罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要,中英文对照

合集下载

罗宾斯《管理学：原理与实践》(第7版)中英文对照PPT第3章

3-10
管理者制定的决策
计划什么是组织的长期目标领导我应该如何处理员工缺乏动力的情况
采取什么战略可以最好地实现这些目标
组织的短期目标是什么
在特定情境下，什么是最有效的领导风格
某些改变将如何影响员工的工作效率
制定个体目标有多困难
组织应该有多少员工向我直接汇报
何时是激发冲突的好时机
控制组织中什么活动需要控制
• 非程序化决策 Nom programmed Decision
– 一个需要定制解决的独一无二、不会重复发生的决策 – The decisions are unique and nonrecurring
3-14
程序化决策Programmed Decision P68
• 政策 Policies
– 为重复问题制定决策而设定参数的一个普遍的指导
3-12
问题的类型 Types of Decisions P67
• 结构性问题 Structured problems – 直观的、熟悉和易于决定的问题 – The goal of decision maker is clear, the problem familiar , and information about the problem easily defined and complete. • 非结构化问题 Ill-structured problems – 新的或是不寻常的，有关此类问题的信息是模糊的、不完全的 – They are new or unusual. Informatio about such problem is ambiguous or incomplete.
Chapter
决策基础
Foundations of Decision Making

罗宾斯《管理学》第九版笔记

第一章管理与组织导论一、谁是管理者管理者是组织中这样的成员，他告诉别人该做什么以及怎么样去做。

管理者〔manager〕是这样的人，他们通过协调和监督其他人的活动到达组织目的。

管理者通常分为基层管理者、中层管理者和高层管理者。

二、什么是管理管理〔management〕通过协调和监督他人的活动，有效果和有效率地完成工作。

效率〔efficiency〕是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。

效果通常指的是“正确地做事〞，即不浪费资源。

效果〔effectiveness〕通常指“做正确的事〞，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织到达其目标。

在成功的组织中高效率和高效果是相辅相成的。

三、管理者做什么1、管理职能〔亨利.法尔约〕。

方案组织领导控制定义目标，制定战略，开发方案以协调活动决定需要做什么，怎么做，谁去做指导和鼓励所有群体和个人，解决冲突监控活动以确保它们按方案完成2、管理角色〔亨利.明茨伯格〕。

人际关系信息传递决策制定挂名首脑领导者联络者监听者传播者发言人企业家混乱驾驭者资源分配者谈判者3、管理技能〔罗伯特.卡茨〕。

技术技能：熟练完成特定工作所需要的特定领域的知识和技术。

人际技能：包括与单独的个人或群体中的其他成员和睦相处的能力。

概念技能：管理者对抽象、复杂情况进行思考和概念化的技能。

四、什么是组织组织〔organization〕是对人员的一种精心安排，以实现某些特定的目的。

组织的三个特征：明确的目的、人员、精细的结构。

现在的组织更倾向于依靠灵活的工作安排、雇员工作团队、开放的沟通系统和供给商联盟。

传统组织新型组织稳定的缺乏灵活性关注职位根据职位定义工作个人导向永久性职位命令导向由管理者作决策规那么导向相对均质的员工队伍工作日从上午8时到下午5时等级关系在上班时间利用组织设施从事工作动态的灵活的关注技能根据任务定义工作团队导向临时性职位参与导向雇员参与决策制定顾客导向多样化的员工队伍工作日长度没有限制横向的和网络化的关系在任何地点、任何时间工作第二章管理的昨天和今天一、管理的历史背景两个重大事件：776，亚当.斯密发表?国富论?主张组织和社会将从劳动分工或工作专业化中获得经济利益。

