一篇发酵工程专业英文文献

电气专业英语论文

Page1 Electrical Energy Transmission（电能输送） From reference 1 Growing populations and industrializing countries create huge needs for electrical energy. Unfortunately, electricity is not always used in the same place that it is produced, meaning long-distance transmission lines and distribution systems are necessary. But transmitting electricity over distance and via networks involves energy loss. So, with growing demand comes the need to minimize this loss to achieve two main goals: reduce resource consumption while delivering more power to users. Reducing consumption can be done in at least two ways: deliver electrical energy more efficiently and change consumer habits. Transmission and distribution of electrical energy require cables and power transformers, which create three types of energy loss: the Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor (a copper wire, for example); magnetic losses, where energy dissipates into a magnetic field; the dielectric effect, where energy is absorbed in the insulating material. The Joule effect in transmission cables accounts for losses of about 2.5 % while the losses in transformers range between 1 % and 2 % (depending on the type and ratings of the transformer). So, saving just 1 % on the electrical energy produced by a power plant of 1 000 megawatts means transmitting 10 MW more to consumers, which is far from negligible: with the same energy we can supply 1 000 - 2 000 more homes. Changing consumer habits involves awareness-raising programmers, often undertaken by governments or activist groups. Simple things, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not just putting it into standby mode), or setting tasks such as laundry for non-peak hours are but a few examples among the myriad of possibilities. On the energy production side, building more efficient transmission and

中英文论文参考文献标准格式超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。（参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类

通信工程专业英文的自我介绍

通信工程专业英文的自我介绍通信工程专业英文的自我介绍请大家一起来分享这一篇关于通信工程专业的英文自我介绍范文： Good moring,Ladies and Gentlemen! It is great honour for me to take this interview,thank you for giving me this chance! My name is xx, i am an undergraduate of xidian university,major in telecommunication engineering.as the cradle of china’s telecommunication talents,xidian universtiy’s long history,good research atmosphere and the long term cooperation with xx institue, provide me an excellent stduy environment. after abo ut four years’ hard work, i have learnd all the courses of telecommunication engineering and have good command of the

basis of telecommunication technology. I am confident that my solid education background will lay me a sound foundation to fulfill my master degree courses! in addition to my solid education background,i have good communicate skill and strong team spirit.i strongly believe this will be a great help for me to fullfil my master degree courses.futher more,i am healthy and tough.besides study i enjoy playing basketball much!Sports give me a healthy body and tough mind. That’s all, thank you very much!

文献综述英文

文献综述大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例姓名：代永寒学号：20091211205 专业：工商管理班级：工本2班史蒂芬?柯维的《要事第一》 “要事第一”，顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成；本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性，从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重，以及造成事情紧急性的原因，在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。第一象限包括四点：A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。第一象限显得紧迫与重要，但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。第二象限属于质量象限，属于重要但不紧迫的事情，但我们必须要去做，因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。第三象限包含干扰、电话；邮件、报告；某些会议；很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”，而事实上它易给人造成假象，从而形成第一象限情况。第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话，解闷，“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视；第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情，它是浪费象限，第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点，就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况，在平常的工作中，我们要加以区分，日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫，反而说明事情越不重要！像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线，在运作过程中被卡住，故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题，而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调，存货上软件固然重要，但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次，没合理分配其他人员手头事项，这样会导致其他问题的增多，从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。 “要事第一”，告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、

