新闻英语翻译研究文献综述新闻英语
论新闻英语及翻译

哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文论新闻英语及翻译姓名:***申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言文学指导教师:***20051201哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文摘要随着现代科技的迅速发展,新闻,作为最重要的大众传播工具之一,与人类生活愈来愈密不可分。
因此,新闻翻译不可避免地在信息交流中发挥重要作用。
本文旨在通过对新闻英语特征及翻译理论的分析研究来探寻新闻英语翻译的最有效方法。
文章首先介绍新闻的基本知识,包括新闻的定义,新闻价值和新闻的种类。
第二章从理论层次上阐述本文运用的翻译理论。
首先,简要介绍了有代表性的翻译理论,包括奈达翻译理论,功能翻译理论和中国传统翻译理论。
接着对纽马克的“交际翻译和语义翻译”进行了详细介绍并说明运用此理论作为新闻翻译的理论指导的理由。
论文最后总结了不同语言层面上的新闻翻译。
在对新闻英语的文体特征和新闻结构进行分析之后,重点针对词汇,句法,和修辞的不同特征采用相应的翻译方法。
在翻译实践中,怎样运用纽马克的翻译理论也有清晰阐述。
关键词:新闻英语;翻译理论;交际翻译和语义翻译;文体特征哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文AbstractWithmodemscienceandtechnology,news,whichselvesasrapiddevelopmentofoneofthemostimportantmasscommunications,isgettingmoreandmorecloselyrelatedtohumanlife.Hence,newstranslationinevitablyplaysanimportantroleininformationcommunication.ThisthesisaimsatresearchingintothefeaturesofjoumalisticEnglishanditstranslationtheoryfordevelopingtheeffectivewaysoftranslationofjournalisticEnglish.Thethesisfirstintroducestherelevantknowledgeofnews.Itincludesthedefinitionofnews,newsworthinessandtypesofnews.ChaptertwoistotheorizethemethodologyIapplyinthisthesis.First,Iintroducesomeprincipaltranslationtheories,includingEugeneA.Nida’stheory,functionaltheoryandsometraditionalChinesetranslationtheories.ThenImakeadetailedjntroductionofPeterNewmark…scommunicativetranslationandsemantictranslation’’theoryandexplainwhyItakehistheoryasthetheoreticaldirectioninnewstranslation.FinallyIfocusonthenewstranslationondifferentlevels.Inthispart,certainstylisticfeaturesofjournalisticEnglishandnewsstructureareanalyzed.Andspecifiedtranslationmethodsaredisplayedrespectivelyondifferentlevels,suchaslexica!,syntacticandrhetoricallevels.InthepracticeofjoumalisticEnglishtranslation,howNewmark’stheoryisappliedisalsoclearlyexplained.Keywords:JournalisticEnglish;TranslationTheory;CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation;StylisticFeatures哈尔滨工程大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:本文的所有工作,是在导师的指导下,由作者本人独立完成。
英语笔译文献综述

英语笔译文献综述Here is an essay on the topic of "A Literature Review on English-Chinese Translation" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The field of English-Chinese translation has been a subject of extensive research and study for decades. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for accurate and effective translation services has grown significantly. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research in this field, highlighting key themes, methodologies, and areas for further exploration.One of the primary focuses in English-Chinese translation research has been on the linguistic and cultural challenges inherent in the process. Scholars have examined the differences in grammatical structures, idioms, and cultural references between the two languages, and how these disparities can impact the quality and accuracy of translations. Studies have explored strategies for navigating these challenges, such as the use of machine translation, the role of human