定语从句(关系代词)
定语从句之关系代词

定语从句I 关系代词定义:在复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫做定语从句。
基本构成:先行词+关系间+定语从句。
先行词:它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
关系词:连接先行同和定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句,同时指代先行词,并在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
引导定语从句的关系词有两类:关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose等,关系副词有when, where, why等。
一、关系代词的用法1.who指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。
Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。
(作主语)Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins.丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的一个人。
(作宾语)2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替。
Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.罗丝是你应该关心的人。
(作宾语)3.whose可修饰人,也可修饰物,表"所属"关系,whose在定语从句中作定语。
I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.我认识那个人,他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。
(作定语)4.which指事物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。
5.that既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
习惯上指人多用who, whom,指物多用which.The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。
定语从句--关系代词

is a policeman.
三 如何运用定语从句的关系词
先行词
关系词
主 宾语 表语 定语 状语 语
人/物 that 物 which
人 who
人
whn 原因 why
地点 where
√√ √ √√ √√
√ √ √ 时间
√ 原因 √ 地点
a policeman.
2. The man is a policeman. His brother is shaking hands with my father.
= The man whose brother is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
先行词 + 关系词 (引导词)+ 句子(成分是否完整?)
1. 连接作用
关系代词
2. 指代先行词
3. 在定语从句中作句子成分 的特点
用定语从句将两个简单句合为一个复合句 1. The man is a policeman. He is shaking hands
with my father. = The man who is shaking hands with my father is
五大基本句型:
主 谓(Vi)
主 谓(Vt) 宾
主 谓(Vt) 宾 宾
主 谓 (Vt) 宾 宾补
主系
表
There be
一. 定语从句的定义与分类
定语从句句式

定语从句句式定语从句定义:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句;被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
种类:关系代词:who、whom、whose、which、that关系副词:where、when、why准关系代词:as、but、than复合关系代词:what、whatever、whoever、whichever一、关系代词引导的定语从句(1)由who引导的定语从句:1.关系代词who用作主语,指人或动物;2.who;不能用作表语;(2)由who引导的定语从句:1.关系代词whom用作宾语,指人;2.whom不能用作表语;(3)由whose引导的定语从句:1.关系代词whose作定语,既可指人也可指物。
2.whose用于引导定语从句时,有“whose=of which”(4)由which引导的定语从句:1.关系代词做主语、谓语动词或介词的宾语,指物或动物;2.常用关系代词which作表语,既可指人也可指物,“人”要具有某种特性;3.which既能引导限制性定语从句,也能引导非限定性定语从句;(5)由of which/whom引导的定语从句:1.名词、不定代词、数量词+of which/whom2. of which/whom从句中作主语有两种形式:数词、名词+of which/whom 或of which/whom+数词、名词3.“名词+of which”做主语时常用“whose+名词”取代;4.of which所修饰的名词前应加上定冠词;(6)由介词+which+抽象名词引导的定语从句:1.在非限制性定语从句中,以“介词+which+抽象名词”结构补充说明,which作定语;2.the way后接定语有三种形式:不加;加that;加in which;(7)由that引导的定语从句:1.关系代词that在从句中作主语或宾语,不作介词宾语,既指人也指物;2.先行词是不定代词时,必须用that引导定语从句;3.先行词被不定代词修饰时,必须用that引导定语从句;4.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,必须用that引导定语从句;5. 先行词既有人又有物时,必须用that引导定语从句;6. 先行词被the only、the same、the last修饰时,必须用that 引导定语从句;7.以who、which引起的问句中,为避免重复,常用that引导定语从句;8.用作关系副词以修饰表示时间的名词时,常用that代替when 引导定语从句;9.构成非限制性定语从句时,不用that;10关系代词前有介词且指物时,不用that;11.先行词本身是that时,不用that;12.关系代词之后有插入成分时,不用that;二、关系副词引导的定语从句(1)由when的定语从句:1.关系副词when是兼有连词作用的副词,常用于表示时间;2.先行词为表示时间的名词;3在口语中,先行词为表示时间的名词时,可以省略when;4先行词在从句中起副词作用作时间状语时,用when引导定语从句;先行词在从句中起代词作用作宾语时,用which/that引导定语从5.