管理学斯蒂芬P罗宾斯版中文

管理学斯蒂芬P罗宾斯版中文一、介绍管理学是一门研究组织与管理的学科，而斯蒂芬P罗宾斯的《管理学》一书是这一领域的经典之作。

本文将对《管理学斯蒂芬P罗宾斯版中文》一书进行介绍和评析。

二、《管理学》概述《管理学斯蒂芬P罗宾斯版中文》是一本系统而全面的管理学教材，被广泛应用于大学及研究机构的管理学课程中。

该书主要分为十五个章节，涵盖了管理学的基本概念、组织结构、领导力、决策、沟通等方面的内容。

全书注重理论与实践的结合，旨在帮助读者理解和应用管理学的原理和方法。

三、内容概要《管理学斯蒂芬P罗宾斯版中文》以清晰的逻辑结构将管理学的各个方面展现出来。

以下是其中几个重要章节的概述：1. 第一章：管理学导论本章主要介绍了管理学的来历、定义及其重要性。

通过介绍管理学的基本原理，读者可以了解到管理学的研究领域和研究方法。

2. 第六章：组织结构本章主要介绍了组织结构的概念、类型和影响因素。

读者可以了解到不同的组织结构对组织运作和管理的影响，并学习如何设计和调整组织结构以适应不同的环境和需求。

3. 第十章：领导与管理本章主要介绍了领导力的理论和实践。

读者可以了解到领导力的不同理论和模型，并学习如何培养自己的领导力以及如何在组织中发挥有效的领导作用。

4. 第十二章：决策本章主要介绍了决策的概念、过程和方法。

读者可以学习到如何进行有效的决策，并了解到决策在组织管理中的重要性和挑战。

5. 第十四章：沟通本章主要介绍了沟通的概念、原则和技巧。

读者可以学习到如何进行有效的沟通，并了解到沟通在组织管理中的重要性和影响。

四、优点分析《管理学斯蒂芬P罗宾斯版中文》的优点在于：1.内容全面：该书涵盖了管理学的各个方面，从基本概念到具体实践都有详尽的阐述，读者可以全面了解并学习管理学的知识。

2.结构清晰：每个章节都按照逻辑顺序进行组织，读者可以循序渐进地学习管理学的内容，易于理解和应用。

3.理论与实践相结合：该书注重理论与实践的结合，通过案例分析和实际操作指导，帮助读者理解和应用管理学的原理和方法。

罗宾斯《管理学：原理与实践》(第7版)中英文对照第3章 ppt课件

Chapter
决策基础
Foundations of Decision Making
ppt课件
学习目标 Learning Outcomes P56
• 描述决策过程中的步骤 Describe decision-making process • 解释管理者用于决策的三种方法 Describe the three approaches managers can use to make decisions • 描述决策类型和管理者面临的决策情境 Describe the types of decision-making conditions managers face • 讨论群体决策Describe group decision making • 讨论决策制定的当代专题 Describe contemporary issues in managerial decision making
• 直觉 (Heuristices) – 运用经验原则以简化决策Use “rules of thumb”to simplify their decision making – 可能导致错误和偏见
Lead to errors and biases in processing and evaluating information
• 管理者受限于自身获得信息的能力
Managers make decision rationally limited by their ability to process information
• 管理者在不完全信息条件下做出决策，他们只能寻求满意
Managers can’t possible analyze all information on all alternatives, they satisfice rather than maximize.

(完整版)罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要,中英文对照

罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要第一篇导论1章管理者和管理1、组织组织(organization)的定义：对完成特定使命的人们的系统性安排组织的层次：操作者(operatives)和管理者(基层、中层、高层)2、管理者和管理管理者(managers)的定义：指挥别人活动的人管理(management)的定义：同别人一起或者通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。

管理追求效率(efficiency)和效果(effectiveness)管理职能(management functions)：计划(planning)、组织(organizing)、领导(leading)、控制(controlling)管理者角色(management roles)：人际关系角色(interpersonal roles)、信息角色(information roles)、决策角色(decision roles)成功的管理者和有效的管理者并不等同，在活动时间上，有效的管理者花费了大量的时间用于沟通，而网络联系（社交等）占据了成功的管理者很大部分时间。

管理者在不同的组织中进行着不同的工作。

组织的国别、组织的类型、组织的规模以及管理者在组织中的不同层次决定了管理者的角色扮演、工作内容以及职能和作用。

2章管理的演进1、20世纪以前的管理：亚当·斯密的劳动分工理论(division of labor)产业革命(industrial revolution)2、多样化时期（20世纪）：科学管理(scientific management)：弗雷德里克·泰勒一般行政管理理论(general administrative theory)：亨利·法约尔(principles of management)、马克斯·韦伯(bureaucracy)人力资源方法(human resources approach)：权威的接受观点(acceptance view of authority)，霍桑研究，人际关系运动(卡内基、马斯洛)，行为科学理论家(behavioral science theorists)定量方法(quantitative approach)3、近年来的趋势（20世纪后期）：趋向一体化过程方法(process approach)系统方法(systems approach)：封闭系统和开放系统(closed systems)权变方法(contingency approach)：一般性的权变变量包括组织规模、任务技术的例常性、环境的不确定性、个人差异4、当前的趋势和问题（21世纪）：变化中的管理实践全球化(globalization)工作人员多样化(work force diversity)道德(morality)激励创新(innovations)和变革(changes)全面质量管理(total quality management, TQM)：由顾客需要和期望驱动的管理哲学授权(delegation)工作人员的两极化(bi-modal work force)3章组织文化与环境：管理的约束力量1、组织组织文化(organizational culture)被用来指共有的价值体系。

