机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译概况
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译英文原文名Automatic production line PLC control of automatic feeding station中文译名基于PLC的自动化生产线自动上料站的控制中文译文：自动化生产线自动上料站的PLC控制自动生产线是由工件传送系统和控制系统，将一组自动机床和辅助设备按照工艺顺序联结起来，自动完成产品全部或部分制造过程的生产系统，简称自动线。
二十世纪20年代，随着汽车、滚动轴承、小电机和缝纫机和其他工业发展,机械制造业开始出现在自动生产线,第一个是组合机床自动线。
在20世纪20年代,第一次出现在汽车工业流水生产线和半自动生产线,然后发展成自动生产线。
第二次世界大战后,在机械制造工业发达国家,自动生产线的数量急剧增加。
采用自动生产线生产的产品应该足够大,产品设计和技术应该是先进的、稳定的和可靠的,基本上保持了很长一段时间维持不变。
自动线用于大,大规模生产可以提高劳动生产率,稳定和提高产品质量,改善劳动条件,降低生产区域,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期,保证生产平衡、显著的经济效益。
自动生产线的一个干预指定的程序或命令自动操作或控制的过程,我们的目标是稳定、准确、快速。
自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭,等自动化生产线不仅可以使人们从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境,能扩大人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,提高人们认识世界的能力,可以改变世界。
下面我说下它的应用范围：机械制造业中有铸造、锻造、冲压、热处理、焊接、切削加工和机械装配等自动线，也有包括不同性质的工序，如毛坯制造、加工、装配、检验和包装等的综合自动线。
加工自动线发展最快,应用最广泛的机械制造。
主要包括:用于处理盒、外壳、各种各样的部件,如组合机床自动线;用于加工轴、盘部分,由通用、专业化、或自动机器自动专线;转子加工自动线;转子自动线加工过程简单、小零件等。
孙明明 外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械电子工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：孙明明学号： 070501504外文出处： The advantages of PLC control,filed under PLC Articles附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文PLC的控制优势任何控制系统从概念到进入工厂工作都要经历四个阶段。
PLC系统在每一个阶段都有优势。
第一阶段是设计，对工厂的需要进行研究和制定控制策略，传统的运行平台的设计和制造必须在设计进行前完成。
PLC系统仅仅需要的是一个模糊的关于机器的可能大小的想法和I/O数量的要求（多少输入和输出接口）。
在这个阶段输入和输出芯片十分便宜，所以可以内置一个很健全的备用容量，它允许用来补充遗漏项目和为未来的扩充做准备。
其次是设计。
传统的方案是，每一项工作都是“一次成型”这不可避免的造成了工程拖延和增加成本。
一个的PLC系统使用最简单的标准件螺栓连接在一起。
在这样的连接下开始编写 PLC程序（或者至少是写入详细的程序规范）。
下一阶段是安装，安装是一种繁琐和昂贵的工作，例如安装传感器、执行器、限制开关系统和主机的连接。
分布式PLC系统使用串行链路式的预编译，测试界面可以简化安装它带来了巨大的成本优势。
PLC的程序多数在这个阶段完成。
最后是调试，而这正是PLC真正的优势被发掘的部分。
没有任何设备在第一次就正常工作。
人性就是这样，总会有一些疏漏。
与传统的系统变动情况的耗时和昂贵相比，PLC的设计师提供了系的内置备用内存容量、备用I/O和一些备用多芯电缆线，多数的变动能迅速和相对便宜的完成。
另外一个好处是，所有的变化PLC都有记录，程序的调试和修改不会因为没有被记录而遗失，这是一个经常发生在常规系统中的问题。
还有一个额外的第五阶段，维护，一旦启动工作，并移交生产就产生了维护的问题。
所有设备都有缺点，大多数设备在错误的模式中度过了它们的大部分的时间。
介绍机械设计制造及其自动化英语
介绍机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical design and manufacturing has always been a vital part of the industrial sector. It involves the creation, development, and production of various mechanical equipment and devices. With the advancement of technology, the field of mechanical design and manufacturing has also evolved, leading to the introduction of automation in the production process.Mechanical design is the process of creating detailed drawings and specifications for mechanical devices and equipment. This involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to create 2D and 3D models of the products, allowing for precise and accurate design. The design phase also includes the selection of materials, components, and manufacturing processes to ensure the efficiency and performance of the end product.Manufacturing, on the other hand, involves the actual production of the designed mechanical products. This includes various processes such as machining, casting, forging, and welding, among others. The goal of manufacturing is to produce high-quality products in a cost-effective and efficient manner.In recent years, automation has become an integral part of mechanical design and manufacturing. Automated systems and robotics have revolutionized the production process, allowing for increased productivity, reduced labor costs, and improved quality control. Automation has also enabled manufacturers to carry out complex and repetitive tasks with precision and speed, leading to higher output and reduced lead times.Overall, mechanical design and manufacturing, along with automation, play a crucial role in the development of various products and technologies across different industries. With the continuous advancements in technology, the field is expected to further evolve and improve, leading to more efficient and sustainable production processes.The integration of automation in mechanical design and manufacturing has significantly impacted the industry by improving efficiency, reducing human error, and streamlining production processes. Robotics, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and other automated systems have transformed the way mechanical products are designed, developed, and manufactured.One of the key advantages of automation in manufacturing is the ability to carry out tasks with a high level of accuracy and consistency. Automated systems can perform intricate operations such as precision machining and assembly with minimal deviations, resulting in products with tight tolerances and high quality. This level of precision is often difficult to achieve through manual processes alone.Moreover, automation has also led to improved workplace safety and reduced labor costs. By automating repetitive and potentially hazardous tasks, workers are less exposed to physical risks and can focus on more skilled and strategic aspects of production. Additionally, automated systems can often operate continuously, leading to greater output while minimizing the need for extensive human intervention.In terms of manufacturing flexibility, automation has allowed forrapid reconfiguration of production processes. Modern manufacturing facilities are equipped with flexible robotic systems that can quickly adapt to changes in product designs or specifications, thereby reducing the time and resources required to retool production lines.Furthermore, automation has played a significant role in enhancing the overall speed of production. Automated machines and robotics are capable of operating at high speeds without compromising accuracy, leading to increased throughput and shorter production cycles. This accelerated pace allows manufacturers to respond more effectively to market demands and customer requirements.Looking ahead, the future of mechanical design and manufacturing is likely to be further shaped by advanced automation technologies such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies will enable even greater levels of efficiency, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring, transforming the industry and paving the way for the next generation of smart factories and production systems.In conclusion, the integration of automation into mechanical design and manufacturing has revolutionized the industry by enhancing precision, safety, flexibility, and speed. As automation technologies continue to advance, the potential for further improvements in productivity, quality, and sustainability within the mechanical design and manufacturing sector is considerable.。
机械设计毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文对照塑料模具CAD集成技术
机械设计毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文对照：塑料模具CAD集成技术毕业设计外文文献翻译毕业设计题目摇控器面板注塑模设计翻译题目The molding tool CAD gathers the technique专业机械设计制造及其自动化姓名班级机械A0731学号指导教师机械与材料工程学院二O一O年十一月[K.P. Rao and K. Sivaram: J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 1993, vol. 37, pp.295-318.]毕业论文(设计)外文翻译课题名称:塑料模具CAD集成技术内容提要:通过分析计算机辅助注射模设计和制造的各个环节中共享的技术和信息,本文揭示了注射模CAD的集成技术的根本内涵,并提出了它的研究热点和趋势。
引言模具CAD集成技术是一项重要的模具先进制造技术, 是一项用高技术改造模具传统技术的重要关键技术。
从六五计划开始,我国有许多模具企业采用CAD 技术, 特别是近年, CAD技术的应用越来越普遍和深入, 大大缩短了模具设计周期,提高了制模质量和复杂模具的制造能力。
然而, 由于许多企业对模具CAD集成技术认识不足, 投资带有盲目性, 不能很好地发挥作用,造成了很大的浪费。
本文就塑料模具CAD集成技术及其应用发表一些观点, 供大家参考。
1、塑料模具CAD集成技术塑料模具的制造, 包括塑料产品的造型设计、模具的结构设计及分析、模具的数控加工铣削、电加工、线切割等、抛光和配试模以及快速成形制造等。
各个环节所涉及的CAD单元技术有:造型和结构设计CAD、产品外形的快速反求RE、结构分析与优化设计CAE、辅助制造CAM、加工过程虚拟仿真SIMULATION、产品及模具的快速成形RP、辅助工艺过程CAPP和产品数据管理技术PDM等。
塑料模具CAD集成技术,? 就是把塑料模具制造过程所涉及的各项单元技术集成起来, 统一数据库和文件传输格式, 实现信息集成和数据资源共享, 从而大大缩短模具的设计制造周期, 提高制模质量。
机械毕业设计外文翻译---装载机发展概况