在this/that/it’s后可省略先行词the time;6.现代英语口语中,the day when、the time when、the moment when可用that代替;;7.关系副词when可用恰当的“介词+which”代替;(2)由where引导的定语从句:1. 关系副词where是兼有连词作用的副词,常用于表示地点;2.先行词为表地点或有地点含义的抽象名词;3.在口语中,先行词是place、room等词时,可以省略where;4.先行词在从句中起副词作用作地点状语时,用where引导定语从句;先行词在从句中起代词作用作宾语时,用that/which引导定语从句;5. 在this/that/it’s后可省略先行词the place;6. 现代英语口语中,the place where可用the place that代替;7. 关系副词where可用恰当的“介词+which”代替;(3)由why引导的定语从句:1. 关系副词why兼有连词作用的副词,常用于表示原因;2.先行词只有reason;3.在口语中,可以省略why;4.先行词reason在从句中起副词作用表原因时,用why引导定语从句;先行词reason在从句中起代词作用作宾语时,用that/which引导定语从句;5.在this/that/it’s后可省略先行词the reason;6.现代英语口语中,the reason why可用the reason that代替;7. 关系副词why可用恰当的“介词+which”代替;(4)由介词+where/when引导的定语从句:1.from where引导的定语从句中,where代表主句提供的地点;2.since/by when引导的定语从句中,when代表主句提供的时间三、准关系代词引导的定语从句(1)由准关系代词as引导的限制性定语从句:1.as既可作引导状语从句的连词,也可作引导定语从句的关系代词;2.在such…as引导的定语从句中,as在从句中作主语或表语;3.在the same…as引导的定语从句中,as在从句中作主语或宾语;4.在as…as引导的定语从句中,as在从句中作主语;5.区别:such…as引导定语从句,such…that引导结果状语从句;6.区别:the same…as指两物相似,the same…that描述的是同一物;(2)由准关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句:1.as代表主句或主句一部分的意思,不能指代某个名词或代词;2.在as引导的非限制性定语从句中,as可以放在主句的任意位置,在从句中作主语或宾语;3.主句表否定,as引导的定语从句位于主句之后时,as指代的主句不表否定,可用but代替;4.主句表否定,as引导的定语从句位于主句之前时,as指代的主句仍表否定意义;5非限制性定语从句中,which引导的从句不能放在主句前,as 引导的从句可放在主句前后.;6.非限制性定语从句中,as/which用作关系代词时都可指代一个句子,但as有“就像”之意;7.非限制性定语从句中,当从句的谓语动词时be动词或连系动词时,as/which都可作主语;8.非限制性定语从句中,当从句的谓语动词是行为动词时,只能用which作主语;9.非限制性定语从句中,as可作连词引导状语从句,构成“as+过去分词”形式,表定语义;(3)由准关系代词but引导的定语从句:1.but本身含有否定义,相当于who/which/that…not;2.but的先行词往往是有否定义的代词或名词词组,通过双重否定表强烈肯定;3.but用于定语从句中作主语,此时谓语动词的数要与先行词一致,时态要与主句一致;4.but用于引导状语从句时,有“but=that...not”(4)由准关系代词than引导的定语从句:1.than引导的定语从句中,谓语动词的数和时态必须与被比较级修饰的先行词一致;2.than引导的状语从句中,用作连词的than可兼作关系代词在主句中作主语,than指代主句;3.than引导的状语从句中,构成“than+过去分词”结构,than 后省略了形式主语it、动词be;四、复合关系代词引导的定语从句(1)复合关系代词what引导的定语从句:1.定语从句中,what是由先行词和关系代词组成的复合词,是兼作先行词的关系代词;2.what用于指人时,what=the person that;what用于指物时,what=the thing(s) which;3.what在定语从句中起名词作用时,可作主语、宾语、表语;4.what在定语从句中起形容词作用时,修饰名词,意为“仅有的”;5.what在定语从句中起形容词作用时,常与few、little连用,意为“尽管不多,但已全部”;6.what引导的名词性从句中,无疑问义,可作从句的主语、宾语、介宾、宾补;7.what用于表比喻义的特殊结构:A is to B what C is to D;8.what组成的常用短语:What if…? 如果…怎么样?What of it?那又怎么样?(2)复合关系代词whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的定语从句:1.whoever、whomever、whichever、whatever具有名词功能,引导名词性从句;2.whoever、whomever、whichever、whatever指代未知的人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语;3.whichever、whatever在名词性从句中兼起形容词作用,修饰从句中名词,意为“仅有的”;4. whoever、whichever、whatever在名词性从句中兼起副词作用,引导让步状语从句;五、关系代词的省略1.当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时往往省略;2.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,用that且往往省略;3.当先行词为不定代词时,往往不用关系代词;4.当定语从句为there be句型时,往往不用关系代词;5.当主句为there be句型时,实际主语后若带有定语从句,作主语的关系代词有时省略;六、插入语(1)分句用作插入语:I believe、I find、I hear、I imagine、I remember、I think、I sup pose…(2)状语分句作插入语:1.可作插入语的状语分句有:as far as I know、as I told you before、if you like…2.省略形式的状语分句作插入语:if ever、if possible、if any…(3)what构成的惯用插入语:1.“what+be+比较级形容词”结构,意为“而且,尤有甚者“;2.“what we call,what is called”,意为“所谓的”;3.“what+…”的类似结构:what we consider、what you refer to as、what is referred to as…例句:This is the man who helped me.