英文讲义，《管理学》，1-4章，斯蒂芬

英⽂讲义，《管理学》，1-4章，斯蒂芬•P•罗宾斯，中国⼈民⼤学出版社说明：1、此资料为《管理学》课程的全部英⽂讲义资料。

2、资料来源于罗宾斯的教材，仅⽤于教学，请勿另作它⽤侵犯作者版权。

3、因博客有上传字数限制，分成⼏篇上传，请注意章节序号。

Chapter 1 introduction to management and organizationsWho Are Managers?• ManagerØ Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating and integrating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals.Classifying Managers• First-line ManagersØ Are at the lowest level of management and manage the work of non-managerial employees.• Middle ManagersØ Manage the work of first-line managers.• Top ManagersØ Are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing plans and goals that affect the entire organization.What Is Management?• Managerial ConcernsØ Efficiencyv “Doing things right”– Getting the most output for the least inputsØ Effectivenessv “Doing the right things”– Attaining organizational goalsWhat Do Managers Do?• Functional ApproachØ Planningv Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, developing plans to integrate and coordinate activitiesØ Organizingv Arranging work to accomplish organizational goalsØ Leadingv Working with and through people to accomplish goals.Ø Controllingv Monitoring, comparing, and correcting the work• Management Roles ApproachØ Interpersonal rolesv Figurehead, leader, liaisonØ Informational rolesv Monitor, disseminator, spokespersonØ Decisional rolesv Disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator• Skills ApproachØ Technical skillsv Knowledge and proficiency in a specific fieldØ Human skillsv The ability to work well with other peopleØ Conceptual skillsv The ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization How The Manager’s Job Is Changing• The Increasing Importance of CustomersØ Customers: the reason that organizations existv Managing customer relationships is the responsibility of all managers and employees.v Consistent high quality customer service is essential for survival.• InnovationØ Doing things differently, exploring new territory, and taking risksv Managers should encourage employees to be aware of and act on opportunities for innovation.What Is An Organization?• An Organization DefinedØ A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose• Common Characteristics of OrganizationsØ Have a distinct purpose (goal)Ø Composed of peopleØ Have a deliberate structureWhy Study Management?• The Value of Studying ManagementØ The universality of managementv Good management is needed in all organizations.Ø The reality of workv Employees either manage or are managed.Ø Rewards and challenges of being a managerv Management offers challenging, exciting and creative opportunities for meaningful and fulfilling work. v Successful managers receive significant monetary rewards for their efforts.Chapter 2 management yesterday and todayHistorical Background of Management• Ancient ManagementØ Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)Ø Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)• Adam SmithØ Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776v Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers• Industrial RevolutionØ Substituted machine power for human laborØ Created large organizations in need of managementMajor Approaches to Management• Scientific Management• General Administrative Theory• Quantitative Management• Organizational Behavior• Systems Approach• Contingency ApproachScientific Management• Fredrick Winslow TaylorØ The “father” of scientific managementØ Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911)v The theory of scientific management:– Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done• Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment• Having a standardized method of doing the job• Providing an economic incentive to the worker• Frank and Lillian GilbrethØ Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted motionØ Developed the microchronometer to time worker motions and optimize performance.• How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management?Ø Use time and motion studies to increase productivityØ Hire the best qualified employeesØ Design incentive systems based on outputGeneral Administrative Theorists• Henri FayolØ Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functionsØ Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations• Max WeberØ Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy)v Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism. Quantitative Approach to Management• Quantitative ApproachØ Also called operations research or management scienceØ Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problemsØ Focuses on improving managerial decision making by applying:v Statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulationsUnderstanding Organizational Behavior• Organizational Behavior (OB)Ø The study of the actions of people at work; people are the most important asset of an organization• Early OB AdvocatesØ Robert OwenØ Hugo MunsterbergØ Mary Parker FollettØ Chester BarnardThe Hawthorne Studies• A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932.• Experimental findingsØ Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse working conditions.Ø The effect of incentive plans was less than expected.• Research conclusionØ Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual output and work behavior than domonetary incentives.The Systems Approach• System DefinedØ A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.• Basic Types of SystemsØ Closed systemsv Are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is internal)Ø Open systemsv Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into their environmentsImplications of the Systems Approach• Coordination of the organization’s parts is essential for proper functioning of the entire organization.• Decisions and actions taken in one area of the organization will have an effect in other areas of the organization.• Organizations are not self-contained and, therefore, must adapt to changes in their external environment.The Contingency Approach• Contingency Approach DefinedØ Also sometimes called the situational approach.