Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe-丹尼尔·笛福与《鲁滨逊漂流记》
丹尼尔笛福英文简介
丹尼尔笛福英文简介导读：本文是关于丹尼尔笛福英文简介，希望能帮助到您！丹尼尔·笛福简介Daniel Defoe (1660 ~ 1731), British writer. British Enlightenment era realism rich novels founder, known as the "father of the novel", "the father of British novels" and "the father of the British newspaper" and so on. His works are readable. Believe in protestant William III. His representative "Robinson Crusoe", optimistic and brave Robinson through the efforts, by virtue of wisdom and courage to overcome the difficulties, the performance of the pursuit of adventure, advocate personal struggle of the social atmosphere.丹尼尔·笛福人物生平Daniel Defoe (1660 ~ 1731), British novelist, founder of the British Enlightenment era of realism novels, known as the "father of European novels." Was born in the British capital of London, father camp slaughtering industry (one that is oil candle business), so instead chose to do business. He travel extensively, operating underwear in the early years, tobacco and alcohol, wool fabric, brick industry, went to the mainland business.In 1684, Defoe married a daughter of a wine business, got the woman's home worth 3700 pounds of dowry. He strokes his brother andbrother and brother as a partner to start a small department store trading. In addition, it is still doing business in Europe, often making wine trade to increase revenue. However, he followed the puritan principle in the "drunken" business, against the sale of gin and the usual spirits.In 1685 Defoe attended the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth against the Catholic kings.In 1688 the Dutch believe in protestant William led his army to land in England, inherited the British throne, Defoe participated in his army.In 1692 he was bankrupt, debt amounted to 17,000 pounds, and later failed, and thus had to use a variety of ways to make a living. He has acted as a secret intelligence officer of the government, designed various development undertakings, and engaged in writing.In 1698 he published "on the development", to promote highway construction, bank, bankruptcy law, set up crazy homes, do water and fire insurance, levy income tax, school and so on.In 1701 he published a satirical poem "real British", that there is no purebred British, against the aristocratic Catholic forces, for the foreign faith in protestant William III defense. This song is printed with version 9.1702 issued a political theory "to eliminate the different sects of the shortcut", with irony, against the national religion oppression of different sects, clever writing, began to be seen isagainst Christians, after being found, by the fine and jail punishment, imprisonment 6 Month, flog three times, but by the people of London as a hero. In the prison he imitated the Greek poet pinarross's song to write a "lie" (1703), satirical law unfairly.In 1704, Daniel Defoe won the "Review" magazine for Whig's party leader Harry, which was supported by Harry's England-Scottish coalition policy. After 11 years he has been between England and Scotland, as Harry and his successor Toli pie Gordorfen secret intelligence officer, to collect public opinion. During this period, he wrote a short term imprisonment, but never terminated for the Whig party in power to collect intelligence, newspaper, write articles.Defoe began writing novels at the age of 59. In 1719 the first novel, "Robinson Crusoe" published, popular, he succeeded in shaping the image of an idealized bourgeois, in the history of European novels is a pioneering work. The same year and published a sequel.1720 and wrote "Robinson's pensive set." Since then, he has written several novels: "Captain Singleton" "Moore Flanders" "Colonel Jack" and so on. In addition, he also wrote a number of biographies, such as "deaf man Campbell", "peter Emperor Ji", several domestic and foreign travel, such as "New Global Travel" "Roberts Captain four travel" and so on. His novel to "Robinson Crusoe" spread the most widely, is considered his masterpiece.It is said that Flute has been associated with 26 magazines, some people call him "the father of modern news reports." His works,including a large number of political books, a total of 250 species, and both are the need to develop the development of the bourgeoisie, write the city middle class interested and concerned about the issue. (1722), written in 1665 London plague, the occurrence of the plague, the spread of the plague, the plague of the plague, the plague of the plague, It caused terror and panic, as well as the number of deaths, the situation of the escape was written as immersive. At that time the French Marseille plague epidemic, causing people's special attention, Defoe's work to meet the public's curiosity on plague.After the "Robinson Crusoe", he wrote some excellent