translators, and the importance of cultural awareness and adaptation.Another area of research has been the impact of technological advancements on the translation industry. The rise of machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and cloud-based platforms has transformed the way translation services are delivered. Researchers have investigated the strengths and limitations of these technologies, as well as the implications for the role of human translators in the future. Additionally, studies have examined the ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in translation, such as issues of data privacy, bias, and the potential displacement of human workers.The quality and evaluation of English-Chinese translations have also been the subject of extensive research. Scholars have developed frameworks and methodologies for assessing the accuracy, fluency, and overall effectiveness of translations, taking into account factors such as linguistic equivalence, cultural appropriateness, and the intended purpose of the translation. These evaluation methods have been applied to a wide range of translation contexts, including literary works, technical documents, and business communications.Another area of focus in the field of English-Chinese translation is the training and professional development of translators. Researchers have explored the skills, knowledge, and competencies required for effective translation, and have investigated the bestpractices for educating and training translators. This includes the use of translation-specific curricula, the integration of technology into the learning process, and the importance of ongoing professional development and certification.In addition to these core areas of research, scholars have also examined the role of English-Chinese translation in various domains, such as international business, education, and healthcare. These studies have explored the unique challenges and considerations that arise in these specialized contexts, and have provided insights into the strategies and approaches that can lead to successful translations.Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of English-Chinese translation, there are still many areas that require further research and exploration. For example, the impact of globalization and the increasing use of English as a lingua franca on translation practices is an emerging area of interest. Additionally, the ethical implications of translation, such as the potential for misrepresentation or the perpetuation of cultural biases, warrant deeper examination.Furthermore, the field of English-Chinese translation would benefit from more interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from fields such as linguistics, cognitive science, and cultural studies. By fostering a more holistic and multifaceted approach to translationresearch, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances involved in the process.In conclusion, the field of English-Chinese translation has been the subject of extensive research and study, yielding valuable insights