Ø There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations.Ø Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing.Current Trends and Issues• Globalization• Ethics• Workforce Diversity• Entrepreneurship• E-business• Knowledge Management• Learning Organizations• Quality Management• Globalization• Management in international organizations• Political and cultural challenges of operating in a global market• Ethics• Increased emphasis on ethics education in college curriculums• Increased creation and use of codes of ethics by businesses• Workforce Diversity• Increasing heterogeneity in the workforce• More gender, minority, ethnic, and other forms of diversity in employees• Aging workforce• Older employees who work longer and not retire• The cost of public and private benefits for older workers will increase• Increased demand for products and services related to aging• Entrepreneurship Defined• The process whereby an individual or group of individuals use organized efforts to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness.• Entrepreneurship process• Pursuit of opportunities• Innovation in products, services, or business methods• Desire for continual growth of the organization• E-Business (Electronic Business)• The work preformed by an organization using electronic linkages to its key constituencies• E-commerce: the sales and marketing component of an e-business• Categories of E-Businesses• E-business enhanced organization• E-business enabled organization• Total e-business organization• Knowledge Management• The cultivation of a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather and share knowledge with others in order to achieve better performance.• Learning Organization• An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change.• Quality Management• A philosophy of management driven by continual improvement in the quality of work processes and responding to customer needs and expectations• Inspired by the total quality management (TQM) ideas of Deming and Juran• Quality is not directly related to cost.Chapter 3 organizational culture and the environment : the constraintsThe Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?• Omnipotent View of ManagementØ Managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure.Ø The quality of the organization is determined by the quality of its managers.Ø Managers are held most accountablefor an organization’s performanceyet it is difficult to attributegood or poor performancedirectly to their influenceon the organization.• Symbolic View of ManagementØ Much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers’ control.Ø The ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors.• The economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions,technology, and the actions ofprevious managersØ Managers symbolize control andinfluence through their actionThe Organization’s Culture• Organizational CultureØ A system of shared meanings and common beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in a large degree, how they act towards each other.Ø “The way we do things around here.”v Values, symbols, rituals, myths, and practicesØ Implications:v Culture is a perception.v Culture is shared.v Culture is descriptiveStrong versus Weak Cultures• Strong CulturesØ Are cultures in which key values are deeply held and widely held.Ø Have a strong influence on organizational members.• Factors Influencing the Strength of CultureØ Size of the organizationØ Age of the organizationØ Rate of employee turnoverØ Strength of the original cultureØ Clarity of cultural values and beliefsBenefits of a Strong Culture• Creates a stronger employee commitment to the organization.• Aids in the recruitment and socialization of new employees.• Fosters higher organizationalperformance by instilling andpromoting employee initiativeOrganizational Culture• Sources of Organizational CultureØ The organization’s founderv Vision and missionØ Past practices of the organizationv The way things have been doneØ The behavior of top management• Continuation of the Organizational CultureØ Recruitment of like-minded employees who “fit.”Ø Socialization of new employees to help them adapt to the cultureHow Employees Learn Culture• StoriesØ Narratives of significant events or actions of people that convey the spirit of the organization • RitualsØ Repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the values of the organization • Material SymbolsØ Physical assets distinguishing the organization• LanguageØ Acronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word meanings specific to an organization How Culture Affects Managers• Cultural Constraints on ManagersØ Whatever managerial actions the organization recognizes as proper or improper on its behalf Ø Whatever organizational activities the organization values and encouragesØ The overall strength or weakness of the organizational cultureSimple rule for getting ahead in an organization:Find out what the organization rewards and do those things.Organization Culture Issues• Creating an Ethical CultureØ High in risk toleranceØ Low to moderate aggressivenessØ Focus on means as well as outcomes• Creating an Innovative CultureØ Challenge and involvementØ FreedomØ Trust and opennessØ Idea timeØ Playfulness/humorØ Conflict resolutionØ DebatesØ Risk-taking• Creating a Customer-Responsive CultureØ Hiring the right type of employees (ones with a strong interest in serving customers)Ø Having few rigid rules, procedures, and regulationsØ Using widespread empowerment of employeesØ Having good listening skills in relating to customers’ messagesØ Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfactionØ Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiativeSpirituality and Organizational Culture• Workplace SpiritualityØ The recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.