works, including "Moore Flanders" and "Colonel Jack", which were classified as British literary classics."Robinson Crusoe" best-selling prompted him to write "Robinson Crusoe sequel", he let his hero made a global travel, Robinson's most journey is starting from Beijing, across Siberia to Russia Hangeersk. He has not been to China, but in the sequel talked about the time the European people do not know Heilongjiang.Defoe was too comfortable in his later years, and wrote a few books, some creditors have died, he sold a small brick factory with a small amount of money back to other people's debt, still not far from London to purchase A suite. However, he also has ups and downs, and creditors live in harmony, and could not expect a creditor's widow made a new lawsuit, the judicial machine again spin up, he was to avoid the property was confiscated, the housing and property transferto his son The His son is a capable journalist, who wants him or a villain. Defoe wrote: "I put myself in his subordinate position, trust him, entrusted him to other children who have no living security, and he has not even compassionate, tortured the children, tortured himself The unfortunate mother, who lived a very rich life.The flute of the seventies had to hide from the debt, and he had rented rooms in the center of London's old town.On the day of the 1731 day, the London Courier reported that the evening of the evening, the famous Daniel Defoe died in his own apartment in the Canakan Boulevard. The British love to write their own pretense, written cute, witty and brief. Defoe also wrote that he wanted to write on his tombstone: "Daniel Defoe". But they are another consideration, they wrote on his tombstone: "Daniel Defoe:" Robinson Crusoe "author.丹尼尔·笛福人物评价Defoe lives in the period of capitalist development, he belongs to the bourgeoisie, he is the middle class bourgeois spokesperson.Defoe life is most concerned about the development of capitalism, he strongly praised the bourgeoisie, he believes that the core issue of a country's development is the development of trade. "Give us trade is to give us everything", "trade is the world's prosperous life", which is his most fundamental proposition. Because he thought that trade made the manufacturing and maritime industry development, so that people have work, there are clothing to wear, have food,materials and therefore can maintain high prices, and can maintain a high rent, so the upper society also benefit. As long as there are hard-working people to develop trade, any place will flourish. All his economic works and some political works have played this proposition, put forward a number of specific recommendations. Defarge's idea of developing the economy is conducive to the development of the British society, but he enthusiastically supports the colonial system, proposes to seize and operate the colonies, propose ways to expand trade with backward countries, and embrace slaves. All this shows his class limitations.Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the "gentleman" who looked down on "civilians". He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. praised his class, he in the "Rosanna" where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.Defoe's attitude towards the working people is twofold. He believes that the root of the crime is poor, rich people are not guilty. Moore Flanders and Rohsana are embraced by the glorious path, because of poverty, so he is also sympathetic to the two characters. He advocated the development of industry and commerce to make the people work. But on the other hand, he was the workers working long time, low wages, underage children will work and other brutal exploitation of the phenomenon as a matter of course. This is the employer's point of view.Defoe accepted Locke's political thought, opposes despotism, and advocates civil rights. At that time the British parliament was the upper echelon of politicians fighting infighting places, bribing and all kinds of dirty means of public. Workers, peasants and the petty bourgeoisie are not represented at all. Defoe advocates that the basic right of man is that no one, including the king, the cabinet, and the congress, can not be violated. "The British are neither kings nor slaves of Congress." Defoe advocated freedom of religious belief, although the British did not like France, Spain, as in the religious issue of extreme autocracy, but the religion outside the protestant denominations and Catholic believers are also a variety of restrictions. He is a non-state religion protestant, who is a petty bourgeoisie who demands a political system that is in line with the "revolutionary principle" and demands freedom of belief. Defoe is the spokesman for this faction. He argues that the people should beeducated and advocated for