Unit 11 (tips and answers)

Unit 11In-class activities:1. (1) It is not appropriate for the student to write the sentence with nodocumentation in his research paper because academic paper writers must demonstrate to the readers exactly what has been borrowed from each and every reference and where.(2) APA style in-text citation should be as follows:Levinson (1983, p. 10) distinguishes the language-specific pragmatics of individual languages from universal pragmatics of all the languages in the world.2. (1) The MLA style.(2) Basic APA/MLA differences:a. The APA style is usually applied to psychology, education, business, socialsciences and related fields, while the MLA style is usually applied in the humanities.b. The documentation in the APA style consists of parenthetical references(author‟s last name, date, page number), references, and optional footnotes or endnotes (footnotes or endnotes are used only for analysis and commentary, not for citation). In contrast, the documentation in the MLA style consists of parenthetical references (author‟s last name, page number), Works Cited, and optional footnotes or endnotes (used for commentary only).3. (1) There are four citations in this passage. They are Fraser (1980), Holmes (1984),George Lakoff (1972) and Brown and Levinson (1978).(2) The reporting verbs or phrases used in this passage include “propose” and “referto”.4. (1) The in-text citation does not provide the information of the specific pages. (2) The in-text citation can be improved in this way:In performing a locutionary act, we are also performing what we may call “an illocutionary act”, for example, asking or answering a question, giving some information or an assurance or a warning, announcing a verdict or an intention, pronouncing sentence, making an appointment or an appeal or a criticism (Austin, 1962, p.98-99).5. (1) There are two errors according to the APA style. They are (Leech 1983; Holmes(2) If the passage is converted into the MLA style, the page number of the workin which the cited information appears should be inserted in parentheses.6. (1) The citation form (Peters, 2001a: 14) and (Peters, 2001a: 18-19) in the passageshould be (Peters, 2001a, p.14) and (Peters, 2001a, pp.18-19); the form ((Olssen, 2000; Olssen & Morris Matthews, 1995) should be (Olssen, 2000; Olssen & Matthews, 1995).(2) Many students use direct quotes when, in fact, they could be paraphrasing orsummarising with their ability to understand and interpret information. There are no strict rules about how many indirect and direct quotations to use in the writing, but it is generally agreed that the use of indirect quotation (summaries and paraphrases) indicates a higher level of understanding. We should, therefore, try to paraphrase and summarise with our own words.Post-Class Tasks1.Academic paper writers must demonstrate to the readers exactly where the citations are from.Citation should observe the following principles:First, the citation must be of direct relevance to the issue of the current researcher‟s concern.Second, the citation must be faithful to the original reference. In other words, no deviation in meaning is allowed since it will not only misguide the readers but also hurt the validity of argumentation in academic writing.Third, the citation must be as fresh as possible.Fourth, the citation must be as economical as possible. In other words, lengthy citations that include unnecessary details are not welcome in academic writing.2.The following is a possible version:Hyland (2002, p.14) points out that one of the most important methods that reader adopts in reconstructing a writer‟s intention is through regularities of discourse structure. The Rhetorical-Grammatical approach (Lackstrom, 1973; Trimble, 1985) has made a pioneering contribution to the research on the rhetorical macro-structure of texts. In the present study, expository writing is seen as a nested pattern of units so that lower-level rhetorical functions combine to make up higher-level functions. Thus a technical article may include the following processes, where Level D techniques together create Level C functions, which develops Level B functions, etc (Trimble, 1985, p.11).3.The unreasoning use of land gives rise to the increasing area of the deserts in Africa, Asia, andLatin America. What‟s worse, whether in rich countries or in poor countries, a wide range of dry regions have less and less ability of food production.4. a. Saying is doing (Searle page number).b. Kasper, G and House K reported that interlanguage competence develops in acomplex manner (page number).c. Pike‟s next point is that the idea of communication as a simple decoding processis prevalent in a semiotic approach to advertising (page number).d. correcte. According to Bloomfield, structural description is the best way to know languageas it is (page number).f. Another kind of criticism is about word-use, as proposed by Donaldson andBalfour (page number).g. By Davis and Stasz, two critical sociologists, the political economy is the mainsource of criminal law and deviant labeling.5. In the MLA style, an in-text citation normally appears at the end of a sentence andis followed by the punctuation for the sentence itself.6. a. False Web pages and other Internet sources are created by an author or authors.If you use something from the Internet, you have to cite it.b. False Whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarize someone else‟s words orideas, you have to cite them.c. Trued. False Citing a conversation is the same as citing an article or a book. Any timeyou quote someone‟s words, whether they‟re printed, spoken or sung, you have to cite them.e. False A ny time you use someone‟s words or ideas, no matter what the form is,you have to cite it.f. Trueg. False U sing someone else‟s words without acknowledging who wrote them,even when you blend those phrases with your own, is plagiarism.h. False When you summarize a block of text, you have to cite the source withinyour paper.i. Truej. False Whenever you quote someone else‟s words, you have to designate what they say by using q uotation marks to show that you‟ve borrowed it and to set it apart from your own writing.。