• Characteristics of a Spiritual OrganizationØ Strong sense of purposeØ Focus on individual developmentØ Trust and opennessØ Employee empowermentØ Toleration of employees’ expressionBenefits of Spirituality• Improved employee productivity• Reduction of employee turnover• Stronger organizational performance• Increased creativity• Increased employee satisfaction• Increased team performance• Increased organizational performanceDefining the External Environment• External EnvironmentØ The forces and institutions outside the organization that potentially can affect the organization’s performance.• Components of the External EnvironmentØ Specific environment: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization.Ø General environment: broad economic, socio-cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions that may affect the organization.How the Environment Affects Managers• Environmental UncertaintyØ The extent to which managers have knowledge of and are able to predict change their organization’s external environment is affected by:v Complexity of the environment: the number of components in an organization’s external environment.v Degree of change in environmental components: how dynamic or stable the external environment is. Stakeholder Relationships• StakeholdersØ Any constituencies in the organization’s external environment that are affected by the organization’s decisions and actions• Why Manage Stakeholder Relationships?Ø It can lead to improved organizational performance.Ø It’s the “right” thing to do given the interdependence of the organization and its external stakeholders. Managing Stakeholder Relationships1. Identify the organization’s external stakeholders.2. Determine the particular interests and concerns of the external stakeholders.3. Decide how critical each external stakeholder is to the organization.4. Determine how to manage each individual external stakeholder relationship.Chapter 4 managing in a global environmentManaging in a Global Environment• ChallengesØ Coping with the sudden appearance of new competitorsØ Acknowledging cultural, political, and economic differencesØ Dealing with increased uncertainty, fear, and anxietyØ Adapting to changes in the global environmentØ Avoiding parochialismAdopting a Global Perspective• Ethnocentric AttitudeØ The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.• Polycentric AttitudeØ The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.• Geocentric AttitudeØ A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.Regional Trading Agreements• The European Union (EU)Ø A unified economic and trade entityv Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Finland, and SwedenØ Economic and monetary union (Euro)• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Ø Eliminated barriers to free trade (tariffs, import licensing requirements, and customs user fees)v United States, Canada, and Mexico• Free Trade Area of the Americas• Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur)• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)Ø Trading alliance of 10 Southeast Asian nations• African UnionThe World Trade Organization (WTO)• Evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995.• Functions as the only global organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations.• Has 145 member nations.• Monitors and promotes world trade.Different Types of Global Organizations• Multinational Corporation (MNC)Ø A firm which maintains operations in multiple countries but manages the operations from a base in the home country.• Transnational Corporation (TNC)Ø A firm that maintains operations in several countries but decentralizes management to the local country.• Borderless OrganizationØ A firm that has eliminated structural divisions that impose artificial geographic barriers and is organized along business lines.How Organizations Go Global• Three Stages of GlobalizationØ Stage Iv Exporting products for sale overseas and importing products from overseas to sell in the home country.Ø Stage IIv Committing to directly sell home-country products in overseas markets or contracting for products to be manufactured overseas and sold in the home country.Ø Stage IIIv Licensing manufacturing and franchising services to foreign firms to use the brand name, technology, or product specifications developed by the firm.Other Forms of Globalization• Strategic AlliancesØ Partnerships between and organization and a foreign company in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building new production facilities.• Joint VentureØ A specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose.Managing in A Global Environment• The Legal EnvironmentØ Stability or instability of legal and political systemsv Legal procedures are established and followedv Fair and honest elections held on a regular basisØ Differences in the laws of various nationsv Effects on business activitiesv Effects on delivery of products and servicesThe Economic Environment• Economic SystemsØ Market economyv An economy in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector.Ø Command economyv An economy in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government.• Monetary and Financial FactorsØ Currency exchange ratesØ Inflation ratesØ Diverse tax policiesThe Cultural Environment• National CultureØ Is the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and their beliefs about what is important.Ø May have more influence on an organization than the organization culture.Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures• Individualism versus Collectivism• Power Distance• Uncertainty Avoidance• Quantity versus Quality of Life• Long-term versus Short-term OrientationØ Individualism: the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals.Ø Collectivism: a social framework in whichThe GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) Framework for Assessing Cultures• Assertiveness• Future orientation• Gender differentiation • Uncertainty avoidance • Power distance• Individualism/collectivism • In-group collectivism • Performance orientation • Humane orientation。