women to be educated.In general, the thought of Defoe was progressive at the time, but the limitations of his thought were great. The bourgeoisie was still a progressive class and still struggled against feudal forces. Conservative aristocrats, landlords do not produce, sit huge rent income, the bourgeoisie organized large-scale industrial and commercial promotion of social development.The petty bourgeoisie, on the one hand, has the same place as the big bourgeoisie, and on the other, with the ruling class big bourgeoisie and aristocrats, and demand more liberal politics. Therefore, Defoe's views on the development of capitalism, against feudal forces, against political undemocratic, and against monopolies are all progressive. But he was subject to the constraints of the times and class prejudice and colonial system and racial discrimination, which is consistent with the big bourgeoisie, is reactionary. To the working people, he is only concerned with making them work and producing wealth, which coincides with the demands of capitalism. Defoe thought on this duality, clearly manifested in his literary works.Defoe is deeply understood by the characters he describes, and he is good at writing individuals to overcome difficulties in an unfavorable environment. His hero is intelligent, energetic, unbelief, believe in "common sense". plot, structure does not fall ax chisel trace. He is particularly good at describing theenvironment, the details of the fidelity, fictional scene written so that people as immersive.Defoe was so disgusted with the aristocrats who were proud of the door, and he tried to celebrate the bourgeoisie, not the upper class, and criticized the "gentleman" who looked down on "civilians". He said that the ancestor of the people is working. He stressed that businessmen are useful people, and gentlemen change businessmen, businessmen change the gentleman is a reasonable thing, and so on. praised his class, he in the "Rosanna" where there is a paragraph of the most obvious:Baron Robert and my view of the businessman is exactly the same. Baron Robert said - I think he is perfectly correct - an authentic businessman is the best gentleman in the country, both in knowledge, in the ritual or in judgment, the businessman is stronger than many nobles. Once they control the world, although there is no real estate, but also rich than the real estate of the gentleman.。
Daniel Defoe&Robinson Crusoe
His twenty-eight years on an uninhabited island
There was nothing but some jungles, wild animals.
When he comes to the island
make a great Cross on the Shore
The background The introduction of Robinson Crusoe Summary
Background
Robinson Crusoe was written in the middle of 17th century. At that time, the bourgeois revolution was just over. Robinson was epitome of the society.
《鲁宾逊漂流记》提要
The story of Robinson Crusoe(1)
Crusoe leaves England on a sea voyage in 1652 against the wishes of his parents. The ship is taken over by pirates and Crusoe becomes slave of a moor. He manages to escape with a boat and is taken in by a Portuguese ship off the western coast of Africa. The ship is on route to Brazil. There, Crusoe becomes owner of a plantation. He joins an expedition to bring over slaves from Africa, but he is shipwrecked on an island (which later turns out to be near the mouth of the Orinoco river). His companions all die; he manages to fetch arms, tools and other supplies from the ship. He proceeds to build himself a fenced-in habitation, keeps a calendar by making marks in a piece of wood, hunts, grows corn, learns how to make pottery, raises goats etc. He reads the Bible and slowly becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but society.
Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福
在树上睡了一觉后,他决定留在岛上和管理他自己的生计。
He swam back to the sunk ship and after several trips he got out of it the small stores of food, clothing and tools as well as guns and bullets, which he saved up for his own use.
The Works of Daniel Defoe
作品介绍
Robinson Crusoe (1719) 鲁滨逊漂流记 Captain Singleton (1720) 辛格顿船长 Moll Flanders (1722) 摩尔 弗兰德斯 A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) 大疫年日记 Roxana (1724) 罗克萨娜
He started the writing of novels （Robinson Crusoe ）
when he was nearly sixty years of age. It was the novel that built his reputation as a world-known
是根据一个经验丰富的苏格兰水手，亚历山大·塞尔扣克,曾 在1704年被围困在智利的一个小岛上，他自己独自一人在那 儿住了四年零四个月。
加勒比海 Brazil
North Africa Guinea
Daniel Defoe&Robinson Crusoe丹尼尔笛福
• This journey ended in a disaster and Crusoe became a slaver. After 2 years of slavery, he was rescued by a captain of Portuguese, with whose help Crusoe became a owner of a plantation in Brazil.
His life:
attended Morton's Academy, a school for Dissenters at Newington Green with the intention of becoming a minister changed his mind and became a hosiery merchant instead.