外文资料翻译学生姓名：专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化04级2班指导教师：2008年6月装载机发展概况AbstractThis paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency.The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency.Key words: Fork-lift truck 、fictitious prototype , build mould, emulation, optimization、production efficiencyLoader DevelopmentChina's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history.Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages.1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Zrepresentatives loaders, L replaced by "4" on behalf of wheel, for ZL50 to Z450, it is so developed a LIUGONG ZL50-based China ZL-wheel loaders series of standards, this is Wong loader on the development of China's a major turning point. The standard was worked out by the industry after the division of labor, LIUGONG Xiamen ZL40 the manufacture of the large and medium wheel loaders, as workers, to the following small and medium-sized manufacturing ZL30 wheel loaders, and gradually formed a LIUGONG Xiamen workers, and 10% for workers at the loader to four backbone enterprises. To the late 1970s, early 1980s loader manufacturing enterprises in China has increased to more than 20, China has initially formed the loader industry. So far, China has developed wheel loader to the third generation, but the basic structure is still the Z450 (ZL50) evolved from. Change is not a very large second generation, third generation of some larger changes. 2001 China loader industry-wide total sales have exceeded 30,000 Taiwan, the world loader in the forefront of the market. Therefore, at present, China has become the world's loader marketing power.Prospect of small loaderFor a long time, small loader always been neglected in the status of a government department, not to regulate the management of the industry, well-known businesses loader products is dismissive. However, these did not affect small loader (hereinafter referred to small equipment) rapid development, and now with a small market despite its huge market demand has attracted such as the Long renowned engineering machinery enterprises to participate in the competition, the main battlefield in the rural areas with the small size of the market, sales have already reached 4 ~ 5 million, more than 200 brands to participate in market competition. But small market can be said to be installed speed expansion disorderly competition coexist. How to achieve industrial upgrading is placed in front of the small equipment industry must resolve a problem.Lack industry attributionCompared with large and medium-sized industries loaders, small with the development of the industry can use "plan" to describe, not only government departments related to the absence of industrial policies or development plans, and to date, industry has not completely clear attribution, the reality of the small equipment industries across engineering machinery, agricultural machinery and construction machinery, the three industries of grey areas. Despite the small market with a flourishing, but all small equipment manufacturers and dealers can dodge exists in the industry before the many obstacles to development.Small installed mainly refers to the rated load between 0.3 ~ 0.9 T products, also known as micro-loader. As industry ownership is not clear, with small products has been no unified national technology and quality standards, the overwhelming majority of products are installed in the small-wheeled tractor developed on the basis of the. In addition small installed the product is currently used by the main component partsfrom tractors and light truck, not by the needs of small equipment for low-speed heavy-duty bridge, special bins key component parts, including even small projects with special tires. As a low technical content, resulting in a very low threshold of industry and become the de facto "open" industry, any person, business can be very easily installed into small industries.Small enterprises have installed a number of "fans", according to Construction Machinery Association Scraper Branch Secretary-General Chen Kai Yun, a conservative estimate at more than 200. More concentrated in Shandong Laizhou, Taian, Weifang, in Luoyang, Henan Province, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and other places, annual sales of more than 2,000 Taiwan enterprises with a small handful, the majority of small businesses with annual sales in 3200 by the following, with the production of small enterprises , the same easy to set up and close down.It is precisely because the strength of small enterprises with very limited products without high technology content, in the vast majority of enterprises to participate in market competition are in the process of basically a single means to price competition to sell products for the purpose, without taking into account future market things. In the common with the credit industry, services, brand competition means small industry basically not installed, in addition to differences in the strength of enterprises and product differentiation, marketing and management philosophy that is thedeep-seated causes.Because users of the products of small equipment to mainly rural users, and users can only cover rural farm machinery sales networks, construction machinery and construction machinery sales are only part of the network coverage in rural areas. And the sale of equipment similar, with small products also requires agents or distributors can take the initiative to sell products to users and to users with standard and thoughtful service, and farm machinery dealers more customary sit shop operator, has no sales force, There is no specialized service teams, more difficult to expect the market planning, customer management. Construction machinery dealers and farm machinery dealers also have a lot of similarities, and engineering machinery dealers not accustomed to deal with rural users. Therefore, the small market is not mature with the sales network, to a large extent affected the market maturation process can not be achieved on the one hand, the user guide, on the other hand, can not be achieved on the manufacturers facilitating role. Operating environment and the use of the different habits, resulting in a lack of support for non-small pieces of installed products can hardly meet the actual needs of users, increasing the cost of services at the same time, improve customer satisfaction become almost impossible task.Increased market differentiationUnlike the preceding two years, with no small on the future of the market is basically no doubts. However, when the small rural installed by the new face of thebuilding the vast potential market demand, whether it is the product itself, or the level of industrial development is clearly not satisfied., And because of the double impact of external factors, with small market differentiation is an inexorable trend.Relying solely on price competition means does not make the small favorably with industry development. In fact, it is due to excessive price competition, leading to small enterprises with low profitability, sales, and the prosperity of the entire industry can not hide the crisis of survival. Anticipate with a few small companies have started the "innovation" in the product upgrades at the same time, learn from the equipment industry and other related industries experience, to establish their own marketing team and distribution network and market competition tends to differentiation.In the high-end users with the needs of small change, directly contributing to small enterprises with the differentiation, with the concept of progress and consumer financial strength of the expansion, some of the rural users (particularly in the industrialized operation of agriculture users) product performance and after-sales service and put forward higher requirements. Liaoning Anshan Haihong such as production of high-end products not only with small to have their own patented technology (use of mechanical devices greatly enhance the performance of its products, avoid using electric control, hydraulic devices, such as product performance after upgrading to the use of rural users increased maintenance costs ), and introduced the "non-controversial" services.Especially in big enterprises with increased involvement of small enterprises with pressure, the end of 2006, the Dragon Holdings acquired Henan Baiyun electrical and mechanical equipment involved in the production of small fields.Small with a huge potential market demand, but only to meet user needs, and guide the user needs, small equipment will have lasting vitality. Existing small enterprises with