管理学,罗宾斯,版,英文Robbinsfom

1-26
Why Are Customers Important?
Consistent, high-quality customer service is essential to survival
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-27
Why Is Innovation Important?
1-19
Which Approach Takes the Prize?
Functions ☑
Roles
☐
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-20
What Skills Do Managers Need?
Conceptual Skills
Interpersonal Skills
1-22
Why Study Management?
We all have a vested interest in improving how organizations are managed.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-23
Why Study Management? (cont.)
1-6
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-7
What Titles Do Managers Have?
Top Managers • Make decisions about the direction of an organization
Middle Managers • Manage other managers

第14章_管理学(斯蒂芬·P.罗宾斯13版)

解码（decoding）：也称译码，把符号（信号）还原为信息的过程。
噪音（noise）：对信息的传递、接收和反馈过程造成的干扰（因素）。
反馈（feedback）：信息接收者对所接收信息所作出的回应。
人际沟通过程
沟通方法语言沟通：书面语言、口头语言各自的优缺点、评价和选择的标准非语言沟通：肢体语言、辅助语言、实物
否发出了声响？”在沟通的背景下，其答案是否定的。
What is communication？
Communication is the transfer and understanding.
Communication is the exchange of messages between people to reach common meanings.
14.5 信息技术与沟通
技术如何影响管理沟通：时效、范围、容量、失真度、法律、安全、人际关系。
信息技术如何影响组织：规模、结构、规范。
14.6 当代组织中的沟通问题பைடு நூலகம்
管理网络世界中管理沟通管理组织的知识资源沟通在顾客服务中的作用有道德的沟通“政治上准确”的沟通（人
性化、尊重、委婉、平等）。
语言、空间距离。关键不在于你说了什么，而在于你是怎么
说的。
14.3 有效的人际沟通
人际间有效沟通的障碍过滤；情绪；信息超载；防卫；语言；国
家文化。其他的影响因素：感知过程（选择、组织、
理解）、归因过程（基本归因错误、自我服务偏见）。
感知过程
How are you? How old are you？ M-A-C-T-A-V-I-S-H （MAVTAVISH） M-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

管理者在不同的组织中进行着不同的工作。

组织的国别、组织的类型、组织的规模以及管理者在组织中的不同层次决定了管理者的角色扮演、工作内容以及职能和作用。

组织文化的特征：成员的同一性，团体的重要性，对人的关注，单位的一体化控制，风险承受度，报酬标准，冲突的宽容度，手段—结果的倾向性，系统的开放性组织文化的来源(origins)：创始人(founder)的倾向性和假设，第一批成员的经验组织文化对雇员(employees)的影响：强文化(strong cultures)和弱文化()组织文化影响管理决策，贯穿于管理活动的整个过程2、环境环境(environment)的定义：对组织绩效起着潜在影响的外部机构或力量，包括一般环境(general environment)和具体环境(specific environment)。

一个组织特定环境的变化取决于组织为自己确定的细分市场(market segment)。

环境常常具有不确定性(environmental uncertainty)，不确定性具有两个维度，变化性(environmental changes)和复杂性(environmental complexity)，两者常常被管理学者以环境不确定性矩阵描述出来。

企业的具体环境主要由供应商(suppliers)，顾客(customers)，竞争者(competitors)，政府(government)和压力集团(pressure groups)构成。

企业的一般环境包括经济形势(economic conditions)、政治环境(political conditions)、社会条件(social conditions)和技术条件(technical conditions)。

环境的不确定性限制了管理当局的自由选择。

现实社会中，管理万能论(omnipotent view of management)和管理象征论(symbolic view of management)两种观点都具有一定合理性。

