肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿的临床特征分析 陈帆

肺炎克雷伯杆菌肺炎

克雷白杆菌肺炎（Klebsiella pneumonia）：近20余年来，该菌已成为院内获得性肺炎的主要致病菌，耐药株不断增加，且产生超广谱酶，成为防治中的难点。本病多见于中年以上男性，起病急、高热、咳嗽、痰多及胸痛，可有发绀、气急、心悸，约半数患者有畏寒，可早期出现休克。临床表现类似因为的肺炎球菌肺炎，但其痰常呈粘稠脓性，量多、带血，灰绿色或砖红色、胶冻状，但此类典型的痰液并不多见。胸部X线表现常呈多样性，包括大叶实变，好发于右肺上叶、双肺下叶，有多发性蜂窝状肺脓肿、叶间隙下坠。严重病例有呼吸衰竭、周围循环衰竭。慢性病程者表现为咳嗽、咳痰、衰弱、贫血等。克雷白杆菌肺炎的预后较差，病死率高。 临床表现：①发病骤起，出现呼吸困难； ②年长儿有大量黏稠血性痰，但婴儿少见； ③由于气道被黏液梗阻，肺部体征较少或完全缺乏； ④病情极为严重，发展迅速，患儿常呈休克状态； ⑤X线胸片示肺段或大叶性致密实变阴影，其边缘往往膨胀凸出。可迅速发展到 邻近肺段，以上叶后段及下叶前段较多见； ⑥常见并发症为肺脓肿，可呈多房性蜂窝状，日后形成纤维性变；其次为脓 胸及胸膜肥厚。治疗尚缺乏有效抗菌药物。 临床病理： 肺炎克雷白杆菌为革兰阴性杆菌，常存在于人体上呼吸道和肠道，当机体抵抗力 降低时，便经呼吸道进入肺内而引起大叶或小叶融合性实变，以上叶较为多见。病变中渗出液粘稠而重，致使叶间隙下坠。细菌具有荚膜，在肺泡内生长繁殖时，引起组织坏死、液化、形成单个或多发性脓肿。病变累及胸膜、心包时，可引起渗出性或脓性积液。病灶纤维组织增生活跃，易于机化；纤维素性胸腔积液可早期出现粘连。在院内感染的败血症中，克雷白杆菌以及绿脓杆菌和沙雷菌等均为重要病原菌，病死率较高。 老年体弱患者有急性肺炎、中毒症状严重、且有血性粘稠痰者，应考虑本病。确诊有赖于痰细菌学检查，并与葡萄球菌、结核菌或其他革兰阴性杆菌所致肺炎相鉴别。年老、白细胞减少、菌血症及原有严重疾病者预后较差。 与支气管扩张症区别 支气管扩张症是常见的慢性支气管化脓性疾病，大多数继发于呼吸道感染和支气 管阻塞，尤其是儿童和青年时期麻疹、百日咳后的支气管肺炎，由于破环支气管管壁， 形成管腔扩张和变形。 临床表现：慢性咳嗽伴大量脓痰和反复咯血。若有厌氧菌混合感染，则有臭味。 咯血可反复发生，程度不等，从小量痰血至大量咯血，咯血量与病情严重程度有时不 一致，支气管扩张咯血后一般无明显中毒症状。 与肺炎球菌肺炎区别 肺炎球菌肺炎是由肺炎球菌或肺炎链球菌所引起，占院外感染肺炎中的半数以上。肺段或肺叶呈急性炎性实变，临床上症状轻或不典型病较为多见。起病多急骤，有高热，体温在数小时内可以升到39－40℃，可呈稽留热，与脉率相平行。患侧胸部疼痛，可放射到肩部、腹部，咳嗽或深呼吸时加剧。痰少，可带血丝或呈铁锈色。胃纳锐减，偶有恶心、呕吐、腹痛或腹泻，有时误诊为急腹症。