into the linguistic, cultural, and technological challenges involved in the translation process. As the demand for translation services continues to grow, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners work together to advance the field, develop innovative solutions, and ensure the highest quality of translation services. By doing so, they can contribute to greater cross-cultural understanding and effective communication in an increasingly globalized world.。
新闻英语中被动句的翻译【文献综述】

文献综述英语新闻英语中被动句的翻译一、前言部分(说明写作的目的,介绍有关概念,扼要说明有关主题争论焦点)英语和汉语两种语言当中都有被动句。
但两者不同的是英语中比较广泛的使用被动句,而汉语则较少使用被动句。
我们汉语中的被动句是靠被动词来实现的。
如,我的手被蚊子咬了一个包;我的书被谁拿走了等。
而英语中的被动句是靠英语动词本身的变位来实现的。
像我们刚刚接触英语当中的动词时,我们都会背英语动词的时态,如过去式,被动式等。
汉语的被式是靠意思,而英语的被动式是靠动词的形态。
那英语当中被动句的广泛应用必然有他的道理。
在不说出主动者或不想提出主动者的情况下,使用被动句让整个句子不带有感情色彩,简洁明了,把被动语态想要表达的问题放在主语的位置上,引起共鸣。
在英语新闻中一般传达的是事实,让人们能从简短的文字当中快速的了解作者的意图。
所以用被动句,把客观事实把在主语的位置上,能突出主题。
如为被动句(Passive),简单来说就是把我们的宾语放在了主语的位置上,而把主语作为动作的发出者放在了句子的后面。
而有的时候发出动作的主语并没有出现在句子当中,而是在句子表达的意思的画面之外。
那什么时候比较容易出现被动句呢?根据Biter的研究发现,英语被动句在学术文章及新闻报导和科技文章中极为常见,而在会话体小说与会话中却不多见。
那我们又如何正确理解英语新闻中被动句的翻译呢?首先,英语新闻中被动句的功能。
被动句的语用功能之一就是表达礼貌或委婉之意,特别是在言者或作者通过不想提及的人或物时,被动句的这种优势就会非常明显。
而有时为了使表达更加鲜明语义连贯,也加强了被动句的使用。
其次在是语境上,被动句的使用往往也会受上下文的影响。
有的时候为了尽量避免句子中途改变主语造成的句子不连贯,而不得不用被动句。
要某些时候文章当中没有必要多次重复时,也不得不使用被动句。
再次,就是语体的使用上。
一般来说主动句的使用频率高于被动句,但要是在不同的语体中也会出现被动句比主动句用的多的情况。
【文献综述】An Analysis of Language Features of English News Headlines

文献综述英语An Analysis of Language Features of English NewsHeadlines1. Situation of the ResearchA news headline is the “soul” of an article which gives an immediate revelation of its essence. A good headline can not only attract the readers’ attention, trigger their desire to read but also help them to grasp the main points of the news. Since the special function of news story in our society currently, many scholars from all over the world have paid their focus on the study of news. Through their hardworking, there have been a lot of valuable investigation, theories and approaches applied for further study in future. Moreover, the study of news headline has been a tradition and trend in the realm of news research, which is because news headline is playing a unique role in the whole article (Reah, D. 2002: 13-19). Now, researches on news headlines abroad and at home have made continuous achievements in various aspects.For a longtime, the discussion of news has been the central part of mass media study, which has penetrated into the study of mass communication. In mass communication, there are three basic elements: the sender expresses and edits a message by the means of media; medium is the device of passing the information through time and space; and the receiver is the individual to whom the message is directed (Bell. A. 1991:78). According to these theoretical basics, news headlines are the essence of message that the sender wants to tell the readers. From this point, the special importance of news headlines is obvious to be seen. The best and most comprehensive work is accounted to Van Dijk’s News analysis. In this book, Van Dijk analyzed over 400 million