参考文献(Bibliography)格式的具体说明

参考文献(Bibliography)格式和要求的具体说明一、总体格式和要求 1.本科毕业论文的参考文献页应该单独起页。 2.参考文献的数量不得少于10项，必须要有外文条目。 3.参考文献一般应包括尾注的所有条目，另外还可以列入自己读过的、对论文写作影响较大但未引用的文献。 4.参考文献中如兼有多语种条目，则应分开排列，先外语后中文。外语条目按照文献条目首词字母排序，中文条目按照文献开头的拼音排序；如文献开头的字母或拼音相同，依序参照其后的字母或拼音排序。 5.参考文献同一个条目内部不可中英文夹杂，一般应与文献使用的语种一致，要么用英文，要么用中文书写。 6.英文文献字体是Times New Roman，使用英文标点符号；汉语文献字体是宋体，采用中文标点符号。 7.参考文献须悬挂缩进，即每一条目的第二行开始缩进5字符。 8.参考文献按1.5倍行距排列，不同条目之间空一行。 9.英文条目各部分的首字母需要大写，文献中的实词和超过5个字母的介词也需要首字母大写。二、作者部分的写法 1. 英文参考文献中作者部分的写法：作者姓氏, 首名中名. 如不是为了区别重名的不同作者，中名可省略。例如：Shatzkin, Leonard. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 首名、中名可用首字母加实心点缩略表示： Shatzkin, L.. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 如有多个作者，从第二个作者开始姓、名不颠倒，即：作者1姓氏, 首名中名, and 作者2首名中名姓氏：Shatzkin, L., Stephen Crane, and Michael Jackson. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 2．中文参考文献中作者部分的写法：作者姓名，后接空格。如：廖七一“庞德与胡适诗歌翻译的文化思考”，《外国语》2003（6），第54－59页。多个作者：桂诗春、宁春岩《XXXXX》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997。编著：桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997。译著：尤金·奈达著，严久生译《语言文化与翻译》，呼和浩特：内蒙古大学出版社，1998。 3. 若著者为公司或机构时，直接将公司或机构作为作者：英文文献： Sichuan International Studies University. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 中文文献：中国对外翻译出版公司《诗词翻译的艺术》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1987。三、英文参考文献的格式 1.专著

电气外文文献-翻译

Circuit breaker 断路器 Compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipment, can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在n normal and special conditions breaking current (such as short circuit cur 正常和特殊情况下开断电流（比如说短路电流）。 rent). For example, air circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, interference circ 例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体uit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability of the circuit 干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中， breaker, current in arc from is usually divided into the following grades: a 电流断路器按灭弧远离通常被分为如下等级：ir switch circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, less oil circuit breaker, compr 空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空essed air circuit breaker, a degaussing of isolating switch, six sulfur hexaf 气断路器、具有消磁性质的隔离开关、六氟luoride circuit breaker and vacuum breaker. Their parameters of voltage, 化硫断路器和真空断路器。他们的参数有电压等级、current, insulation level of breaking capacity, instantaneous voltage off ti 开断容量的电流、绝缘等级开断时间的瞬时电压恢复和me of recovery and a bombing. Breaker plate usually include: 1 the maxi 轰炸时间。断路器的铭牌通常包括： 1.最大可承

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

通信英文翻译

附录一介绍射频设备与系统设计 1.1定义许多学科尽量安排事情成为某种逻辑顺序并给予定义，功能，特点，和进程。几乎所有的时间，例如定义失败，至少在一定程度上，这种做法仍在继续，尽管明显缺陷和不准确之处大量存在。最重要的是，教育进入该领域的兴趣已经容易得多。电气和电子工程师协会历来分为4个或5个类别。然而，词的含义仍然可以混淆。一个简单的电子设计，最低级别的层次往往是组成元件，如电阻，电感，和晶体管。它们连接的形式电路[例如，电压调节器或自动增益控制放大器（自动增益控制） ] ，如果这种放大器投入物理外壳，并配有同轴连接器，许多同事称为装置。整理了一些设备，其中一些往往只是电路相邻的非常同样的印刷电路板，成为一台设备。这可能是，例如，一个接收器（接收），发射器（发射），或频谱分析仪。最后，当设计师有一个捆绑的发射和接收器，他或她可以配置一个完整的射频系统，这可能是用来传输地面数字电视信号或跟踪潜在的敌机。这五个步骤的过程中进一步澄清如图1.1 。图1.1五个步骤的设计。相邻块之间的界限不是定死的，有时不同的阶段是不需要的