关于肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布与药敏结果

肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布及耐药性 【摘要】目的了解我院临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌临床分布及耐药性。方法回顾性分析黄山市人民医院2010年10月-2011年10月间临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性，统计其临床分布。结果342株肺炎克雷伯菌主要来源于痰标本240株（占70.1%），尿液31株（占9.1%），血16株（占4.6%），分泌物14株（占4%），科室分布主要见于ICU110株（占32.2%），脑外52株（占15.2%），呼吸内科32株（占9.4%）药敏结果显示肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高，达94.7%，对亚胺培南耐药率最低，仅为8.2%，厄他培南次之，耐药率为10.7%，对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林、头孢替坦、的耐药率分别为11.5%、13.5%、15.2%、16.1%，其余药物中，除环丙沙星（23.4%）外，对头孢唑林、胺苄西林、氨曲南、头孢匹美，庆大霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、头孢他啶的耐药率均在30%以上。342株肺炎克雷伯菌中发现25株泛耐药菌株（占7.3%）。结论本院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌主要分离自痰液标本，以ICU、呼吸内科及脑外科为主，耐药性较为严重并存在泛耐药株。 【关键词】肺炎克雷伯菌抗生素耐药性 肺炎克雷伯菌属革兰阴性杆菌，常寄殖于呼吸道和肠道，是下呼吸道感染的重要病原菌，常引起典型的原发性肺炎及肺外感染，如肠炎、婴儿脑膜炎、败血症、泌尿系感染等。随着临床广谱抗生素的应用，肺炎克雷伯菌已经成为医院感染的重要病原菌，近年来肺炎克雷伯菌的感染率与耐药率明显升高，呈上升趋势。为进一步了解我院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药状况及临床分布，本研究针对2010.10-2011.10间临床分离的342株肺炎克雷伯菌进行耐药性分析，结果报道如下： 材料与方法 一、材料 （一）细菌收集我院2010.10~2011.10间临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌株，共342株（剔除同一患者7天内同一部位的重复菌株），质控菌株为大肠埃希菌ATCC25922，铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853，购自卫生部临检中心。 （二）仪器与试剂VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定与药敏分析仪，NG鉴定卡，AST-NG药敏卡，VITEK比浊计购自法国Bio-Merieux公司；自制0.45%的生理盐水。 （三）药物种类AST-NG药敏卡带有氨苄西林、头孢唑林、胺苄西林、氨曲南、头孢匹美，庆大霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、头孢他啶、哌拉西林，环丙沙星，阿米卡星、头孢替坦、亚胺培南、厄他培南、妥布霉素 （四）培养基细菌培养用中国蓝玫瑰酸琼脂粉，分纯培养用MH琼脂粉，均购自杭州

肺炎克雷伯杆菌肺炎

克雷白杆菌肺炎(Kｌｅbsielｌa pneumonia):近２0余年来,该菌已成为院内获得性肺炎得主要致病菌,耐药株不断增加,且产生超广谱酶,成为防治中得难点、本病多见于中年以上男性,起病急、高热、咳嗽、痰多及胸痛,可有发绀、气急、心悸,约半数患者有畏寒,可早期出现休克。临床表现类似因为得肺炎球菌肺炎,但其痰常呈粘稠脓性,量多、带血,灰绿色或砖红色、胶冻状,但此类典型得痰液并不多见。胸部Ｘ线表现常呈多样性,包括大叶实变,好发于右肺上叶、双肺下叶,有多发性蜂窝状肺脓肿、叶间隙下坠、严重病例有呼吸衰竭、周围循环衰竭。慢性病程者表现为咳嗽、咳痰、衰弱、贫血等、克雷白杆菌肺炎得预后较差,病死率高。 临床表现:①发病骤起,出现呼吸困难; ②年长儿有大量黏稠血性痰,但婴儿少见; ③由于气道被黏液梗阻,肺部体征较少或完全缺乏; ④病情极为严重,发展迅速,患儿常呈休克状态; ⑤Ｘ线胸片示肺段或大叶性致密实变阴影,其边缘往往膨胀凸出、可迅速发展到邻近肺段,以上叶后段及下叶前段较多见; ⑥常见并发症为肺脓肿,可呈多房性蜂窝状,日后形成纤维性变;其次为脓胸及胸膜肥厚。治疗尚缺乏有效抗菌药物。 临床病理: 肺炎克雷白杆菌为革兰阴性杆菌,常存在于人体上呼吸道与肠道,当机体抵抗力降低时,便经呼吸道进入肺内而引起大叶或小叶融合性实变,以上叶较为多见。病变中渗出液粘稠而重,致使叶间隙下坠、细菌具有荚膜,在肺泡内生长繁殖时,引起组织坏死、液化、形成单个或多发性脓肿。病变累及胸膜、心包时,可引起渗出性或脓性积液。病灶纤维组织增生活跃,易于机化;纤维素性胸腔积液可早期出现粘连。在院内感染得败血症中,克雷白杆菌以及绿脓杆菌与沙雷菌等均为重要病原菌,病死率较高。 老年体弱患者有急性肺炎、中毒症状严重、且有血性粘稠痰者,应考虑本病。确诊有赖于痰细菌学检查,并与葡萄球菌、结核菌或其她革兰阴性杆菌所致肺炎相鉴别。年老、白细胞减少、菌血症及原有严重疾病者预后较差、 与支气管扩张症区别 支气管扩张症就是常见得慢性支气管化脓性疾病,大多数继发于呼吸道感染与支气管阻塞,尤其就是儿童与青年时期麻疹、百日咳后得支气管肺炎,由于破环支气管管壁,形成管腔扩张与变形。 临床表现:慢性咳嗽伴大量脓痰与反复咯血。若有厌氧菌混合感染,则有臭味。咯血可反复发生,程度不等,从小量痰血至大量咯血,咯血量与病情严重程度有时不一致, 支气管扩张咯血后一般无明显中毒症状。 与肺炎球菌肺炎区别 肺炎球菌肺炎就是由肺炎球菌或肺炎链球菌所引起,占院外感染肺炎中得半数以上、肺段或肺叶呈急性炎性实变,临床上症状轻或不典型病较为多见、起病多急骤,有高热,体温在数小时内可以升到３9－４0℃,可呈稽留热,与脉率相平行。患侧胸部疼痛,可放射到肩部、腹部,咳嗽或深呼吸时加剧。痰少,可带血丝或呈铁锈色。胃纳锐减,偶有恶心、呕吐、腹痛或腹泻,有时误诊为急腹症、 辅助检查:

重症肺炎的抗感染治疗指南

重症肺炎的抗感染治疗 一位有糖尿病基础疾病的青年男患，急性起病，以高热、寒战、背痛、咳痰为突出的临床表现，快速进展并伴低血压、呼吸衰竭、黄疸和血小板减低，影像学提示肺多发实变和空洞影。如何在获得病原学证据前进行精准的经验性抗感染治疗？ 患者，22 岁，男。主因「发热、寒战、背痛 5 天，加重伴咳嗽 1 天」，于 2016 年 4 月 11 日入中日医院呼吸与危重症医学科二部住院。 入院 5 天前患者无明显诱因出现高热，Tmax 40.5℃，伴畏寒、寒战、胸背痛。之后每日均有发热，伴畏寒、寒战，背部持续疼痛。入院 1 天前胸背痛明显加重，伴呼吸困难、咳嗽、咳白痰、皮肤巩膜黄染。当地医院查 WBC 10.7×109/L，PLT 29×109/L；胸片示右肺炎症。给予吸氧、头孢噻肟 / 舒巴坦静点，症状无好转。 既往发现血糖升高 1 年，平素血糖控制欠佳，空腹血糖 11 mmol/L，口服降糖药物（具体不详），1 月前自行停药。发病前 1 周外出旅游。 92%(鼻导管入院后查体：P 100 次 / 分，BP 125/73 mmHg，SpO 2 5L/min)，急性病容，呼吸急促，被动端坐体位。皮肤巩膜黄染，双肺听诊呼吸音低，肝区叩击痛（+）。胸部 CT（图 1）见双肺多发实变影，多叶多段分布、胸膜下为主，部分病灶内见空洞（箭头），肝内见低密度灶（星号）。降钙素原最高 114.4ng/ml。 初步诊断「肝脓肿、重症肺炎、脓毒血症」。肺部病变影像学特点符合血源播散性肺脓肿表现，考虑原发感染灶在肝脏。由于肝脓肿最常见病