headlines in the Dutch press reporting about an occasion of radical tension between the Dutch and immigrant groups. Under the context of discourse analysis, he pointed out, the complex ideological implication of headlines. Meanwhile, Van Dijk has advanced that “Undoubtedly, the most prominent feature of news discourse is the headlines(1988: 34). They subjectively express the most important information of the text,that is, the main topic of the semantic macrostructure. They define the situation and, thus, program the reader with a preferred reading and interpretation plan.”Meanwhile, some studies can be seen in some journalists. In 1994, Huang Weihe, published “An Exploration to Types and Linguistic Features of English Headlines” (1999:23). In 1995, Guo Ke carried on the comparative study of features between English and Chinese headlines. In 2001, Shang Yuanyuan compared the impact of variables of context on both generic structure potential and specific language expression from a functional approach by analyzing news headlines (2001:28).2. Existing Problems in the ResearchWith all efforts in the all around research, the thesis achieved some points. But it is really necessary to state that there indeed exist inevitable limitations. It only refers to some most basic issues of the researches of news headline, which ignored some important explorations or developments. Secondly, although this thesis cited some specific news headlines, but the amount is not enough, so it cannot avoid some doubt on the representativeness. Besides, the selected headlines were chosen randomly from the different sections in newspapers including news about world, region, politics, business, education and so on. But the distribution of every section is not so uniform.In the process of writing this paper, maybe it is hard for me to get the useful English materials; I think I can get it from network. During the process of my research, I encountered various problems beyond my ability. In these circumstances, I consulted the teachers; and with their help, I referred to the reference books and materials in library; additionally, discussions with my classmates were also of great value during my research.Experts from both abroad and home have researched the topic deeply, there still leaves much space for improvement in future research. First, a contrastive study in English and Chinese news headlines is untouched. The contrastive study of relevance and presupposition can be studied as a further project. Second, a deep and comprehensive investigation based on a large range o data deserves further study. The research can take a variety of topics ranging from politics, education, sports, entertainment to business. Third, a particular comparative study can be made between different headline sections in newspapers to examine the possible discrepancy in the application n pragmatic theories. It is hoped that this thesis can shed some light on the study of English new headlines from the perspective of pragmatics.3. Orientation of the ResearchIn view of the limitations stated above, it is