(who在从句中作主语)The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.(whom 在从句中作宾语)Do you see the house whose windows are all broken?(whose在从句中作定语)The building which stands near the river is our school.(which在从句中作主语)This is the book (which) you want.(which在从句中作谓语动词的宾语)The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.(which 在从句中作介宾)The war killed 1000 people, most of which were very young.(“不定代词+of which”的形式)The committee consists of 20 members, five of whom are women.(“数量词+of whom”的形式)Do you see the house the windows of which are all broken?(“名词+of which”作主语结构之一)Do you see the house of which the windows are all broken? (“名词+of which”作主语结构之二)It rained all night, during which time the ship broke in pieces.(“介词+which+抽象名词”结构)That’s the way (/) he spoke.(the way后接定语的形式之一)That’s the way that he did it. (the way后接定语的形式之二) That’s the way in which you answered the question. (the way后接定语的形式之三)。
定语从句 关系代词

定语从句 关系代词定义:又称形容词性从句,在复合句中修饰名词或代词,起定语作用。
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
关系副词或关系代词:引导定语从句的词。
关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语关系副词:when, where, why 在定语从句中作状语关系代词的用法:1. 发现规则:(哪些是定语) A: Who is that handsome boy? B: Which one? A: The one in blue.B: You mean the one who/that is wearing a blue jacket? A: Yes.B: Oh, he is a student whose mother is a very famous singer A: Can I help you?定人whose (=ofwhich/whom)宾 人 whom 主 人 who主 物 which主 人 that在从句中的作用 指代 关系代词B: Yes, I want to buy a ruler.A: We have plastic and stainless steel rulers. Which do you prefer?B: I prefer plastic ones.A: Yes, the ruler which / that are made of plastic are usually colorful. Here you are. B: Thank you.规则:1)名词前面的形容词2)名词后面的介词短语3)名词后面的定于从句2.观察定语从句的关系代词怎么用。
1. He who/that doesn’t reach the great wall is not a true man.2. I don’t like the girl whom/that you are talking about.3. This is the house which/that has just been painted.4. The computer which/that I bought a month ago broke down yesterday.5. The girl whose English is very good won the first place in the 100- meter race.6. This is my school whose buildings are built on the top of a hill.规则:1. that和which用于指物。
定语从句-关系代词

二,用法 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名 词或代词,并在句中充当主语,宾语, 词或代词,并在句中充当主语,宾语,定 语等成分. 语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语 时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词 保持一致. 保持一致. 1)who(主格), whom(宾格), that who(主格) whom(宾格) 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代 在从句中作主语和宾语.例如: 词,在从句中作主语和宾语.例如:
B 13.Is 13.Is there anything _____ to you? A.that is belonged B.that belongs C.which belongs D.that belong
14.The achieve14.The scientist and his achievements(成就) B ments(成就)_____ you told me about are admired by us all. A.which B.that C.who D.whose 15.Which 15.Which of the books _____ were C borrowed from him is the best? A.which B.what C.that D.whose
句型中, that, a) 在 there be 句型中,只用 that,不 which. 用 which. b) 不 定 代 词 , 如 : anything, nothing, little等 the one, all, much, few, any, little等 作先行词时, that, 作先行词时,只用 that,不用 which . c)先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时, 修饰时, c)先行词有 that. 只用 that. 先行词被序数词, d) 先行词被序数词,形容词最高级等修饰 that. 时,只用 that. 先行词既有人, e) 先行词既有人,又有物时 .