well-known loaders already facing small enterprises involved with the production sectors and small users to buy equipment or equipment, such as small excavators alternative products twin crises, with the production of small enterprises can take the initiative to upgrade their win more more time and greater market space.Any industries are indispensable for the development of market competition and government regulations two factors. With the status quo on small industries, market competition and excessive government regulation missing, the entire industry in a very low level of operation development, and a lack of development of the industry often staying power will gradually shrink, or even disappear.First to be addressed is the issue of trade with small, small equipment products really have their own products "definition", a special product standards. Although at this stage with small user groups mainly concentrated in the rural market, but themarket coverage of the future is certainly both urban and rural areas, this is because small equipment can be widely used for municipal maintenance, landscape construction, building and construction, underground loading and unloading areas.Second, improve industry access threshold is a feasible solution. Small equipment industry can learn from the industry's largest equipment manufacturers licensing system, in terms of production quality suitable restrictions and improve the industry's manufacturing standards.In recent years loader well-known enterprises in recent years have involved with the production of small areas, such as the Dragon, XCMG, and the mountains, but not really most of the production of one ton of small equipment products, the main reason is hindering their high-end products in the market inadequate capacity. However, this also means that for the small enterprises with not too much time, if not in the relatively short period of time upgrading of enterprises and products, from business philosophy, product marketing idea to the concept of all-round self-improvement,self-transformed into a long-term development objectives and marketcompetition-conscious modern manufacturing enterprises, and a larger-scale sales, in the future and well-known enterprises loader win in the competition may be very small.Mechanical Engineering Society of China was founded in 1936, China was set up earlier, the largest one of the Institute of Engineering. The existing 33 professional chapters, 180,000 members, of whom there are more than 3,000 senior members, more than 500 members of Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, there are more than 4,000 corporate members.Academic exchange is the Institute's basic functions, the Institute is held annually hundreds, and colorful academic conferences. Special is an annual Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society annual meeting, the topic is the integration activities of the various large-scale comprehensive meeting. , The main thrust of the report will include the General Assembly, the topic of academic, scientific and technological progress releases, forums, lectures, display, a number of activities such as presentation, rich in content, as well as inside and outside the country in the industry has had a tremendous impact.Editing, publishing and academic meetings and academic exchanges wings. Over the years, the organization has prepared a "China Materials Engineering ceremony," and "machine repair manual," such as hundreds of large-scale tool, science and technology books and related materials. Academic journals published by the "Journal of mechanical engineering", "Chinese Mechanical Engineering", more than 60 species, and for promoting the development of academic disciplines has played an important role.Member Society is the mainstay of the Institute and the basis for the existence of the necessary conditions for achieving democracy Office will learn organizational guarantee. Member services is the Institute for the work of the main tasks of Institute staff is a sacred duty. Has been the establishment of a wide range of multi-levelstructure and membership of the service system, and conducting appropriate Member activities, and actively explore characteristics of the times with the Member services. Institute of years of development experience has shown that membership is a source of vitality Institute.Continuing education and professional certification is the Institute's an effective way to serve the community. Over the years, have carried out fruitful work. 1983 founded the mechanical engineer degree (now Beijing mechanical engineer OLI), is the first in China to establish a "mechatronics" and the "Industrial Engineering" two professional, and entrusted Quanguokaowei for higher education self-study examination. To welding and nondestructive testing for the representatives of accredited professionals work focused on quality, service-oriented economy, and widely alleged members and the industry peer Road. In recent years, actively promote the international mutual recognition of qualifications engineers.Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's machinery industry is a very important external communication channels, to the industry and the large number of government departments entrusted task of the international exchange and cooperation. Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society of China's accession to the representatives of 11 international organizations, 23 countries and 38 first-class academic institutions and professional organizations has signed bilateral cooperation agreements with more than 60 countries and regions, including more than 1,000 scientific research, teaching, design, manufacturing, consulting, intermediary and social welfare institutions established a good working relationship.I will stick to science and technology and economic integration as the key link, and always bring the Institute for Scientific and Technological Advice as to promote economic development and work closely with the main battlefield, active structures for economic development platform. I will rely on his close "in Beijing Teng-day certification Advisory Center," galaxy of talent and give full play to the advantages of network, enterprises actively carry out technical advice, enterprise certification advisory and development strategy consulting. Not only to learn activities closer to the corporate and service industries, and effectively speed up the Institute's own capabilities and the enhancement of overall strength.International Exhibition is I will carry out international exchanges and cooperation forms an important one. The exhibition platform, organizations Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs, technology sector between the exchanges and cooperation and promote economic and trade development and industrialization of technological progress. As Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society masterpiece in the field of exhibitions, Beijing Essen Welding and Cutting Fair has become first in Asia and second in the world in the welding professional exhibitions.I will set up a "Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society Science and Technology Award", and China Machinery Industry Federation and jointly set up the "China Machinery Industry, Science and Technology Award." Over the years, the China Association for Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, recommending talents, and actively promote respect for independent innovation, and abide by scientific ethics, and the pursuit of harmony andprogress of scientific thought, effectively mobilize the broad masses of scientific and technological workers initiative and creativity.I will also attach great importance to their work, procedures, scientific management and democratic management, and in 2004 took the lead in the national Institute adopted the ISO9001: 2000 quality management system certification. It is not only that I will work more scientific and standardized At the same time, the community has also been the recognition and praise.翻译:本文主要论述了ZL-50轮式装载机整机虚拟样机设计以及几种典型作业工况的模拟和仿真，包括工作装置和整机所需要部件的建模。
