbach, 1989),通常要将马铃薯的形状考虑进模型中。

两种零假设被提出来了:(1)播种精度和输送带速度无关;(2)播种精度和筛选后的种薯形状(尤其是尺寸)无关。这两种假设都通过了理论模型以及实验室论证的测试。

2材料及方法

2.1 播种材料

几种马铃薯种子如圣特、阿玲达以及麻佛来都已被用于升运链式播种机测试,因为它们

有不同的形状特征。对于种薯的处理和输送来说,种薯块茎的形状无疑是一个很重要的因素。许多形状特征在结合尺寸测量的过程中都能被区分出来(Du & Sun, 2004;Tao et al, 1995;Z?dler, 1969)。在荷兰,马铃薯的等级主要是由马铃薯的宽度和高度(最大宽度和最小宽度)来决定的。种薯在播种机内部的整个输送过程中,其长度也是一个不可忽视的因素。

形状因子S的计算基于已经提到的三种尺寸:

此处l是长度,w是宽度,h是高度(单位:mm),且h

表一实验中马铃薯及高尔夫球的形状特征

品种方形网目尺寸,毫米形状因子

圣特 28–35 146

阿玲达 35–45 362

麻佛来 35–45 168

高尔夫球 42.8 100

2.2 建立数学模型

数学模型的建立是为了预测升运链式播种机的播种精度和播种性能,该模型考虑了滚轴的半径和速度,取薯勺的尺寸和间距,以及它们相对于导种管壁的位置和地沟的高度(如图二)。模型假设马铃薯在下落的过程中并没有相对于取薯勺移动或者相对于轴转动。

图二,模型模拟过程,当取薯杯到达A点的时候模拟开始。释放时间是开启一个足够大的空间让土豆顺利通过所需的时间。该模型同时也计算出两个连续的马铃薯之间的时间间隔以及马铃薯到达地面(自由下落)的时间。r c 代表链轮半径、带的厚度以及取薯杯长度之和;x clear,取薯勺与导

种管壁之间的间距;x release 释放的间距;αrelease ,释放角度;ω, 链轮的角速度;C点,地沟。

田间作业速度和输送带速度可设定为达到既定的作物间距的要求。马铃薯离开导种管底部的频率f pot 通过如下公式计算:

式中:v c是勺型输送带的速度(单位:m s?1),x c 是带上两个取薯勺之间的距离(单位:m).

槽轮的角速度ωr(单位:rad s?1)计算如下:

导种管的间距必须足够大以使得马铃薯能通过并被释放。x release是当取薯勺以一定的角度αrelease 径向通过链轮时的时间间距。释放角(图二)按以下公式进行计算:

r

(单位:m)是链轮半径,链条的厚度以及取薯勺长度之和;x clear(单位:m)是取薯勺端面c

与导种管管壁之间的间隙。

当马铃薯的各种参数已确定的情况下,释放马铃薯的所需角度可以通过计算得到。除了形状和尺寸,护种壁的马铃薯的位置也具有诀定性的作用,因此,这个模型区分了两种状态:(a)最小需求间距等于马铃薯的高度;(b)最大需求间距等于马铃薯的高度。

释放角度αo所需的时间t release的计算公式如下:

当马铃薯释放后,将直接落到地沟。由于每个马铃薯都是在一个特定的角度释放的,通常那时都有一个高于地面的高度(图二)。由于小一点的马铃薯释放得早,因此通常将小块马铃薯放在大块马铃薯的上方。

该模型计算出马铃薯刚好落到地沟时的速度υend(单位:m s?1)。假定垂直方向的初速度等于取薯勺线速度的垂直分量:

释放高度的计算公式为:

y

=y r-r c sinαrelease

release

y

(单位:m)是链轮中心和地沟的距离

r

自由下落时间的计算公式为:

g(9.8 m s?2)是自由落体加速度,v

(单位: m)是马铃薯释放时垂直下落的初速度。终止速

度的计算公式为:

马铃薯从A点移动到释放点的时间t release还应该加上t fall。该模型计算出以不同的方式在取薯勺上定位的两个连续马铃薯之间的时间间隔。最大的误差区间将出现在马铃薯由纵向定位趋向轴向定位的过程中,反之亦然。

2.3 实验室装置

一个标准的播种机可以替换片状导种管底部的类似透明丙烯酸的材料(图三)。输送链通过链轮被变速电动机驱动,其速度可以通过一个旋转的红外检测仪测得。此装置只能观察一排取薯勺。