Brief Introduction
The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character-- a castaway (遇难 的)who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuelo, encountering Native Americans, captives and mutineers(叛变者) before being rescued.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Plot Summary
• Crusoe set sail on the sea voyage in 1651, against the wishes of his parents. After a journey, his ship was wrecked in a storm, his lust(欲望) for the sea remained so strong that he set out to sea again.
一本书鲁滨逊的梗概作文
一本书鲁滨逊的梗概作文【中英文版】Title: Summary of Robinson CrusoeTitle: 梗概作文In the novel "Robinson Crusoe," written by Daniel Defoe, the story follows the life of the protagonist, Robinson Crusoe, a young and adventurous man who leaves his home in England to seek adventure and fortune.《鲁滨逊漂流记》是由丹尼尔·笛福所著的小说，讲述了主人公鲁滨逊·克鲁索的一生。
他是一位年轻且充满冒险精神的人，离开英格兰的家，去寻找冒险和财富。
The story begins with Crusoe"s decision to defy his father"s wishes and become a sailor.After years of traveling the world, he encounters a series of misfortunes that leave him shipwrecked on a deserted island.故事开始于克鲁索决定违抗父亲的意愿，成为一名水手。
在多年的世界旅行后，他遭遇了一系列不幸，使他遭遇海难，漂流到一个荒岛上。
For years, Crusoe struggles to survive on the island, building a shelter, farming, and hunting for food.He also rescues a native from a nearby island and names him "Friday" after the day of their meeting.多年来，克鲁索在岛上努力生存，建造避难所，种植庄稼和捕猎食物。
浅析丹尼尔、笛福及其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》Analysis of Daniel Defoe and
Analysis of Daniel Defoe and his masterwork Robinson Crusoe1. Introduction of the author and the backgroundDaniel Defoe was born in the late 17th century. After the tremendous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of comparatively peaceful development. In the 18th century, the European broke out industrial revolution. The main contradiction is between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The capitalism was generally established. And the social revolution also affected the literature style and the philosophy domain. England came into the age of enlightenment. People began to fight the survivals of feudalism; at the same time they were prone to accept bourgeois relationships as rightful and reasonable relationships among people.Daniel Defoe was an important novelist in the English literature history. He was born in a small merchant family in London. He ran business in his early years. He was ever been in Spain, German, French, and Italy during this period. He had ever joined in the military of William Three who win the throne after the English bourgeoisie drove Stuart kings away in 1688. In 1692, Defoe’s business went bankrupt. He had to change his profession. After he took part in his writing career, he was good at writing political essays and ironic poetry to fight against feudalism. He ever wrote essays to satirize the church. And he was punished by the government to the jail for 6 months. Defoe’s life was full of abundant experiences. He was from a lower bourgeoisie family. He devoted himself to his business, writing, and political movements all his life. However, he was not only a businessman, a writer, and a politician as we have known; he was also a jack-of-all-trade profited from his abundant life experience. His life was also full of frustration because of the bankrupted business and a frustrated political life. Defoe began to write novels when he was nearly 60 years old. Robinson Crusoe was an instant success, and Daniel Defoe became famous soon all over the Europe because of it.2. Brief introduction of the Robinson CrusoeIn the Robinson Crusoe, the author told about the adventurous and fantastic experience of Robinson. Robinson was the youngest son in his family. His parents wanted him to live a peaceful and quiet life because both of their elder sons had left them. However, Robinson was a man who loves adventure. His first voyage suffered a storm which made his ship submerged by the sea when he was only 19. But he did n’t give up his dream of exploring. In his following expeditions, he has ever been to Africa, Morocco, and Brazil. During this period, he had accumulated some property. After these perils and adventures, he then determined to explore to Africa again to barter cheap trinkets for gold and procure slaves with his fellows. Unfortunately their ship came across a serious storm on the way to Africa and wrecked off the coast of an uninhabited island. All the sailors were dead except Robinson. He was taken to a desolate island by the storm. From then on, Robinson began his unbelievable life on the island. Robinson had lived on the island for 28 years. During the 28 years, he experienced all kinds of difficulties: the poor living conditions; natural disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, and storm; disease; and unbearable loneliness. There he had to build house, hunt wild animals, plant crops for surviving. And he had to be accustomed to the climate on the island. At the same time, he must learn to how to protect him when the nature disaster and disease came across. Above all, the most difficult to him is to bear the long time loneliness. At first, he kept a diary everyday, until he saved a native who named Friday by Robinson. Finally, Robinson and his servant Friday left the island back to