机械设计制造及其自动化英文
机械设计制造及其自动化英文Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and AutomationMechanical design, manufacturing, and automation are essential components of the modern industrial landscape. This field encompasses the process of designing and creating mechanical systems and machinery that aid in the manufacturing and production of various products.Mechanical design involves the creation of detailed engineering drawings and models using computer-aided design (CAD) software. These designs are essential for the efficient production of machinery and equipment. Precise measurements, calculations, and analysis are conducted to ensure that the design meets the required specifications and can be manufactured successfully. Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into finished products through various techniques and processes such as machining, welding, casting, and assembly. It requires a deep understanding of mechanical principles, materials, and manufacturing processes. Advances in technology have led to the development of more efficient and automated manufacturing processes, resulting in increased productivity and reduced costs.Automation plays a vital role in modern manufacturing and production. It involves the use of machines, robots, and computer systems to perform tasks that were previously carried out by humans. Automation improves efficiency, accuracy, and quality while reducing human error. It also enables continuous manufacturing processes, thereby increasing productivity.The integration of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation has revolutionized industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing. Companies are constantly striving to improve their design and manufacturing processes to stay competitive in the global market. Mechanical engineers, designers, and technicians play a crucial role in this dynamic field. They are responsible for designing efficient and innovative mechanical systems, optimizing manufacturing processes, and implementing automation solutions.As technology continues to advance, the field of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation continues to evolve. New materials, techniques, and automation technologies are being developed and implemented to further enhance productivity and efficiency. The adoption of computer-integrated manufacturing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning is transforming the way products are designed, manufactured, and tested.In conclusion, mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation are integral parts of the modern industrial landscape. The synergy between these fields enables efficient production, high-quality products, and increased productivity. As technology advances, the future of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation promises to be even more innovative and transformative.。
机械设计制造及其自动化 英文
机械设计制造及其自动化英文Mechanical Design, Manufacturing and AutomationMechanical design, manufacturing, and automation are essential components of the modern industrial economy. These fields encompass the creation and production of a wide variety of products, from consumer goods to high-tech machinery.In mechanical design, engineers utilize computer-aided design (CAD) software to develop and optimize the design of mechanical components and systems. This allows for the creation of precise and efficient designs that can be easily modified and tested before production begins.Once the design phase is complete, manufacturing processes take over to bring the design to life. This involves a combination of traditional machining techniques and advanced manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and robotic assembly. The goal of manufacturing is to efficiently produce high-quality products at scale, while minimizing waste and cost.Automation plays a crucial role in both the design and manufacturing phases. Automated systems and robotics are widely used to streamline production processes, increase precision, and improve overall efficiency. This can include automated assembly lines, robotic machining, and computer-controlled quality control systems.Overall, the integration of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation has revolutionized the way products are created andproduced. By leveraging the latest technologies and technical expertise, businesses are able to innovate and bring new productsto market more quickly and efficiently than ever before.当今的机械设计、制造和自动化技术也在不断创新。
机械设计制造及其自动化英文(1)
Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation (MDMA) AbstractMechanical design, manufacturing, and automation (MDMA) is a comprehensive discipline that combines the principles of mechanical engineering, manufacturing technology, and automation systems. This field plays a crucial role in the development of advanced machinery and processes, contributing to the advancement of various industries.1. IntroductionMechanical design and manufacturing have always been the driving forces behind technological progress. From the Industrial Revolution to today’s high-tech era, the field has constantly evolved, incorporating new materials, manufacturing processes, and automation techniques. MDMA, as an interdisciplinary field, integrates the theory, design, and application of mechanical engineering principles with the aim of developing efficient and reliable mechanical systems.2. Mechanical DesignMechanical design is the process of creating and refining mechanical systems and components. It involves a detailed understanding of engineering principles, material science, and computer-aided design (CAD) techniques. A mechanical design engineer must consider factors such as functionality, aesthetics, reliability, and manufacturability while developing a design solution. With advancements in simulation tools and rapid prototyping techniques, design iterations have become moreefficient, enabling engineers to optimize designs before physical prototypes are built.3. Manufacturing TechnologyManufacturing technology encompasses the methods and processes used to transform raw materials into finished products. This includes traditional processes such as casting, machining, and welding, as well as modern techniques like additive manufacturing (3D printing), computer numerical control (CNC) machining, and laser cutting. Manufacturing technology aims to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance product quality through automation and integration with digital systems. The integration of robots and automated systems in manufacturing has revolutionized production lines, increasing productivity and flexibility.4. Automation SystemsAutomation systems play a critical role in the manufacturing industry by improving productivity, precision, and safety. These systems encompass a wide range of technologies, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs), sensors, actuators, and robotics. PLCs are used to control and monitor manufacturing processes, ensuring consistent quality and reducing human error. Sensors and actuators provide real-time data and enable automated adjustments. Robotics, on the other hand, can perform complex tasks with high precision and speed. Automation systems also facilitate the integration of production machinery, inventory management, and quality control systems, resulting in a more streamlined and cost-effective manufacturing process.5. Applications of MDMAThe applications of MDMA are widespread across various industries. In the automotive industry, mechanical design and manufacturing techniques are used to develop efficient engines, lightweight structures, and advanced safety systems. In the aerospace industry, MDMA enables the design and production of high-performance aircraft and spacecraft, considering factors such as aerodynamics, material strength, and thermal management. The medical device industry benefits from MDMA through the development of advanced surgical tools, prosthetics, and imaging systems. Other fields, such as consumer electronics, renewable energy, and home appliances, also rely on the