certain that the present study makes no claim to completeness and leaves much space for improvement in future research. First, a contrastive study in English and Chinese news headlines is untouched. The contrastive study of relevance and presupposition can be studied as a further project. Second, a deep and comprehensive investigation based on a large range o data deserves further study. The research can take a variety of topics ranging from politics, education, sports, entertainment to business. Third, a particular comparative study can be made between different headline sections in newspapers to examine the possible discrepancy in the application n pragmatic theories. It is hoped that this thesis can shed some light on the study of English new headlines from the perspective of pragmatics. Meanwhile, apart from new headlines, there are other types of titles for discourses. More or less, they have some features in common. Therefore, understanding the features of news headline will help us to understand other types of titles, too.The translation of journalistic English including English news headline plays a crucial role in the public affairs of our country as well as in our daily work and life, for it can bring us a great deal of latest information of the world, almost including every field of life. Because of this, we can learn and understand the advanced and advantageous information in the world. Though the translation of news reporting is very valuable, it is really a hard task to fulfill. It requires special translation strategies because journalistic English is quite different from English of other styles. Therefore, the author introduces some strategies for translating English news headlines and gives some examples. On the whole, we can understand better, knowing the features of the English news headline. What’s more, we could translate the headline in a proper way form learning it. The strategies of translation are based on the headline features. Through using some techniques, we could translate the headline better.A headline is the fundamental part of any news. Its language features are so different from those of news that it is often seen as a special kind of style and discussed separately. Generally speaking, a good headline is characterized by conciseness, originality and attractiveness. It is probably for this reason that beginners to journalistic English have no ideaof what the report says at the first sight of its headlines and feel it difficult to comprehend and translate the headlines. But if they get into a full knowledge of the features of English news headlines, it will not be a big problem to understand and translate English news headlines. 