射频系统可能会失败，由于一个坏电阻或一个事实，即经营点放大器已漂流了适当的区域。这种事情确实发生多次在现实生活中，并一定会再次发生。然而，这本书一般认为，元件和电路设计方面所涵盖其他地区。在这里，重点是设计和分析完整的设备（例如，RXs ，并在更大的程度，系统，如雷达或无线电通信网络）。这个词系统有许多定义，有些或许比别人做得更好。系统工程更难在简短的描述，但我们可以尝试的话说，这是一个聪明的方式相结合的能力，不同的工程学科取得成功的结果。它也考虑到了不同程度的有害的副作用，并试图以确保既定目标得到满足均匀。不可避免地，系统的工程技术处理任务中，有一种强烈的之间的相互耦合的各种界别的利益。失败的系统工程努力是很容易认识到一旦发生。它可以被描述作为一套火箭爆炸punctuating 研究计划[ 1 ]或错误的解释右手圆极化在世界上第一个卫星电视中继会议[ 2 ] 。技术史二次大战充满例子越来越少幸运系统工程[ 3 ]是企业的生命和行动前俄罗斯和平号空间站 [ 4 ] 。图1.2基本的射频系统组成的一个收发系统，，两个天线和传播路径介于两者之间。这本书籍，图1.2是一个很好的例子，一个射频系统。我们通常至少有两个天线，一个两端的传播路径。一个网站有一个得克萨斯州，其他的收发。德克萨斯州的基石包括一些主振荡器，一个调制输入和相邻的调制器，以及一些功率放大器（ PA ）。一个电源是必须的。在接收我们经常有一个低噪声前置放大器;一些混合或下变频，而这又需要主振荡器（通常称为本地振荡器） ;一个解调;之后，一套基带放大器和处理器。 1.2读者应该知道些什么许多RF 工程师从大学毕业获得了一个坚实的背景在无线电波的传播，天线，传输线分析，电子电路理论和也至少有一些能力的节目。事实上，由于大多数射频系统是真正的体育建筑，人们可以看到，触摸，感受，一个基本的了解机械工程基本面将是一个很大的帮助以这本书的读者。电磁理论的基础最电气工程和射

电气专业英文文献.doc

电气专业英文文献

An Expert System for Transformer Fault Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION The power transformer is a major apparatus in a power system, and its correct functioning its vital to minimize system outages, many devices have evolved to monitor the serviceability of power transformers. These devices, such as, Buchholz relays or differential relays, respond only to a severe power failure requiring immediate removal of the transformer from service, in which case, outages are inevitable. Thus, preventive techniques for early detection faults to avoid outages would be valuable. In this way, analysis of the mixture of the faulty gases dissolved in insulation oil of power transformer has received worldwide recognition as an effective method for the detection of oncipient faults. Many researchers and electrical utilities have reported on their experience and developed interpretative criteria on the basis of DGA. However, criteria tend to vary from utility to utility. Therefore, transformer diagnosis is still in the heuristic stage. For this reason, knowledge-based programming is a suitable approach to implement in such a diagnostic problem. Based on the interpretation of DGA, a prototype of an expert system for diagnosis of suspected transformer faults and their maintenance procedures is proposed. The significant source in this knowledge base is the gas ratio method. Some limitations of this approach are overcome by incorporating the diagnostic procedure and the synthetic expertise method. Furthermore, data bases adopted from TPC'S gas records of transformers are incorporated into the expert system to increase the practical performance. Uncertainty of diagnosis is managed by using fuzzy set concepts. This expert system is constructed with rule based knowledge representation, since it can be expressed by experts. The expert system building tool,knowledge Engineering System(KES), is used in the development of the knowledge system because, it has excellent man-machine interface that provides suggestions. Moreover,its inference strategy is similar to

英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式

英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。一、文中夹注格式英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。（一）引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献（1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).

文献综述英文版

Title ：Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design Author：yu Department of Materials "Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要 By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a directionalguidance.As used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have shape.These references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance. Keywords： Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials Prices Preface前言 As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing fast.In the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development capabilities.The innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern. 1.1 The history of the development of mold Archaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's leading.In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover mold.60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies.In walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies. 1.2 Development Status and Trends Die Since reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold growing.In recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.