4章全球管理：响应全球环境1、变化中的全球环境从多国公司(multinational corporations, MNCs)到跨国公司(transnational corporations, TNC)区域性贸易联盟(EU)2、在外国环境中进行管理法律—政治环境经济环境：波动的汇率和多样化的税收民族文化(national culture)：个人主义(individualism)与集体主义(collectivism)，权力差距(power distance)，不确定性规避(uncertainty avoidance)，生活的数量(quantity of life)和质量(quality of life)5章社会责任与管理道德1、什么是社会责任关于社会责任的两种相反观点：弗里德曼(Friedman)的古典观(classical view)和社会经济观(socioeconomic view)从社会义务(social obligation)到社会响应(social responsiveness)：社会责任(social responsibility)的定义，企业追求有利于社会长远目标而不是法律和经济所要求的义务。

社会责任和经济绩效之间的关系并非负相关社会责任仅仅是利润最大化行为吗？——起因相关营销(cause-related marketing)2、走出社会责任的迷津：管理者对谁负责？利益攸关者(stakeholders)：所有者与管理层——雇员——具体环境中的各种成分——更广阔的社会3、管理道德道德(ethics)通常指规定行为是非的惯例或原则，有三种流行的道德观：道德的功利观(utilitarian view of ethics)，道德的权力观(rights view of ethics)，道德公正观理论(theory of justice view of ethics)影响管理道德的因素道德发展阶段：前惯例水平(pre-conventional)——惯例水平(conventional)——原则水平(principled)个人特征：价值准则(values)自我强度控制中心(locus of control)结构变量（组织结构设计）组织文化(organizational culture)问题强度：后果直接性、危害严重性、对邪恶的舆论、危害的可能性、效果中毒、受害程度4、改善道德行为：甄选过程是了解道德的契机确定明确的道德准则(code of ethics)和决策规则高层管理者以身作则并通过奖惩建立文化基调雇员应该有明确而现实的目标道德培训独立审计和评价正式的保护机构和咨询、申诉机制6章决策：管理者工作的实质1、决策制定过程(decision-making process)Step1识别问题(problem)：现实与期望的差异Step2确定决策标准(decision criteria)Step3给每个标准分配权重(weight)Step4：拟定方案Step5：分析方案Step6：选择方案Step7：实施方案(implementation)决策贯穿于管理活动的各个环节，具有普遍性。

2、理性决策者理性(rational)假设：问题清楚，目标导向，已知的选择（明确的标准和可选择方案），明确的、一贯的偏好（权重），没有时间和金钱成本的约束，以最大经济报偿为目的理性假设建立在完全理性的基础之上，具有局限性，因而人们提出了有限理性(bounded rationality)，结果是一个满意(satisficing)的决策而不是最大化的决策。

3、问题与决策：一种权变方式问题类型：结构良好问题(well-structured problems)和结构不良问题(ill-structured) 决策类型：程序化决策(programmed decision)和非程序化决策(nonprogrammed decision)，程序化决策的三种指南是程序(procedure)、规则(rule)和政策(policy) 问题类型、决策类型与组织层次的综合分析4、决策方案的分析：确定性(certainty)风险性(risk)不确定性(uncertainty)5、群体决策优点和缺点的列举效果和效率的比较改善群体决策的方法：头脑风暴法(brainstorming)、名义群体发(nominal group technique)、德尔菲法(Delphi technique)、电子会议(electronic meeting) 第三篇计划7章计划的基础1、计划计划(plan)的定义：制定目标以及达到目标的方法，包括正式计划和非正式计划。

计划可以给出方向，较小变化的冲击，使浪费和冗余减至最小，以及设立标准以利于控制。

计划和绩效具有相关性。

计划的类型从广度上划分为战略计划(strategic plans)和作业计划(operational plans)，从时间上分为短期(short-term)计划和长期(long-term)计划，从明确性上分为具体性计划(specific plans)和指导性计划(directional plans)。

影响计划有效性的因素组织的层次组织的生命周期(life cycle)环境的不确定性程度未来许诺(commitment)的期限2、目标(objectives)：计划的基础目标的多重性真实的目标(real objectives)与宣称的目标(stated objectives)方法传统的设定目标(traditional objective setting)：自上而下目标管理(management by objectives, MBO)指的是下级与上司共同决定具体的绩效目标，并且定期检查完成目标的进展情况，而奖励则是根据目标的完成情况来确定。