principles of MDMA to create innovative and reliable products.6. Challenges and Future PerspectivesWhile MDMA has greatly contributed to technological advancements, it also faces several challenges. The integration of complex systems and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration pose challenges in terms of design complexity, manufacturing process optimization, and system reliability. Additionally, the rapid evolution of materials and technology requires continuous learning and adaptation in the field.Looking ahead, the future of MDMA holds tremendous potential. As technology continues to advance, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics will further enhance automation systems and manufacturing processes. This will lead to increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved product quality. Furthermore, the development of sustainable manufacturing methods and theadoption of green technologies will be a key focus, aligning with the global shift towards environmental responsibility.ConclusionMechanical design, manufacturing, and automation (MDMA) is a vital field that drives technological progress and innovation across industries. With its interdisciplinary approach, MDMA combines mechanical engineering principles, manufacturing technology, and automation systems to design and produce efficient and reliable mechanical systems. As technology continues to evolve, MDMA will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of manufacturing and fostering innovation for a wide range of applications.Markdown文本格式输出完毕。
机械工程毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计论文外文资料原文及译文学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号：姓名：Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznical biting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering – separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality ofwork,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree of education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanizationvery good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security,which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase thebody functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable naturalforces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to breakdown into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance eitherenhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering,to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapesand size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases thedesign of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will needreasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess .Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the productionproccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by thenext red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumptionthat they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
机械专业毕业设计外语翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）外文译文院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：学号：外语文献翻译原文：3.4.1CAD HARDWAREComputersThere are two major types of hardware used in a CAD system. Computer and input/output (I/O) devices. In the early days of CAD. Some commercial CAD systems used proprietary computers. Today, nearly all CAD software runs on a general-purpose computer.Depending on the complexity of the CAD package, it may require a mainframe computer, a minicomputer, or simply a microcomputer. In general, the more functionalities a CAD system provides, the more powerful the computer needed. Three dimensional solid modelers require much more computing than do two-dimensional drafting systems; thus, they need more powerful computers. Systems that integrate engineering analysis or simulation packages generally are more computation-intensive. A powerful computer not only speeds up the response of a CAD system, but also can support multiple users without significant performance degradation.Several other parameters and components concerning the computer also have to be considered.CAD HARDWARErandom-access memory (RAM)capacitypermanent disk-storage capacityspecial graphics acceleratortape backupsRAM is the actual physical memory (vs. virtual memory)of a computer. A small memory capacity means slow processing due to frequent swapping between the physical memory and the virtual memory on disk. Because CAD is extremely storage demanding, disk capacity is important. Small disk capacity limits the system to the storage of only a few drawings. CAD is graphics-based and requires tremendous data processing. A graphics accelerator can drastically increase the performance of the system. Another component, the hard disk, is typically the major cost of a computer system. Therefore, it is not cost-justifiable to store all drawings on line on disk. Magnetic tape is still the most economical medium to use for off-line data storage. It is necessary for a CAD system to have a tape backup subsystem.Currently, all levels of computers are used in CAD systems. Personal computers are used in low-cost,2-D drafting applications, and with the new power of these computers, hey are also being used for some 3-D solid modeling applications. Engineering workstations have been the mainstay in CAD, and are usually a single-user CAD workstation in a network. Minicomputers are used in multiuser CAD systems. Mainframes are used for large multiuser CAD systems to support real time simulation and engineering analysis. Sometimes, in a large corporation, all levelsof CAD systems are implemented. All these systems are linked together through a hierarchical computer network.3.4.2 Input. Output (I/O)DevicesFigure 3.7 shows the typical I/O devices used in a CAD system. Input devices are generally used to transfer information from a human or storage medium to a computer where ”CAD functions” are carried out. A keyboard is the standard input device used to transmit alphanumeric data to the system. Function keypads are also used to make input easier. Joysticks, track balls, and mousse are also used to manipulate a cursor. They can be used to position the graphic cursor(e.g. cross hair)on a monitor and feed back the location of an object on the monitor to the computer. Using these devices allows an operator to address terminal locations to interactively in reaching an accurate position. Mouses have been used extensively with windows and pull-down menus. They are easy to use for pointing; However, using a mouse to trace a curve is not an easy task.There are three basic approaches to input an existing drawing;(1)model the object on a drawing,(2)digitize the drawing, or (3)scan the object. Digitizing is usually much easier than modeling. A digitizer is a device that translates the X-Y locations on a drawing than modeling. A digitizer is a device that translates the X-Y locations on a drawing into a digital and feeds that signal to a computer. Graphics scanners scan a drawing and convert it to a CAD-system-readable format. Some scanners have built-in character-recognition software that can convert characters on paper into ASCII codes. Another input device is a sketch pad called a graphics tablet. A graphics tablet is a special flat surface on which a user draws with a stylus. The location of the stylus is sent to the computer. The tablet is an absolute coordinate device. It is easy to implement overlay menus on the tablet and pull down menus on the screen to improve the operation. Currently. the tablet is the most popular input device used in CAD other than the keyboard.The standard output device for CAD is a monitor display. Modern monitor displays are raster-scan display monitors. Similar to a TV monitor, an electron gun(Sony Trinitron uses three guns for three basic colors)sends an electronic beam to the front of the monitor. Easy display dot is called a pixel(picture element).For color displays, each pixel is represented by three closely located dots with red, green , and blue colors. The electronic beam selects the color elements and the intensity of each color element. The resolution of the monitor is