什么是定语从句的关系代词

什么是定语从句的关系代词?定语从句(Adjective Clauses)是一种从属从句,用于对主句中的名词或代词进行修饰或限定。
在定语从句中,关系代词(Relative Pronouns)在从句中起到连接作用,引导定语从句与主句中的名词或代词相连。
常见的关系代词有:who(人),whom(人,作宾语),whose(人或物的所有格),which(物),that(人或物)。
以下是一些关系代词在定语从句中的例子:- The girl who is standing over there is my sister.(站在那边的女孩是我妹妹。
)- The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(我从图书馆借来的那本书非常有趣。
)- The man whose car was stolen reported it to the police.(那个车被偷的男人向警察报案。
)- Do you know the person that I met yesterday?(你认识我昨天遇到的那个人吗?)关系代词在定语从句中起到连接主句和从句的作用,并承担从句中的一个成分,如主语、宾语或定语。
关系代词通常用于修饰或限定主句中的名词或代词,并提供关于这个名词或代词更多的信息。
需要注意的是,关系代词的选择取决于在定语从句中所扮演的角色以及所修饰的名词或代词的性质。
例如,当关系代词引导一个修饰人的定语从句时,可以使用who、whom或whose;当关系代词引导一个修饰物的定语从句时,可以使用which或that。
总之,定语从句是一种用于修饰或限定主句中的名词或代词的从属从句。
关系代词在定语从句中起到连接作用,并提供关于名词或代词更多信息的功能。
理解和正确使用关系代词在定语从句中是非常重要的,以便准确表达和理解修饰或限定的内容。
定语从句-关系代词

第一节定语一.定义:定语是用来修饰名词或者代词的成分。
一般由形容词、副词、数词、代词、不定式等充当。
1.形容词作定语:She is a good musician.I gave her something delicious to eat.2 .名词作定语:There is a lemon tree.Look at this baby dog !3.(形容词性物主)代词作定语:Your hair needs cutting.He is my friend.4.数词作为定语:There is one way to go.Here are three cakes and two sausages.5.不定式做定语:There is nothing to do today.6.介词短语作定语:The boy in blue is reading books.课堂练习请找出下列句子中的定语部分:1.The red ball is flying.2.What a small lovely Chinese panda!3.We love our motherland.4.Three hamburgers are enough.5.Is there anything wrong?一.定义:定语从句就是修饰名词或代词的从句。
She is a beautiful girl.(形容词做定语)She is a girl(先行词)who (关系代词)has blue eyes and curly hair.(定语从句)关系代词的作用:1.连接先行词和定语从句(引导定语从句)2.指代先行词3.做从句的某一成分(主语/宾语/表语)二.关系代词的选择先行词指人,关系代词在从句中做主语时,关系代词用who 或者that。
This is the man who/that helped us yesterday.The aunt who/that wears skirt is my father’s sister.先行词指物,关系代词在从句中做主语时,关系代词用which 或者that。
定语从句(关系代词)

定语从句(1)一、1.什么是定语?This is a red apple.He is a handsome tall man.This is the factory near our school.This is a basket full of fruits.所以定语是___________________ 一般_______________在前____________在后.2.什么是从句?I said that I would go there the next dayDo you know where the bus station is?那么从句必须有_____________ + __________3.这就是那个妇女_____________________.那个妇女昨天帮了我。
________________________________.这就是昨天帮我的那个妇女。
___________________________________________.1、定语从句的定义:在复合句中,修饰某一个名词或代词的陈述句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。
▲结构:先行词+ 关系词+ 定语从句The man who is sitting there is a doctor.先行词关系词关系词作用:1、连接先行词和定语从句;2、意义与先行词一致,即代替先行词在从句中充当句子成分。
▲限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)2、非限制性定语从句:从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。
形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译)▲怎样判断是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句?答:非限制性定语从句的先行词和关系词中间有逗号。
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The doctor to whom she sent her friend is very famous.