4. Process of the ResearchOwing to the increasingly frequent international communication, English newspaper becomes more and more prevalent. News headlines, the condensed essence of news, are helpful for people to get news in formation. Thus, the study of it is not only necessary but also urgent.First phase( -- ):Actively collect, gather and analyze relevant academic materials, carefully read the materials on hands and choose the most useful essays to finally makea preliminary summery toward this topic of An Analytic Study on the LanguageFeatures of English News HeadlinesSecond phase(- ):Further comb the related academic materials and essays, find out the focuses of this topic to form opinions and collect all the arguments for this essay, form the basic frame of this essay and create the first draft.Third phase(- ):Carefully correct, fulfill, perfect and improve the essay under the guidance of the tutor to form the second draft. Hand this draft to the tutor for a checkout. Fourth phase():Checking and finding out the mistakes, adding what is still needed and to be prepared for the final draft.5. Works Cited[1] Bell. A. The Language of News Media [M]. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1991:78.[2] Crowell, Alfred A. Creative News Editing[M]. Dubuque: Brown Company Publishers,1975: 112.[3] Danuta R. The Language of Newspapers [M]. London: Routledge, 2002: 57.[4] Merriam Webster, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary [M]. Washington:Merriam Webster Inc, 1976: 243.[5] New York time [N]. New York: New York Press, 2007.[6] Reah, D. Newspapers [M]. London: Routledge, 2002: 13-19.[7] Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language andResearch Press, 2001.[8] Twenty-first century [J]. Beijing: China Daily Press, 2007.。
新闻英汉翻译与策略研究

新闻英汉翻译与策略研究摘要:在新闻行业中,英汉翻译越来越受到重视。
新闻报道具有独有的翻译特点,不同社会文化背景下,语言使用者可以通过翻译,将原语言翻译为目标语言,以此来满足一定的社会目的。
在对新闻报道的相关概念进行介绍和概括的基础上,新闻报道的词汇特点、语言风格及政治因素具有较大差异,但无论是口译还是笔译,都需牢牢把握感情色彩,避免因为用词不当影响到报社整体效益,为报社声誉带来不良影响。
关键词:新闻报道翻译特点语言词汇引言随着信息流动速度的加快和多媒体技术的发展,新闻传播变得更快速、全面、丰富,跨语言传播的需求日益增长。
新闻翻译在此背景下扮演着重要角色,需要适应多样化的呈现方式,跨越语言和文化的障碍,满足快速传播时效性的要求。
1新闻翻译国内新闻翻译研究发展大致分为三个阶段:1970年前为萌芽阶段,1970年—1999年为发展阶段,2000至今为繁荣阶段。
学者们对新闻翻译的研究主要包括新闻翻译的理论及原则研究、翻译批评、新闻写作的特点和翻译策略。
大多数研究者采用理论与实践相结合的方法,以解决实际问题为出发点,为该领域的进一步研究奠定了良好的基础。
陈明瑶建议在新闻翻译中运用不同的策略,实现信息对等。
吴自选建议通过删减、补充、替换等方式对原新闻进行改写,以克服文化背景、思维方式和意识形态的差异。
随着国内新闻业的繁荣与国际交流的深入,更多资深记者加入新闻翻译的研究中,2006年由刘洪潮主编的《怎么做新闻翻译》一书,介绍了32位新闻翻译领域专家的心得体会以及如何避免新闻翻译中常见的错误。
2009年,刘其中在《英汉新闻翻译》书中强调了翻译方法论研究的重要性,指出翻译理论、翻译技巧对翻译研究具有深远意义。
国外对新闻翻译的研究早在20世纪初就开始了。
全球化与本地化并存,并提出新闻翻译不仅仅是从一种语言转化为另一种语言,而是翻译、编辑、改写等相结合。
从近年国内外研究现状来看,目前学者们对新闻翻译的研究已不再局限于新闻本身,而是将翻译视为新闻传播的重要组成部分。
新闻英语翻译研究文献综述

新闻英语翻译研究文献综述新闻英语,即“新闻报道文章中所使用的英语,具有新闻特性、适合新闻报道要求、适应新闻信息传播需要的语言”(张建,2004),成为了对外宣传的重要工具,特别是进入新世纪以来,对新闻翻译这一领域的关注日益增强,近年来,我国学者关于这方面的研究也逐渐逐渐多元化,从现有文献来看,主要集中在新闻本身的文体特点及翻译方法、新闻翻译理论、新闻翻译原则等方面。
1 新闻文体特点及翻译方法的研究文献综述徐泉、王婷(2001)总结出新闻文体的如下特点:1.用词新颖,精巧别致;2.句式多样富于弹性;3.巧用时态,布局呼应;4.频繁使用被动语态,重点突出;5.结构合理层次分明;6.善用修辞,讲求效果。
就语法层面的翻译而言,李侠(2004)分析了英语新闻句子的四大特点:1.信息量大;2.结构简单; 3.语法手段丰富;4.名词修饰语前置。
李认为在翻译英语新闻时,必须遵循汉英两种语言的规律和使用习惯,努力增强译作的准确性和可读性,并提出了英语新闻句子汉译的3种方法: 1.化长为短; 2.调整句子中各部分的顺序与敢减敢删;3.使用四字格结构。
曾尼(2010)从新闻英语的标题、词汇和时态及语态的角度,论述了新闻英语的一些文体特征。
比如,由于报刊篇幅有限,新闻事件在语法方面的一个重要特点就是句型的高度扩展,结构严谨,句式简短精练,语言简洁是受人们称赞并为人们所追求的风格。
郑连勋、郑堃(2011)认为新闻英语的问题与其他形式的新闻问题相同,拥有许多属于自己的独特语言。
在理解其用词特点的基础上面,代词、复合词、外来词等应用方式,也是新闻英语用词方面的关键,从英语新闻报道展开分析,以借代词、引申词、复合词、外来词、小词语缩略词、临时造词等方面为例探讨了英语新闻当中的用词特点。
不少学者就这些文体特点的翻译进行了单项阐述。
王治江(2001)提出了新闻外来词语音译中应注意的原则,即人名和地名中翻译要统一,不仅要译出指称意义,还要译出联想意义,但要避免产生贬义联想。