determined by the number of different colors or gray scales displayable at each pixel, usually measured in bits, A 1-bit display can turn each pixel either ON or OFF.A gray scale has at least v2 bits. A 1-bit display can turn each pixel either ON or OFF.A gray scale has at least 2 bits which allow three light intensities plus an OFF (2*2).Usually, displays are 4 bits(16 colors),8 bits(256 colors),16 bits(thousands of colors),and 24bits (millions of colors).The electronic beam sweeps the screen from the top to the bottom line by line. Because the dot is lit for only a very short period of time, the sweep must be done very quickly in order not to have a flickering image. The refresh rate is a measure of how many times the monitor is redrawn in one second.The computer does not draw directly on the monitor. Connecting the computer to the monitor is u-sually a RGB(red, green, blue)cable. Three separate signal lines are connected. On the graphics board in the computer are circuits to generate the analog signals required to drive the monitor. There is also a frame buffer that serves as memory to store the image. Each pixel on the screen has a corresponding address in the frame buffer. The data in the frame buffer are converted into the appropriate analog signal and sent to the monitor at the refresh rate. Separately, the computer writes directly to the frame buffer the image it intends to draw. The greater the display size and number of colors, the more frame buffer is needed. The frame buffer on the graphics board is made of random-access memory(RAM).The calculator lend support toes to paint the software AutoCAD to make us can be with the sketch that the astonishing speed draw the engineering sketch or machine sketch and other with accuracy to sophisticate. The calculator paints to paint the different place, one of them with handicraft the paintings with out the diagram divide a step proceed of, because of but would sometimes appear the traditional handicraft the painting hour the problem of the impossible emergence. General circumstance bottom, usage the AutoCAD proceeds painting, control the precision painting and not that difficult, but want accurate then need the certain technique out the diagram. Us- ually paint or outsing diagram to have no to need to change to measure to AutoCAD system worth make the modification with establish, take its the province worth can normal work, but have the special request, must modify the related system to change measure; Too sometimes the request of the diagram paper with make the diagram's way of doing the antinomy, and be to adopt the to make the diagram method to can't attain the request of the diagram paper, will adopt some techniqueiques to modify the related system to change to measure, and can make the calculator draw to attain the request of the diagram paper with output's sketch.AutoCAD line type establishing of comparison At teaching of process inside would usually run into what this kind of circumstance, while establishing diagram layer, clearly established the point lin eationed, and consequently output to however investigate its reason for the solid lined, and is usually because of the line typed the establishing of comparison is not appropriate and cau-sable. Should you so establish the comparison of what kind of line type? How to use the line type the comparison in the painting?Usage AutoCAD painting, besides continuous line type( Continuous), the other line type is all from the solid line segment, blank segment, point series for or text this constituting. On-line type definition document the inside have already defined these line types the segment's standard length, and show on held the act or at print the machine\ painting output, each length and ex-portation comparison with line type comparison direct proportion. When show or print, the painting boundary that customer that request, this hour establish is out of accordance with the painting boundary of the province difference big, on held the act show or paint output's line type would match the engineering graphics to will pass the changes line type comparison the system the method that change the deal, enlarge orcontract all line types each a small segment of length, make the sketch made meet the request. In the Auto CAD, imply the adjustment line type the comparison's order: Overall situation line type comparison factor tie department exportation ratio for line type ratio factor, used foring the control not continuous line type. The Ltscale is right to have the object validity, Celtscale the province for to new object validating, twoly changing the deal w-orth all for 1.For use the line type that Auto CAD2002 painting, big part contain three kinds of forms,( such as: Comparison that Center, Center2, Center*2, Dashed, Dashed2, Dashed*2) the first is a half, the third line type for the standard form, the second line type that comparison that the first line type is the first line type of two times, if line type the comparison establish to is not suitable for, and would then make some exportation diagrams the line( such as the point lineation, dotted line...etc.) change into a solid line.Two, line breadth the count of establishPass by what handicraft painting, its painting with outs the diagram is a synchronous proceeding of, now calculator painting, its painting with outs the diagram divide a step proceeds. Wether draw the construction engineering diagram or machine spare parts diagram, at print control that a work that exportation engineering drawing, the most is a line to print the drawing the breadth, line the type, color, seal a line breadth for, and eachly growing to line type all contain its cowgirl, in the AutoCAD painting process of the old edition, even defined the line type the width, its at see the diagram area can't also display the line type the width's differentiation.( not contain many righteousness lines the Pline)Width for color for can passing the diagram layer or set upping the line coming distinguish analysing the line.What research of current painting tries a, adopt of is this kind of method.But in the AutoCAD2002, add entity that" Lweight"( line type the width establish) order, provided the new function for customer, then make use of the entity characteristic to proceed the control, and establish the line breadth for the sketch, and make use of it can at hold the act to up show with print to output, control the entity's line breadth.2002 versions inside print to establish and can is divided into three part, and for printing machine belong to the sex to establish, print the style to establish respectively and the page establish.Because of the model of breadth line the space is different from diagram manifestation of space paper result, in the model space therefore the elephant vegetable show, but in the diagram paper the space is then then to print the width to proceed to show, because of but we while drawing ske tch should know at the diagram line that true width established by line breadth of model space, and is not equal with object. When the line breadth is worth to establish to"0", it show with the minimum width( plain breadth of an elephant) on held the act, and the line breadth settle to other worth, then come showing with the worth specific value of plain width and true unit of elephant.Three, the sketch output the establishing of comparison When we draw sketch that comparison that comparison output the sketch with us hour use different, canmake originally text in the sketch that draw word exportation comparison for marking noting waiting in the output's sketch take placing changing, therefore at drawing the sketch before returning the beard make suring the sketch.For guaranteeing the sketch to output our want the literalness size, should when the text word establish usage following formula: The text word draws the high degree the = the text word output high degree* the sketch to output the comparison; The sketch outputs the comparison= output the diagram the length for of length( width)/ diagram.( width) draw the width of the diagram line to also should consider this point, its to settle the width same as output the width to multiply by with its comparison worth.From above practice with analyze to can see out, calculator painting and incompletelyresemble handicraft painting so synchronously paint with out diagram, therefore sometimes make with the diagram method can't attain the request of the diagram paper. Some in common use system that this demand we are deep into control the calculator to paint the theories, and can expertly control the operation method to change the deal with establish the technique, and can make the work of our painting more convenient, smooth, consumedly increase to paint the level with paint the efficiency.译文：3.4.1CAD硬件计算机两大主要类型的硬件使用于CAD系统，计算机和输入/输出设备。