原体为肺炎克雷伯杆菌，入院当日即予亚胺培南 0.5 g q6 h 抗感染，并多次留取血培养标本。 图 1、图 2 2016 年 4 月 11 日胸部 CT

肺炎克雷伯细菌及其荚膜

Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia and Capsular Serotypes, Taiwan Chun-Hsing Liao, Yu-Tsung Huang, Chih-Cheng Lai, Cheng-Yu Chang, Fang-Yeh Chu, Meng-Shiuan Hsu, Hsin-Sui Hsu, and Po-Ren Hsueh Capsular serotypes of 225 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan were identi ? ed by using PCR. Patients infected with K1 serotypes (41 isolates) had increased community-onset bacteremia, more nonfatal diseases and liver abscesses, lower Pittsburgh bacteremia scores and mortality rates, and fewer urinary tract infections than patients infected with non–K1/K2 serotypes (147 isolates). K lebsiella pneumoniae bacteria cause a variety of infections (1,2). Geographic differences in this organism have been recognized, and a high prevalence of liver abscesses has been observed for >20 years in persons in Taiwan infected with K . pneumoniae (3,4). K1 and K2 are the major capsular serotypes that cause liver abscesses and have increased virulence (4–7). In contrast, only limited information is available about serotypes causing K. pneumoniae bacteremia (3,5). Yu et al. grouped K1 and K2 serotypes and compared clinical characteristics for patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia with those for patients infected with non–K1/K2 serotypes (3). Recent evidence suggests that K1 is a major cause of primary liver abscesses and has greater potential for causing metastasis, and that K2 is a major cause of secondary liver abscesses (6,8). We examined the distribution and clinical characteristics of serotypes that cause K. pneumoniae bacteremia from 225 patients (9) and performed PCR-based genotyping to identify capsular serotypes (10). The Study The study was conducted at Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. Patients with K . pneumoniae bacteremia were identi ? ed during January 1–December 31, 2007. Identi ? cation of K . pneumoniae was based on colony morphologic features and biochemical reactions (11). Data on time until positive blood culture results were obtained from the automated blood culture system at the hospital. Data for each patient were included only once (at the time of the ? rst detection of bacteremia). Patients <18 years of age and those not admitted to our hospital were excluded. Inactive malignancy was not included as an underlying illness. In-hospital and 14-day mortality rates were assessed. For 225 available bacterial isolates, cps genotyping was performed (10). A total of 231 patients with K . pneumoniae bacteremia were observed at the hospital during the study; 225 isolates from 225 patients were used. A total of 133 (59%) of these patients had community-onset bacteremia (bacteremia identi ? ed in an emergency department). The in-hospital mortality rate was 32.4%. Among 225 isolates, 41 (18.2%) were identi ? ed as K1 serotype, 37 (16.4%) as K2, 15 (6.7%) as K57, and 8 (3.6%) as K54. The K1 serotype was found predominantly in community-onset infections (36 [87.8%] of 41 patients compared with 75 [51.0%] of 147 patients infected with non–K1/K2 serotypes; odds ratio [OR] 6.91, 95% con ? dence interval [CI] 2.57–18.60) (online Appendix Table 1, https://www.360docs.net/doc/9211954437.html,/EID/content/17/6/1113-appT1.htm). Underlying illness was classi ? ed as nonfatal in 75.6% of patients with K1 bacteremia (53.7% of patients with non–K1/K2 bacteremia; OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.22–5.84). A lower percentage of patients with K1 bacteremia had surgery in the previous 3 months (9.8% vs. 30.6%; OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09–0.73). Patients with K1 bacteremia had lower mean ± SD Pittsburgh bacteremia scores than those with non–K1/K2 bacteremia (2.7 ± 3.1 vs. 4.4 ± 4.7; OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81–0.99), but the time until a positive blood culture was obtained was not different. K1 serotype was more common in patients with liver abscesses (46.3% vs. 4.1%; OR 20.3, 95% CI 7.31–56.40) and less common in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) (4.9% vs. 20.4%; OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05–0.88). The in-hospital mortality rate for patients with K1 bacteremia was lower that that for patients with non–K1/K2 bacteremia (14.6% vs. 34.7%; OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13–0.82). No differences were found in clinical characteristics for patients with K2 bacteremia and those with non–K1/K2 bacteremia except for a higher frequency of liver abscesses in patients with K2 bacteremia (13.5% vs. 4.1%; OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.06–12.8). For patients infected with K54 and K57 serotypes, 1 K57 serotype caused liver abscesses; no abscesses were found in patients infected with a K54 serotype. The in-hospital mortality rate was 50% (4/8) for patients with K54 bacteremia and 53.3% (8/15) for patients with K57 bacteremia. Patients infected with a K1 serotype had lower mean ± SD Pittsburgh bacteremia scores (2.7 ± 3.1 vs. 5.0 ± 5.3; Emerging Infectious Diseases ? https://www.360docs.net/doc/9211954437.html,/eid ? Vol. 17, No. 6, June 2011 1113 Author af ? liations: Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-H. Liao, C.-C. Lai, C.-Y . Chang, F.-Y . Chu, M.-S. Hsu, H.-S. Hsu); and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (Y .-T. Huang, P .-R. Hsueh)DOI: 10.3201/eid1706.100811

肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎的临床诊治

【摘要】目的分析下呼吸道肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染的发病特点、药敏情况及治疗转归。了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(esbls)菌株耐药情况。方法回顾性分析37例肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染患者的临床特点、病原菌的耐药性、抗菌治疗及转归。结果该组病例以中老年患者为主，排菌及肺空洞形成占大多数，临床症状不典型，合并症及混合菌感染多，主要依靠病原学并结合临床、x线检查作为诊断依据.容易产esbls菌株，且有增长趋势，亚胺培南是首选抗感染用药。结论肺结核患者院内下呼吸道感染是一个值得关注的问题，警惕es-bls菌株的产生，治疗上应根据药敏联合应用抗生素. 【关键词】肺炎克雷白杆菌肺炎克雷伯杆菌(k1ebsiellapneumoniae)，又称肺炎杆菌，是引起肺炎最多的革兰阴性杆菌，其所致的肺炎占细菌性肺炎的1％～5％，平均为2％，在社区获得性和医院获得性革兰阴性杆菌肺炎中分别18％～64％和30％，院内肺炎杆菌肺炎的发病约为6.6/10000～8.0/10000，肺炎杆菌占医院内肺炎全部病原体的7％～11％。虽有不少前瞻和回顾性调查，但肺炎杆菌在社会人群中的确切发病率甚难估计。近年来，随着对肺炎杆菌高效抗菌药物如第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类药物的不断问世与推广，和耐药严重的铜绿假单胞菌及其他假单胞菌、不动杆菌和阴沟杆菌等引起的肺炎比例增加，肺炎杆菌临床分离率有下降趋势。肺炎杆菌肺炎的病死率较高，为20％～50％，也有70％的报道，尤其在酗酒者。 1临床资料本组37例，其中男34例，女3例，年龄18～27岁。病程1～11d。临床表现：发热25例，咳嗽26例，咳浓痰20例，痰中带血7例，砖红色痰6例。肺部体征：湿啰音17例，干啰音4例。胸部x线检查：肺实变阴影6例，斑片状致密影有小空腔或空洞10例，肺纹理增多、紊乱，表现为支气管周围炎11例。实验室检查：白细胞总数高于正常15例，中性粒细胞&0.75的23例。 2诊断与鉴别诊断 2.1诊断男性，长期嗜酒，有慢性支气管炎或其他肺部疾病、糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、器官移植或粒细胞减少症等免疫抑制，或建立人工气道机械通气的患者，出现发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难及肺部湿啰音，外周血中性粒细胞增加，结合x线有肺部炎性浸润表现提示细菌性肺炎时，均应考虑肺炎杆菌的可能，特别是当青霉素或依托红霉素及其他大环内酰类抗生素治疗无效时。肺炎杆菌的临床表现、实验室和x线检查多不具有特征性。咯砖红色痰虽为其典型表现，但临床上并不多见。合格的痰标本涂片找见较多革兰阴性杆菌，尤其大量聚集在脓细胞和支气管的假复层纤毛柱状上皮细胞周围并带有荚膜者，更应考虑肺炎杆菌的可能，但此不是确诊依据。痰培养分离肺炎杆菌有利于诊断，但应与定植于口咽部的污染菌相鉴别。有认为连续两次以上经涂片筛选的痰标本分离到肺炎杆菌或定量培养分离的肺炎杆菌浓度≥109cfu/ml，可诊断为肺炎杆菌肺炎。对重症、难治或免疫抑制病例，使用防污染下呼吸道标本采样技术如经环甲膜穿刺气管吸引(ti’a)、防污染双套管毛刷采样(psb)、支气管肺泡灌洗(bal)和经皮穿刺吸引(la)等，从这些标本分离出肺炎杆菌则可确诊本病。 2.2鉴别诊断微生物学检查是确诊肺炎杆菌肺炎的惟一依据，也是与其他细菌性肺炎相鉴别的重要方法。 3治疗肺炎杆菌肺炎的治疗包括抗感染治疗和支持治疗。 3.1对症及支持治疗包括保持气道通畅、祛痰、止咳、给氧、纠正水、电解质和酸碱失衡、补充营养等。 3.2抗感染治疗及早使用有效抗生素是治愈的关键。在应用抗生素治疗前，肺炎杆菌感染的死亡率51％～97％；在抗生素治疗下，病死率已有明显下降。但由于肺炎杆菌耐药率较高，病死率为20％～30％，远超过肺炎链球菌肺炎。具有抗肺炎杆菌作用的抗菌药物较多，包括第一、第二和第三代头孢菌素、广谱青霉素、氨基糖苷类抗生素、氟喹诺酮类及其他，如亚胺培南和氨曲南等。高效、低毒、价廉是考虑选择抗菌药物的最重要因素。