实验室实验台:片状导种管底端的右下部被透明的丙烯酸金属片替代;右上端正对一个高速摄像机。

这个摄像机通过透明的导种管对种薯的运动进行摄像记录,并测量两个连续马铃薯之间的时间间隔。一张坐标图被安放在导种管的开口处,X轴平行于地面。当种薯的中点通过地面的时候时间就被记录下来了。连续种薯之间的时间间隔的标准偏差被用来衡量作物间距的精度。

为了便于测量,测量系统的记录速率设置为1000帧每秒。平均自由下落的速度是2.5m s?1时,种薯每帧的移动距离是2.5 mm,足够小到可以记录准确的位置。

为了测试链速的影响,进料速度被分别设置为300、400、500个种薯每分钟。(f pot =5,6.7和8.3 s?1),对应的链速为0.33,0.45,0.56(m s?1)。这些速度分别对应的是3、2、1排取薯杯。每分钟400个种薯的进料率(0.45 m s?1的杯带速度)作为一个固定速度来对马铃薯形状的影响进行测评。

为了评估时间间隔的正态分布,30个种薯将被重复使用5次。在另一个测试中20个种薯将被重复使用3次。

2.4. 统计分析

对上述假设进行了Fisher测试,分析表明:总体呈正态分布。尾部进行单因素上限分析的Fisher测试被用来检验频率a为5%第一类误差,然而一个正确的零假设被错误地拒绝了。其置信区间等于(100?a)%

3 结果与讨论

3.1 输送带速度

3.1.1 实证结果

测得的连续种薯触地的时间间隔呈正态分布。进料速度为300、400、500的标准偏差

σ分别为33.0、20.5、12.7 ms。通过F检验可知进料率的差异显著。三种进料率的正态

分布如图四所示。当变异系数分别为8.6%、7.1%和5.5%的时候,杯带的速度越大则播种机的精度越高。

图四,三种马铃薯进料速率时间间隔的正态分布图

3.1.2 结果模型预测

图五显示了开口形成时间对升运链速度的影响。链条的速度与沉积时偏离了时间间隔的种薯的准确性呈线性关系。形成开口的时间越短,偏差越小。计算结果见表二:

表二模型计算出来的连续种薯之间的时间间隔

带速(m s?1)最大时间间隔与最小时间间隔的时间差(s)

0·7217·6

0·3629·4

0·2442·8

升运链脱离导种管壁的速度是很重要的一个因素。相对提高输送带速来说,取薯勺线速度可以通过降低链轮的半径来增大。实验中使用的链轮半径是0.055米,是播种机的一般标准。为了使取薯

勺的线速度达到最高的升运链速度,链轮半径必须通过最低的链条速度计算。由此得出种薯进料率为每分钟300个和400个的半径分别为0.025米和0.041米。与此相比,实验室测量的结果是一条呈线性变化的直线,最大的半径约为0.020米

数学模型预测的结果呈一种线性关系。链轮的半径和种薯沉积的精确度呈线性关系。该模型用来估计进料率为每分钟300个种薯的标准差。其结果如图六所示,该模型的预测值与实测数据相比,其精度逐渐减小。显然0.025米可能是技术上可行的最小半径,相对于原来的半径的标准差为75%。

图六显示了链轮半径与沉积的种薯时间间隔标准差之间的关系。当满足r>0·01 m

时,这种关系是线性的。● ,测量数据;,数学模型的数据;■,延长到R < 0 ? 01米; -,线性关系;R2,决定系数。

3.2 马铃薯的尺寸和形状

实验数据由表三给出。显示固定进料率为每分钟400个种薯的时间间隔的标准偏差。这

些结果与期望值刚好相反,即高的标准偏差将使得形状因子增加。球状马铃薯的结果尤其令人吃惊:球的标准偏差高过阿玲达马铃薯50%以上。时间间隔的正态分布如图七所示,球和马铃薯之间的差异明显。两个不同品种的马铃薯之间的差异不明显。

表三马铃薯品种对种植间距的精确度的影响

品种标准偏差,ms CV,%

阿玲达8.60 3·0

麻佛来 9.92 3·5

高尔夫球 13.24 4·6

图七,固定进料率下不同形状的沉积的马铃薯时间间隔的正态分布。

球状马铃薯的这种结果是因为球可以以不同的方式在取薯勺背部定位。临近杯中球的不同定位导致沉积精度降低。杯带的三维视图显示了取薯勺与导种管之间的间隔的形状,显然获得不同大小的开放空间是可行的。