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英文原文名ADV ANCED WEIGHINGTECHNOLOGY中文译名现代称重技术现代称重技术第一章秤的功能与结构1.1 基本结构和称重原理两种不同类型的机械秤示于图1.1。
那么，秤的基本结构和称重原理方面的共同特征是什么呢？对于图1.1(a)所示的天平或杠杆秤，放在载荷盘上的被测物体的质量，与放在砝码盘上的砝码的质量是利用它们的自重对支点的力矩，通过计量杠杆进行比较的。
这也可以看作是对物体载荷产生的作用力与砝码自重产生的反作用力进行比较，而且两者同时作用在计量杠杆上。
对于图1.1(b)所示弹簧秤，由弹簧伸长而产生的恢复力，应被视为反作用力或抗力。
综上所述，我们认识到通常可以把秤分解成三个功能部分，即载荷接受部分或受载器，力比较部分、反力部分。
载荷接受部分（例如载荷盘等），它作为秤的一部分用于接受载荷，并将载荷产生的力施加到力比较部分上。
反力部分（例如，带砝码的砝码盘或弹簧等），它作为秤的一部分产生反作用力，并将其施加到力比较部分上。
力比较部分（例如计量杠杆等），它作为秤的一部分接受以上两种力。
(a)天平或者杠杆秤(b)弹簧秤图1.1 机械秤的两种类型当我们检查任何一种机械秤时，会注意到它们通常都具有以上结构。
所以，我们可以认为这种结构式秤的基本结构。
此外，测量是以物体质量产生的作用力与反力部分产生的反作用力之间的平衡为基础的。
所以，我们可以认为秤的称重原理是利用了力的平衡。
现代科技的发展，使我们在质量测量方面不仅能够利用力的静平衡，而且还可以利用力的动平衡。
载荷传递杠杆应该包括在载荷接受部分之中。
对于料斗秤中称重传感器直接支撑料斗的情形，可以认为它属于力比较部分被省略的一种特例。
对于天平或杠杆秤，其测得值可以从反力部分上的砝码变化中获得。
对于弹簧秤，其测得值可以从反力部分的弹簧伸长变化中获得。
一般来说，机械秤的测得值可以从反力部分产生的某些量值变化中获得。
1.2 电秤和电子称系统的构成机械秤是指包括显示功能在内的所有功能都能通过机械手段实现的一种秤，而电秤和电子称具有一个能将反力部分产生的变化转换成电量的传感器，还具有一个能处理电量信号以获得测量值的信号处理装置。
所以，电秤和电子称的特征在于有传感器和信号处理装置。
图1.2说明了电秤和电子称的基本系统构成。
传感器将转化了的电信号，输送给由3种基本电路组成的信号处理装置，它们是输入电路、数据处理电路、输出电路。
输入电路上有例如滤波器、放大器、A/D转换电路等，它们将传感器的输出信号变换成更适用于数据处理的信号。
数据处理电路通过处理其输入信号，来获取测得值以及与测量有关的必须值。
输出电路则是传输处理好的测量结果的电路。
图1.2 电秤和电子称基本系统框图按照反力部分是否承受了反作用力，可以将传感器如图1.3所示划分为两类，即非反力型传感器和反力型传感器。
图1.3 秤用传感器按是否承受反力所作的分类1.3 工业秤的功能及其系统构成1.3.1 功能特征和分类工业秤主要用于工业称重，它们具有以下特征：(1)对载荷接受部分的加载或卸载时自动进行的。
(2)用物体自重W确定物体质量值M的过程是自动进行的。
这种秤的系统框图示于图1.4。
此外大多数工业秤还有以下一个特征，即(3)具有质量值的控制功能。
典型工业秤的名称和功能列于表1.1。
表1.1 工业秤的名称及其功能图1.4 工业自动秤的系统框图1.3.2 控制的目的若注意观察一下加到载荷接受部分上的物体的质量流动状态，及其与经过测量后的物体的质量流动状态之间的差异，我们可以得知表1.1中所说的质量值控制的目的就是为了控制质量流动的状态。
从这个观点出发，料斗秤或包装秤的控制目的，就是为了获得一种断续流动状态，而每次断续流动的量都是预定的。
联合（分选组合）秤的控制目的也属于这种类型。
检重秤的目的，是为了按照预定质量等级获得离散的流量动状态。
至于喂料的控制，则是为了获得一个预定质量的流动状态，或者获得一个总量与预定值相同的流量东状态。
1.3.3 系统的结构一个控制系统通常包括被控对象、检测部分、调节部分或控制器，以及操作部分。
在工业称重系统中，被控对象包括供料装置、分配装置、排放装置、而被控变量就是被测质量。
图1.4所示的系统相当于一个检测部分，而各种执行器则用于操作部分。
图1.5显示了从系统构成观点对工业称重系统的分类情况。
图1.5（a）所示为料斗秤或包装秤的系统构成图。
被控对象是供料装置，其典型实例为螺旋喂料器。
此时操作部分是驱动喂料器的一个变速电机。
称量斗相当于载荷接受部分。
目标值用符号R表示，操作变量用符号C表示。
符号m和m＇分别代表质量流动的状态；用不同的符号意指两种状态有所不同。
图1.5（b）所示为一台喂料秤的系统构成图，它的典型实例是一台变速的皮带喂料秤，载荷接受部分皮带称重段和称重托轮组成。
被控对象时皮带喂料器或供料装置，而操作部分是变速点击，被检测质量的总量用符号Q表示。
选择Q 或其对时间的导数Q＇为被控变量，为了得到Q值，就需要测量皮带的运行速度v。
图1.5（c）所示为一台检重秤的系统构成图。
被控对象是分配装置，而皮带输送机通常被用作载荷接受部分。
图1.5（d）所示为一台联合（分选组合）秤的系统构成图，通常以一些小的称量斗作为载荷接受部分，并且每个斗都装有一个用执行器控制的阀门。
这些阀门就是被控对象，而执行器即为控制元件操作部分。
对于图1.5（a）和1.5（b）中所示的秤，由于在测量质量的同时必须控制质量的流动状态，所以应采用反馈控制。
另一方面，对于图1.5（c）和（d）中所示的秤，由于对质量流动状态的控制是在测量质量之后进行的，所以基本上是进行顺序控制。
（a）料斗秤的系统框图（b）喂料秤的系统框图（c）检重秤的系统框图（d）联合秤（分选组合秤）的系统框图图1.5 工业称重系统的构成框图第二章秤的静力学2.1 杠杆的静力学2.1.1 杠杆的分类通常把具有交点轴，载荷轴和力轴的直杠杆称为基本杠杆。
每个轴的位置分别被称为支点、重点和力点。
支点就是杠杆的支承点，杠杆可以围绕它转动。
重点和力点分别是载荷和力的作用点。
按照以上3个点的分布，可以把基本的杠杆分为3种类型，即第一类杠杆，第二类杠杆和第三类杠杆。
在图2.1所示的分类图中，F是支点，A是重点，B 是力点，它们作用在同一直线上。
（a）第一类杠杆（b）第二类杠杆（c）第三类杠杆图2.1 杠杆的分类按照联接杠杆的数量可以将杠杆（系）称为单一杠杆或复合杠杆（系）。
单一杠杆是独立的，例如天平的横梁，而复合杠杆则是由相关联的杠杆组合而成的一个杠杆系。
支点、重点和力点的数量，在一个杠杆上并不限于一个。
例如对于图2.2所示的杠杆，我们可以看作是一个双联杠杆，它有两个支点和两个重点。
包含这种双联杠杆的一个符合杠杆系，见图2.3所示。
图2.2 双联杠杆图2.3 复合杠杆系2.1.2 单一杠杆在实际应用中，杠杆在载荷作用下保持其静平衡位置的情况有两种：第一，总是与空载下杠杆的平衡位置相一致（第一种情况）；第二，平衡位置随载荷而变化（第二种情况）。
当我们研究以上两种情况下的静平衡条件时，我们将杠杆设想为一个刚体。
（1）静平衡条件，单一杠杆保持平衡的必要和充分条件是Σ（诸力）=0 和Σ（诸力矩）=0（2.1）为了研究单一杠杆在第一种情况和第二种情况下的静平衡条件，我们将上述充分必要条件应用于那些支点、力点和重点不在同一直线上的杠杆。
假设当载荷为零时，杠杆在初始力的作用下保持静平衡，如图2.4所示。
W0作用于A点，P0作用于B点，R0作用于F点，G作用于C点（重心）。
再假设当施加载荷W和反力P时，杠杆仍保持在相同的位置上。
那么，静平衡条件在加载前后即为W0+P0+G+R0=0W0a+P0b+Gc=0（2.2）并且（W0+W)+(P0+P)+G+(R0+R)=0(W0+W)a+(P0+P)b+Gc=0（2.3）式中，R是作用于F点的力的增量。
在图2.4中，我们必须考虑力的符号和作用点。
向下的力为正，而向上的力为负，以支点为原点，当力的作用点位于重点一方时为正，而位于力点一方时为负。
所以，逆时针方向的力矩为正，顺时针的力矩为负。
图2.4 单一杠杆的静平衡条件ADVANCED WEIGHING TECHNOLOGYCHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF SCALES1.1 BASIC STRUCTURE AND WEIGHING PRINCIPLETwo different types of the mechanical scale are illustrated in Fig.1.1.What are the common features to the scales in basic structure and weighing principle?(a) Balance (b)Spring scaleFigure 1.1 Mechanical scaleIn the balance or lever scale illustrated in Fig.1.1(a),the mass of the object to be measured and located at the load plate is compared with the mass of the weights to be locates at the weight plate as the moments due to their gravity around the fulcrum by means of the weighbeam. This can be considered a comparison of the force due to the load of object with counterforce due to the weights,both acting on the weighbeam.As for the spring scale illustrated in Fig.1.1(b),the restoring force due to the elongation of spring is considered the counterforce or resistant.The above consideration leads us to the recognition that those scales can be divided into three functional elements in common,which are the load receiving element or load receptor,the force comparing element and the counterfore element.The load receiving element,such ad a load plate,is a portion of the scale which receives an object to be measured and applies the force caused by the mass of the object to the force comparing element.The counterforce element,such as a weight plate with weights or a spring,is a portion of the scale which develops a counterforce,applying it to the force comparing element. The force comparing element, such as a weighbeam, is a portion of the scale to which the above two forces are applied.When examining any types of the mechanical scale, we notice they have the above structure in common. Then, the structure can be regarded as the basic structure of scales. Furthermore, the measurement is based on the equilibrium in the force due to the mass of an object and the counterforce developed in a counterforce element. Therefore, the application of the equilibrium in forces can be regarded as the weighing principle of scales. The modern technological development enables us to apply not only the static equilibrium but also the dynamic equilibrium in forces for mass measurement.The load transmitting levers should be included in the load receiving element. For the hopper scale whose hopper is directly supported by loadcclls, we should regard it as a case that the force comparing element is omitted.In the balance or lever scale, the measured value can be obtained from the weight change in the counterforce element. In the spring scale the measured value can be obtained from theelongation change of the spring as a counterforce element. Generally, the measured value in the mechanical scale can be obtained by using some quantity changes developed in the counterforce element.1.