London under the help of a captain who he had ever saved. Robinson lived a normal life in London until many years later. He missed his island so much that he went back to the island he had ever lived for 28 years again.3. Analysis of the novel’s theme and writing techniquesNo matter what kinds of evaluations the critics give, Robinson Crusoe is always a masterpiece which is popular with any class people around the world. There are tworeasons why it is so famous. One is the article’s theme, the other is Defoe broke out the traditional writing style; Robinson Crusoe is one of the important works of the early realistic novels in the English literature history.First, the reason why this work is so famous is because of the novel’s theme: it compliments the spirit of the bourgeoisie. The hero of the novel is not only an ordinary worker, but also a capitalist and a colonist. On one thing, Robinson was born in a middle class family, he represented the ordinary people. His hard working, bravery, and determined mind praised the lower class workers in some degree. That’s why the novel can be so popular even with the sailors, soldiers, merchants, and craftsmen. On the other thing, Robinson was a capitalist. His spirit of adventure and hardworking represented the bourgeoisie. For examples, when he stayed on the island alone, he said to himself that the entire island was owned to him, and when the Friday’s father and some other Spanish came up, he felt he was the monarch of these men and he felt satisfied with his citizens’obedience. Even after he went back to London, he returned to the island to inspect his citizens and rented the lands to the migrants. Robinson showed the capitalists’spirits of adventuring and exploring, pursuing wealth and depriving.Second, the writing skill is also the reason why this work is so famous. Defoe broke out the traditional writing style, he used realistic writing technique. Robinson Crusoe showed realism in three aspects. 1) First of all, this novel was based on the real experiences of Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned in the island of Juan Fernandez off the coast of Chile and who had had lived here in solitude for five years. Defoe was amazed by his story and he was also very interested in it. So he changed the Alexander’s experiences into an art work. Meanwhile Defoe wrote it in the first person which made the novel more authentic. And it also made the readers not only appreciate the art work, but also sense the hero’s behaviors and ideas in his situation at the same time. 2) Second, there are specific dates and background in the novel which made the novel more realistic. For example, the author began the article with “I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen who settled first at Hull. He got agood estate by merchandise and, leaving off his trade, lived afterward at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but by the usual corruption of words in England and we are now called, nay, we called ourselves, and write our name Crusoe, so many companions always called me ”, we can conclude from this paragraph that the author not only told the readers the specific dates, places, but also his family’s history. That made the article not so much as a novel as a biography. 3) Finally, the author was adept in writing the specific details which can also make the novel seem more realistic. For example, when Robinson was trapped into the island, the author wrote specifically the things what Robinson took from the ship which wrecked by the island, such as the food, the wine, the timber, the clothes, the guns. And even the axes and the nails such trifles were also written by Defoe clearly.4. ConclusionDaniel Defoe is one of the most important realistic writers in the English literature. Because of the effects of the enlightenment and the abundance life experiences, Defoe broke out the ancient traditional ideas of literature. In his works, he paid more attention on the daily life of the ordinary people. And that’s one of the reasons why Robinson Crusoe is so important in the literature history. And Robinson is not only the representation of the hardworking capitalism but also the representation of the Roman’s sea culture___ exploring and adventure. The novel is also meaningful in the cultural domain. So there is no doubt that Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is so popular around the world.《生命列车》The Train Of Life1.不久以前，我读了一本书。
Daniel_Defoe_Robinson_Crusoe_笛福和鲁滨逊漂流记全英文PPT
2. It is also likely that Defoe was inspired by the Latin or English translations of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island
England
North Africa
1.Crusoe leaves England and goes to sea , then is captured by pirates.Then he became a slave of a Moor
England
Robinson Crusoe
This book is a fictional autobiography of the title —a castaway who Click to addcharacter title in here spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuela, encountering Native Americans, captives Click to addand titlemutineers in here before being rescued. Click to add title in here
2.disturbed 3.plan to leave
Crusoe’s Peaceful Life on the Island
Crusoe went on a voyage, but a terrible shipwreck occurred, after which he found himself on the shore of an island, alone.