英语新闻导语及其翻译【lunwen+开题+综述】

BI YE LUN WEN(20_ _届)英语英语新闻导语及其翻译English News Lead and TranslationContentsAbstract (4)1 Introduction (5)2 Lead (6)2.1 The inverted pyramid form (6)2.2 Development of lead (7)2.3 Characteristics of lead (8)2.3.1 Information concentration (8)2.3.2 Compact syntax (9)2.3.3 Dateline and news source (9)3 Translation of Lead (10)3.1 Separation and combination (11)3.2 Restructuring of information (12)3.3 Changing the position of news source (13)3.4 Changing the form of time (14)3.5 Backgrounding (14)4 Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)Acknowledgements (17)摘要本文以英语新闻导语作为研究对象。
先简要介绍新闻的广义与狭义的定义,分类和体裁。
新闻报道作为最广泛使用的一种新闻体裁,通常由标题、导语和正文三部分组成。
倒金字塔结构作为新闻报道最通用的写作结构,它的问世带动了导语的发展,先后产生了三代导语,并且在今天仍不断地向着多样化的方向发展,呈现出百花齐放的局面。
导语在新闻中的作用日渐显著,它的发展丰富了新闻的内容,使新闻更具有可读性。
导语大体上分为直接性导语和延缓性导语。
导语信息浓缩,句法紧凑,注明电头和消息来源。
本文的研究重点为导语的翻译策略,根据导语的特点,结合中英新闻导语的差异,翻译导语过程中需要采用拆分与整合,信息重组,消息来源位置置换,更换时间的表达形式和背景解释等策略。
英语新闻导语及其翻译【lunwen+开题+综述】

BI YE LUN WEN(20_ _届)英语英语新闻导语及其翻译English News Lead and TranslationContentsAbstract (4)1 Introduction (5)2 Lead (6)2.1 The inverted pyramid form (6)2.2 Development of lead (7)2.3 Characteristics of lead (8)2.3.1 Information concentration (8)2.3.2 Compact syntax (9)2.3.3 Dateline and news source (9)3 Translation of Lead (10)3.1 Separation and combination (11)3.2 Restructuring of information (12)3.3 Changing the position of news source (13)3.4 Changing the form of time (14)3.5 Backgrounding (14)4 Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)Acknowledgements (17)摘要本文以英语新闻导语作为研究对象。
先简要介绍新闻的广义与狭义的定义,分类和体裁。
新闻报道作为最广泛使用的一种新闻体裁,通常由标题、导语和正文三部分组成。
倒金字塔结构作为新闻报道最通用的写作结构,它的问世带动了导语的发展,先后产生了三代导语,并且在今天仍不断地向着多样化的方向发展,呈现出百花齐放的局面。
导语在新闻中的作用日渐显著,它的发展丰富了新闻的内容,使新闻更具有可读性。
导语大体上分为直接性导语和延缓性导语。
导语信息浓缩,句法紧凑,注明电头和消息来源。
本文的研究重点为导语的翻译策略,根据导语的特点,结合中英新闻导语的差异,翻译导语过程中需要采用拆分与整合,信息重组,消息来源位置置换,更换时间的表达形式和背景解释等策略。
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新闻英语翻译研究文献综述新闻英语,即“新闻报道文章中所使用的英语 ,具有新闻特性、适合新闻报道要求、适应新闻信息传播需要的语言” (张建,2004),成为了对外宣传的重要工具,特别是进入新世纪以来,对新闻翻译这一领域的关注日益增强,近年来,我国学者关于这方面的研究也逐渐逐渐多元化,从现有文献来看,主要集中在新闻本身的文体特点及翻译方法、新闻翻译理论、新闻翻译原则等方面。
1 新闻文体特点及翻译方法的研究文献综述徐泉、王婷(2001)总结出新闻文体的如下特点:1.用词新颖,精巧别致;2.句式多样富于弹性;3.巧用时态,布局呼应;4.频繁使用被动语态,重点突出;5.结构合理层次分明;6.善用修辞,讲求效果。
就语法层面的翻译而言,李侠(2004)分析了英语新闻句子的四大特点:1.信息量大;2.结构简单; 3.语法手段丰富;4.名词修饰语前置。
李认为在翻译英语新闻时, 必须遵循汉英两种语言的规律和使用习惯,努力增强译作的准确性和可读性, 并提出了英语新闻句子汉译的 3 种方法: 1.化长为短; 2.调整句子中各部分的顺序与敢减敢删;3.使用四字格结构。
曾尼(2010)从新闻英语的标题、词汇和时态及语态的角度,论述了新闻英语的一些文体特征。
比如,由于报刊篇幅有限,新闻事件在语法方面的一个重要特点就是句型的高度扩展,结构严谨,句式简短精练,语言简洁是受人们称赞并为人们所追求的风格。
郑连勋、郑?(2011)认为新闻英语的问题与其他形式的新闻问题相同,拥有许多属于自己的独特语言。
在理解其用词特点的基础上面,代词、复合词、外来词等应用方式,也是新闻英语用词方面的关键,从英语新闻报道展开分析,以借代词、引申词、复合词、外来词、小词语缩略词、临时造词等方面为例探讨了英语新闻当中的用词特点。
不少学者就这些文体特点的翻译进行了单项阐述。
王治江(2001)提出了新闻外来词语音译中应注意的原则,即人名和地名中翻译要统一,不仅要译出指称意义,还要译出联想意义,但要避免产生贬义联想。
范晓航(2003)认为在外文报刊翻译中运用短小精悍的汉语四字格可使译文笔墨经济,以少胜多,也可使译文整齐匀称、韵律感强。
肖爱萍( 2004)分析了英文报刊中复合词的特点并提供了直译、意译和重组三种翻译方法。
龙江华(2005)采用随机抽样及处理得出了新闻英语文体中被动语态出现频率在各类文体中最高的结论。
认为被动语态同时具有缓和语气、强调动作承受者,使语篇话语衔接和连贯的作用。
他较系统地归纳出了依据具体语境对新闻英语中被动语态进行翻译的方法:1.译成汉语中的被字句;2.译成汉语中有标志的被动句,运用“受、挨、遭、给、由、让、加以、予以、得到、受到、是”的对等词来代替“被”字;3.译成无标志的被动句;4.译成汉语的主动句。
还有学者从新闻英语修辞手法角度进行研究。