图八,取薯勺呈45度时的效果图;马铃薯在护种壁的位置对其释放具有决定性影响。

阿玲达块茎种薯在沉积时比麻佛来的精度高。通过对记录的帧和马铃薯的分析,结果表明:阿玲达这种马铃薯总是被定位平行于最长的轴线的护种壁。因此,除了形状因子外,宽度与高度的高比例值也将造成更大的偏差。阿玲达的这个比例是1.09,麻佛来的为1.15。

3.3 实验室对抗模型测试平台

该数学模型预测了不同情况下的流程性能。相对于马铃薯,该模型对球模拟了更好的性能,然而实验测试的结果却恰然相反。另外实验室试验是为了检查模型的可靠性。

在该模型里,两个马铃薯之间的时间间隔被计算出来。起始点出现在马铃薯开始经过A点的时刻,终点出现在马铃薯到达C点的时刻。通过实验平台,从A到C点的马铃薯的时间间隔被测出。每个马铃薯的长度、宽度和高度也通过测量获得,同时记录了马铃薯的数量。测量过程中马铃薯在取薯杯上的位置是已经确定好的。这个位置和马铃薯的尺寸将作为模型的输入量,测量过程将阿玲达与麻佛来以400个马铃薯每分的速率下进行。测量时间间隔的标准偏差如表四所示。测量的标准误差与模型的标准误差只是稍稍不同。对这种不同现象的解释是:(1)模型并没有把图八中出现的情况考虑进去;(2)从A点到C点的时间不一致。块状马铃薯如阿玲达可能从顶部或者最远距离下落,这将导致种薯到达C点底部的时间增加6ms

表四通过实验室测量和模型计算出来的开放时间的标准误差的差异品种形状因子标准偏差, ms

测量值计算值阿玲达 326 8.02 5.22

麻佛来 175 6.96 4.40

4. 总结

这个模拟马铃薯从输送带开始释放的运动的数学模型是一个非常有用的证实假设和设计实验平台的工具。

模型和实验室的测试都表明:链速越高,马铃薯在零速度水平沉积得更均匀。这是由于开口足够大使得马铃薯下降得越快,这对马铃薯的形状和种薯在取薯杯上的定位有一定的影响,与链条速度的关系也就随之明确,因此,在保持高的播种精度时,应该提供更多的空间以减小链条的速度。建议降低链轮的半径,直至低到技术上的可行度。

该研究显示,播种机的取薯勺升运链链对播种精度(播种的幅宽)有很大的影响。

更规格的形状(形状因子低)并不能自动提高播种精度。小球(高尔夫球)在很多情况下沉积

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

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Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,

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Project Budget Monitor and Control Author:Yin Guo-li Nationality:American Derivation:Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。

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Research Article Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Containing Surfactant Y oo-Jae Kim, Jiong Hu, Soon-Jae Lee, and Byung-Hee Y ou Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Y oo-Jae Kim, yk10@https://www.360docs.net/doc/8711126989.html, Received 21 June 2010; Accepted 24 November 2010 Academic Editor: Tarun Kant Copyright ? 2010 Y oo-Jae Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete (FALC) was developed to reduce concrete’s density and to improve its fire resistance, thermal conductivity, and energy absorption. Compression tests were performed to determine basic properties of FALC. The primary independent variables were the types and volume fraction of fibers, and the amount of air in the concrete. Polypropylene and carbon fibers were investigated at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% volume ratios. The lightweight aggregate used was made of expanded clay. A self-compaction agent was used to reduce the water-cement ratio and keep good workability. A surfactant was also added to introduce air into the concrete. This study provides basic information regarding the mechanical properties of FALC and compares FALC with fiber reinforced lightweight concrete. The properties investigated include the unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness index. Based on the properties, a stress-strain prediction model was proposed. It was demonstrated that the proposed model accurately predicts the stress-strain behavior of FALC. 1. Introduction In the last three decades, prefabrication has been applied to small housing and tall building construction, and precast concrete panels have become one of the widely used materials in construction system. Recently, much attention has been directed toward the use of lightweight concrete for precast concrete to improve the performances, such as dead load reduction, fire resistance, and thermal conductivity, of the buildings. Additionally, the structure of a precast building should be able to resist impact loading cases, particularly earthquakes, since resisting earthquakes of these buildings under the performances is becoming an important consideration [1, 2].Many efforts have been applied toward developing high performance concrete for building structures with enhanced performance and safety. V arious types of precast concrete products, such as autoclaved aerated lightweight concrete (AALC), fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), and lightweight concrete, have been developed and experimentally verified. A number of them have been applied in full-scale build-ing structures. AALC is well known and widely accepted, but its small size and weak strength limit its use instructural elements [3]. Lightweight aggregate concretes offer strength, deadload reduction, and thermal conductivity,

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