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SCALESA mechanical scale is a scale in which all functions including display function are realized by mechanical means. On the hand, an electrical and electrical scale is a scale with a transducer which inverts the change developed in the counterfore element to an electrical quantity and with a signal processing device which processes the signal of that electrical quantity to obtain the measured value. Therefore, the electrical and electronic scale are characterized by the transducers and signal processing devices.Figure 1.2 shows the basic system configuration of the electrical and electronic scale. The electrical signal converted with the transducer is sent to the signal processing device composing of three functional circuits, which are input circuit, data processing circuit, and output circuit. The input circuit functional circuits, which are input circuit, data processing circuit, and output circuit. The input circuit is associated with the circuits, such as filtering, amplifying and A/D converting circuits, which manipulate the output signal from the transducer into a more usable signal for data processing. The data processing circuit is a circuit which processes the input signal to obtain the measured value and the necessary values related to the measurement. The output circuit is a circuit which send out the processed results.Figure 1.2 basic system configuration of the electrical and electronic scale According to whether or not they undertake the counterforces as counterforce elements, the transducers are classified into two types which are the noncounterforce-type and the counterforce-type transducer,as shown in Fig.1.3.Figure 1.3 Classification of transducers1.3 FUNCTIONS AND SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS OF THE SCALES FOR INDUSTRIAL UES1.3.1 Functional Characteristics and ClassificationThe scales mainly used for industrial weighing hace the following features:1)The loading on and unloading from the load receiving element are automatic.2)the determination process of the mass value M of the object by using its weight W is automatic.The system configuration of such scales is shown in Fig.1.4. In addition,most of the scales have the following feature:3)The scale has a function of mass control.The name and function of representative scales for industrial use are tabulated in Table 1.1Table 1.1 Industrial scales and their functionsFigure 1.4 System configuration of thescale for industrial use1.3.2 Control PurposePaying attention to the difference of the mass flow of the object being fed onto the load receiving element and the mass flow of the object after the measurement, we could say the purpose of the mass control written in table 1.1 is mass flow control of the object. From this point of view, the control purpose of the hopper scale or the weigh packer is to attain an intermittent flow each amount of which is pre-determined. The associative(selective combination) weigher is also regarded as this type of control. The control purpose of the checkweigher is to attain the diverging flows according to the pre-determined grades in mass. As for the weigh feeder, the purpose is to attain a flow of pre-determined flow rate in mass or to attain a flow the total amount of which coincides with the pre-determined value.1.3.3 System ConfigurationsGenerally, a control system is composed of a controlled object, detecting means, controlling means or controller and control element.In the industrial weighing systems, the controlled objects include the feeding devices, distributing devices, and discharging devices, and mass is the controlled variable. The system shown in Fig.1.4 corresponds to the detecting means, and various kinds of actuators are used as the control element.Figure 1.5 shows the classification, from the view point of the system configuration, of the industrial weighing systems. The system configuration of a hopper scale or a weigh packer is shown in Fig.1.5(a). The controlled object is a feeding device,whose typical example is a screw feeder. The control element is a variable speed motor driving the feeder in the case. The hopper corresponds to the load receiving element The desired value is denoted by the symbol R and the manipulated variable the symbol C. The symbols m and m＇represent respectively the states of mass flow and the differences in symbol mean the differences between the two states.Figure 1.5(b) shows the system configuration of a weigh feeder, the typical example of which is a variable speed belt-feeder. The load receiving element is composed of a portion of the belt andthe weigh roller(s). The controlled object is the belt-feeder and the control element is the variable speed motor. The total amount of the detected mass is denoted by the symbol Q .Either Q or its derivative Q＇is chosen as the controlled variable and the measurement of the belt speed V is needed for obtaining the value Q.Figure1.5(c) shows the system configuration of a checkweigher. The controlled object is the distributing device and the belt conveyer is normally adopted as the load receiving element.Figure1.5(d) shows the system configuration of an associative(selective combination) weigher. Normally, small hoppers are used for the load receiving elements, each of which is equipped with a gate controlled by an actuator. The gates are controlled objects and the actuators are the control elements.For the scales shown in Figs. 1.5(a) and 1.5(b), feedback control is adopted since the mass flow control has to be carried out while measuring the mass. On the other hand, for the scales shown in Figs.1.5(c) and 1.5(d), the mass flow control is fundamentally sequential control since the control is carried out after the measurement of the mass.(a) Hopper scale or weigh packer (b) Weigh feeder(c) Checkweigher(d) Associative weigherFigure 1.5 Industrial scales with mass controlCHAPTER 2 STATICE OF SCALES2.1 STATICE OF LEVERS2.11 Classification of LeversA straight lever normally has a fulcrum pivot, load pivot, and power pivot, which is referred to asthe fundamental lever. Each position of the pivots is referred respectively to as fulcrum point, the load point, and the power point. The fulcrum point is a point at which a lever is supported and about which it is vibrationable. The load and power points are points at which a load and counterbalancing force are applied,respectively.Fundamental levers are classified into three types according to the arrangement of the above three points; the first-order lever, the second-order-lever, and the third-order-lever. The detail is shown in Fig.2.1 in which point F is the fulcrum point, point A the load point, and point Bthe power point, being in a straight line.(a)First-order lever (b) Second-order lever (c) Third-order leverFigure 2.1 Classification of leversThe lever (system) is called the single lever or the compound lever ( system) according to the number of connected levers. The single lever is a lever used independently, such as a weigh beam of balance, and the compound lever is a lever system composed of connected levers.Each number of the fulcrum point, load point, and power point is not limited to one point for one lever. For example, The lever illustrated in Fig.2.2, which may be regarded as a two-united lever, has two fulcrum point and two load points. A compound lever system including such leversis shown in Fig.2.3.Figure 2.2 A two-united lever Figure 2.3 Compound lever system2.12 Single leversIn practical application, there are two cases as to the position of a lever in static equilibrium under loading;the case that the position is always identical with the position under a zero load(Case 1), and the case that the position varies as the load(Case 2). We examine the static equilibrium conditions for the above two cases,assuming the lever to be a rigid body.(1)Static Equilibrium ConditionThe necessary and sufficient conditions for the static equilibrium of a single lever are as follows: Σ(forces)=0 and Σ(moments)=0 (2.1) To examine the static equilibrium conditions for a single lever in Case 1 and Case 2,we apply the above conditions to the lever whose fulcrum, power, and load points are not in a straight line.We assume that, when the load is zero, the lever is in static equilibrium under the initial forces, W0 at point A,P0 at point B, R0 at point F, and G at point C (the center of gravity), as shown in Fig.2.4. We also assume that, when applying the load W and the counterbalancing forceP , the lever remains at the same position. The equilibrium conditions before and after the loading areW0+P0+G+R0=0W0a+P0b+Gc=0 (2.2) And(W0+W)+(P0+P)+G+(R0+R)=0(W0+W)a+(P0+P)b+Gc=0 (2.3) Where R is the increment of the force at point E.In Fig.2.4 we must take the sign into account for the forces and their application points. The downward forces are considered positive and the upward forces negative. The force application points are considered positive when they locate on the load point side in the origin taken at the fulcrum point, and are considered negative when they locate on the power point side.Hence, the counterclockwist moment is positive and the clockwise moment is negative.Figure 2.4 Equilibrium conditions for a single lever。