鲁滨孙漂流记
•
记述了主人公鲁滨逊在一 次航海中不幸遭到了暴风雨的 袭击，除他外，其他人全部遇 害。他被漂到了个没有人烟的 孤岛上。他的心中充满了无助 以及孤独，不知道应该如何在 这个孤岛上生活下去，但是， 他却又不断地安慰自己，凭着 自己的智慧和勇气，克服了无回到文 明社会中去的时候，他却得到 了获救的机会……
丹尼尔· 笛福 英国作
家，新闻记者，小册 子作者。英国荒岛文 学代表作家，是英国 启蒙时期现实主义小 说的奠基人，被誉为 “英国和欧洲小说之 父”。笛福是英国文 学史上第一个重要的 小说家。
Daniel Defoe British
writer, news reporter, pamphleteer. British desert island literature representative writer, is the enlightenment, the founder of realistic novel, known as the “father of Britain and the European novels”. Daniel Defoe is the first important English literature novelist.
• Describes the hero in a maritime Daniel Defoe unfortunately was a storm, except his outside, the others all killed. He was left to the a far island. His heart full of helpless and loneliness, do not know how to live in the island, but, but he has to comfort themselves, with their own wisdom and courage to overcome the numerous difficulties, put their own lives continue, and find a lot of the fun of life, he gradually forgotten to go back to the civilized society, but he got the opportunity to rescued...
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Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe-丹尼尔·笛福与《鲁滨逊漂流记》
Robinson Crusoe is the hero4 of the novel. He worked as a sea man on board a ship, which was lost in a storm. He was thrown up on an island, where nobody else lived. After overcoming a great many diffic ulties, he settled down on the island. He made a house to live in; he ma de a lamp to give light; he made pots to boil food; he grew corn to ma ke bread; he made a boat to carry things...Twenty-eight years passed befo re an English ship picked him up and brought him back to England. In t his book, Defoe sang highly of5 labour and man’s struggle against natur e. The following is the first three sections of the story simplified6 by Mi chael West. You’ll find it easy to read. If you are interested in knowing more of the story, try to find a copy of the simplified version7 in your s chool library.
I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family. At a very early age I wanted to go to sea. My father was a wise man, a nd he begged me not to do so. For a time I decided not to think of it a ny more. But one day in the city of Hull I met a friend who was going to sea on his father’s ship. He asked me to go with him. Then, withou t asking my father, without asking for God’s blessing8,without any thoug ht of the result, I went on board the ship.
On the same day we left Hull, meaning to go to9 the African coast. We guided the ship as if we were going to the island of Fernando de Noronha. Then we passed to the east of that island. After a few days the
re came a fearful storm. The wind and the waves threw the ship this wa y and that for 12 days. The ship was badly broken and a lot of water w as coming in. Then one of our men, early in the morning, cried out, ‘L and!’Just after that, the ship ran on to some sand. The waves came over the ship, and we knew that very soon it would be broken to pieces. We had a small boat on board; we let the boat down into the water, an
d got into it. When w
e had gone some distance in the boat, a great wav
e came from behind. “Oh God!”We cried and we were all thrown into the water.
A great wave took me and carried me on towards the shore. It left me on the land, badly hurt. I was very weak, but I got up on my feet a nd ran up to a dry place and lay there more deadly than alive.10 After a time I was sick11 and threw up12 a great deal of sea water which had got into my stomach. Then I wanted to rest; but I dared not sleep on the ground for fear of being eaten by wild beasts.
So I climbed up onto a tree, and remained there until mornin g. I was sure that all my friends had been killed and I alone had been s aved. I was very tired and I quickly fell asleep.
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