结论: 1、关系代词前有介词,只能用whom指代人,作介词的宾语。 2、指人时,更多用who/whom ,that较少用。 3、做宾语的关系代词可省略。 4、作宾语时,用whom较who正式
3、关系词(Relatives): 引导定语从句的词, 并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分。
关系代词引导的定语从句
The attributive clause or not?
1、从句是否紧跟在 一名词或代词之后。 2、关系词是否代先 行词,在从句中担任 一定的成分。
Criteria
关系代词引导的定语从句
二、由关系代词引导的定语 从句 1. 先行词和关系代词在从句中担任的语法成分
先行词 主语 宾语/表语
定语
人
who, that
whom (who), that
whose
物 which, that which, that whose, of which
2、Introduction to attributive clauses (Page 8)
( 定语 ) 4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday.
关系代词引导的定语从句
( 宾语 )
Exercises:
6. I like the person to whom you just talked.
( 介宾 )
7. We shall never forget the days (that) we spent
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
Exercises:
指出关系代词(副词)在定语从句中的成分:
1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( 主语 )
2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( 宾语 )
3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.
关系代词引导的定语从句
定语从句
1、定语从句及其相关概念 2、关系代词引导的定语从句 3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句 4、关系副词引导的定语从句 5、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 6、由as引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
一、定语从句及相关概念
1、在句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或 代词,或修饰整个主句的从句,叫做定 语从句(The Attributive Clause). 2、先行词(Antecedent):被定语从句所修饰 的词。
I still remember the first day (when I came to school).
关系词(Relatives):关系代词 + 关系副词 Relative Pronouns: Which, that, who, whom,
whose, as Relative Adverbs: When, where, why
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系词
关系 代词
关系 副词
that which who whom whose as when where why
先行词所指 关系词在从句中主、宾、表、定(偶)
人
主、宾
人
宾
人/物 人/物/事情 时间
定 主、宾、表 时间状语
地点
地点状语
原因
原因状语
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
为以下情况时,只用who,不用that a. 当先行詞是those / she / he / they 等代詞时, 关系代詞用who.
Those who were late for class raise your hands.
He who doesn’t go to the Great Wall is not a true man.
Relative pronoun
How to combine two sentences into an attributive clause? 1、找准主句,并确定先行词。 2、找准关系词,来代替先行词
Practice:
The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me. The boy (who sits in front of me ) is Tom.
The teacher will give us a speech . We met the teacher yesterday. The teacher (whom we met yesterday )will give us a speech.
Practice:
Do you find the pen? I wrote with it just now. Do you find the pen (which I wrote with just now)? Do you find the pen (with which I wrote just now)? I still remember the first day. I came to school on the first day.
together.
( 宾语 )
8. We shall never forget the days when we lived
together.
关系代词引导的定语从句
( 状语 )
(1)指人的关系代词:who/that(主语) who/whom/that(宾语,可省略)
The girl who/that is standing there is Mary.
Practice: Finish C1 on Page 88 within five minutes
关系代词引导的定语从句
The girl is Mary. / She is standing there.
The girl (who is standing there ) is Mary.
antecedent