田传茂、许明武(2001)对报刊科技英语中积极修辞(隐喻、移就、夸张、拟人)的作用和翻译方法进行了详细探讨。
胡光(2004)对英汉两种语言中比喻的喻体形象进行了比较在此基础上提出了新闻英语汉译时对喻体现象的处理方法:1.保留喻体二2. 替换喻体;3.省略喻体。
此外,在新闻写作中,标点符号有其独特功能。
但在报刊新闻英语翻译中,人们往往忽略标点符号在行文表意方面的重要作用。
为此,马芜、田小勇(2003)探讨了新闻英语中出现频率较高的 3 种标点符号即逗号、冒号和破折号的正确理解与翻译。
在英语新闻中,标题被视作全文的缩写。
为了吸引读者,编辑往往运用各种修辞手段,力争使新闻标题更具吸引力。
这为英语新闻翻译带来挑战。
鉴于此,有关新闻标题翻译的文章占了 20%的高额比例。
唐见端(2005)认为为了把原标题的意义和风格以汉语形式再现出来 , 在翻译过程中必须采取以下翻译方法:1.直译或基本直译新闻标题;2.翻译中添加注释性词语;3.尽量再现原文修辞特点;4.采用翻译权衡手法(增加词语使意义完整;套用中外诗词熟句)。
这篇文章较为全面地总结了新闻标题翻译的方法,但更值得关注的是它发表于《新闻记者》这一新闻类的核心期刊,体现了新闻翻译的跨学科研究性质。
2. 新闻翻译理论的研究文献综述对新闻翻译理论的研究,主要有目的论理论、功能对等理论、关联理论、文化学派翻译理论、主述位理论和互文性理论等。
(1)目的论翻译目的论(skopostheory)是由德国译论家汉斯.弗米尔发展起来的翻译理论模式。
根据目的论,所有翻译应遵循三个法则:目的性法则,连贯性法则以及忠实性法则(李文革,2004)。
目的法则是最高法则,连贯法则和忠实法则从属与目的法则。
目的论摆脱了传统的以源语为翻译出发点的方法,认为翻译策略的选择当以译文的目的为指导,充分考虑译文读者的阅读习惯,选择合适的翻译方法。
肖燕(2011) 以目的论为切入点来探讨新闻英语的翻译。
刘江伟(2009)以目的论作为理论支撑,以目的论的四个原则作为指导,分析了英语体育新闻报道的汉译。
(2)功能对等理论功能对等理论由著名翻译理论家尤金?A?奈达(Eugene Nida)提出。
所谓动态对等翻译,是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语信息。
所谓“功能对等” ,本质就是找出与源语言联系最紧密、表达最自然的符合译语表达习惯,并能在译语读者身上引起与源语言读者反应基本一致的翻译,即翻译时不求文字表面的死板对应,而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。
王慧娟(2008)奈达的功能对等理论作为新闻英语翻译的原则,说明了新闻英语的词汇翻译、句子翻译、修辞及语篇翻译实现功能对等是切实可行的。
张艺苑(2010)从功能派翻译理论的视角出发,具体分析了新闻英语的汉译中常见的翻译策略,如增益,省略,重组,归化等,提出新闻英语的汉译中由上至下的四大步骤,即,建立明确的翻译纲要,源语文本分析,采用自上而下的翻译方法和实现功能充分性。
冯小瑞(2010)通过分析新闻英语特征,利用奈达的功能对等翻译理论来探寻网络新闻英语翻译的有效方法。
刘彬(2012)也以奈达的功能对等理论为理论依据,探讨了新闻英语翻译的有效策略。
张立峰(2011) 以奈达的功能对等理论为基础, 探讨了时事新闻英语翻译的策略及方法。
(3)关联理论Sperber 和 Wilson 从认知科学的角度对语言交际进行了尝试性的探讨,提出了有影响的关联理论,将语用学的研究重点转移到认知理论上去,在西方又被称为“认知语用学” 。
赵彦春(1999)以关联理论为工具证伪了翻译理论界的两个超级酶母:不可译性和对等原则,由此佐证了关联翻译的合理性和解释力。
龙江华(2006) 把互文性理论引入新闻英语语篇风格的翻译研究,认为新闻英语译者应将原新闻英语语篇的风格、原新闻记者的风格以及同类汉语新闻的风格融合起来, 力求使译文的风格做到恰如其分。
(4)主述位理论主述位理论是功能语言学的一个重要概念。
主位是各级话语单位表述的出发点,是交际中的已知信息;述位是用来说明主位的 ,一般是新信息,是交际中未知的内容。
新闻报道的主要社会职能是把有报道价值的事件尽快报道出来,它侧重于语言的信息和劝说功能。
新闻报道的功能就是把最新的信息传递给公众,而主述位理论则是以语言在语篇结构中的信息分布为研究对象的一种理论探讨 ,将主述理论运用于新闻英语的翻译中 , 可以最大限度地提高翻译的准确性,实现交际和信息传递的目的。
黄振宇,刘蓓( 2004)通过对主述位理论及主位推进模式的阐述和对新闻英语语篇结构的分析,初步探讨了主述位理论在新闻英语翻译中的制约作用。
(5)互文性理论互文性理论是西方结构主义和后结构主义文化思潮中产生的一种文本理论,这一理论最早由法国理论家克里斯蒂娃在阐述巴赫金的复调文本思想时提出,她认为任何篇章都是对其它篇章的吸收和转化,独创的文学作品是不存在的;今天互文性理论得到了很大的发展,其不仅运用于文学作品中,在非文学作品中也得到了广泛的应用。
刘永亮(2008)从互文性的视角对新闻英语及其翻译进行分析、阐释作者对新闻英语从两个视角进行了互文性阐释。
3.新闻翻译原则的研究文献综述学者严复于一百多年前在其翻译的《天演论》卷首“译例言” 中提出“信、达、雅”的标准作为“译事措模” 。
新闻报道的目的性、时效性、事实性和不同语言和文化的差异性使得新闻翻译具有自身的特点。
因此,新闻翻译不可能完全遵循传统的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。
新闻翻译应该采取哪些翻译准则、遵循哪些翻译标准,一直众说纷纭。
陈明瑶(2001)提出了新闻翻译中导语等值的翻译标准 ,所谓翻译等值就是保持源语与目的语的信息对等。
她认为导语等值翻译的前提是正确对导语进行分类,然后根据具体分类采取不同翻译方法。
“信”和“达”是关键,“雅”是补充。
具体而言,如果是概括性导语,从句重叠,则需要译者进行分析调整,忠实原文,简明达意。
如果是原因方式导语,则需要强调关联词、强调主从关系、强调逻辑关联。
如果是延缓性导语,可以采取适当的文学加工,以在求“信” 、求“达”的前提下求“雅” 。
如果是引语式导语,则要十分重视说话人的言语特点、语境、语气等。
郜书锴(2003)从新闻学角度总结出新闻标题的三大功能:1.提炼内容;2.美化版面;3.吸引读者。
他还进一步提出了英语新闻标题翻译准则:1.准确理解标题,用词力求精炼;2.把握原题含义,照顾译题特点;3.传播积极信息,维护民族感情;4.恰当运用修辞,体现标题魅力。
导语是新闻的一个重要结构,是信息集中的热点,但其形式各异。
吴自选(2004)结合自己担任天津电视台向 CNN 选送新闻短片英译工作的实践,以大量实例从文化差异、原稿质量和电视新闻广播的特殊要求三方面,对“信”的标准提出了质疑。
认为为了实现预期的、较为理想的对外传播效果,电视新闻译者常常不得不“背叛”原文(不仅是抛开原文的字面,而且往往要脱离原文的意义与风格)。
庄起敏(2005)用实例论证了在新闻词汇翻译中坚持功能对等原则的必要性。
新闻英语翻译不仅是翻译研究者研究的课题,也是新闻工作者关注的对象之一。