肺炎克雷伯菌是什么

肺炎克雷伯菌是什么 *导读：肺炎克雷伯菌为革兰阴性杆菌，存在于人体上呼吸道和肠道，当机体抵抗力降低时，便经呼吸道进入肺内而引起大叶或小叶融合性实变，以上叶较为多见。…… 肺炎克雷伯菌存在于人体上呼吸道和肠道，当机体抵抗力降低时，便经呼吸道进入肺内而引起大叶或小叶融合性实变，以上叶较为多见。 肺炎克雷伯杆菌是克雷伯菌属五个种菌属中主要对人致病的，大小为0.5-0.8μm×1-2μm，肺炎克雷伯杆菌为革兰阴性杆菌，有较厚的荚膜多数有菌毛，无芽孢和鞭毛。具有O抗原和K抗原。口咽部细菌的入侵引起肺部感染多见于年老体弱、营养不良、慢性酒精中毒、全身衰竭和原患慢性支气管-肺疾病等患者，呼吸道侵入性检查、污染的呼吸器、雾化器等的使用，以及免疫抑制性药物的应用均可成为引起感染的重要因素。 1简介 肺炎克雷伯菌为革兰阴性杆菌，病变中渗出液粘稠而重，致使叶间隙下坠。细菌具有荚膜，在肺泡内生长繁殖时，引起组织坏死、液化、形成单个或多发性脓肿。病变累及胸膜、心包时，可引起渗出性或脓性积液。病灶纤维组织增生活跃，易于机化；纤维素性胸腔积液可早期出现粘连。在院内感染的败血症中，克雷伯杆菌以及绿脓杆菌和沙雷氏菌等均为重要病原菌，病死率较

高。 及早使用有效抗生素是治愈的关键。首选氨基糖苷类抗生素，如庆大霉素、卡那霉素、妥布霉素、丁胺卡那霉素，可肌注、静滴或管腔内用药。重症宜加用头孢菌素如头孢孟多、头孢西丁、头孢噻肟等。哌拉西林，美洛西林与氨基糖苷类联用、左氧氟沙星疗效亦佳。部分病例使用氯霉素、四环素及SMZ－TMP亦有效。重症多有肺组织损伤，慢性病例有时需行肺叶切除。 2耐药机制 肺炎克雷伯菌（Kpn）是临床分离及医院感染的重要致病菌 之一，随着β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类等广谱抗菌素的广泛使用，细菌易产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和头孢菌素酶（AmpC 酶）以及氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMEs），对常用药物包括第三代头 孢菌素和氨基糖苷类呈现出严重的多重耐药性。肺炎克雷伯菌引起的医院感染率近期逐年增高，且多耐药性菌株的不断增加常导致临床抗菌药物治疗的失败和病程迁延。肺炎克雷伯菌耐药机制主要包括产生β-内酰胺酶、生物被膜的形成、外膜孔蛋白的缺失。抗菌药物主动外排等，抗菌药物耐药基因水平播散是多药耐药菌株临床加剧的重要原因。

重症肺炎

诊断标准 重症社区获得性肺炎 重症医院获得性肺炎 重症肺炎概念：指在普通肺炎基础上并肩呼吸急促、发绀、尿少、汗出肢冷、神志异常等症的急诊常见危重症。属中医“风温”、“肺热病”、“肺炎喘嗽”等病症发展到严重阶段的重症阶段。 重症肺炎 我国制定的重症肺炎标准如下： 意识障碍 呼吸频率>30次/分 PaO2<60mmHg，氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）<300，需行机械通气治疗 血压<90/60mmHg 胸片现实双侧或多肺叶受累，或入院48小时内病变扩大≥50% 少尿：尿量<20ml/h，或80ml/4h，或急性肾功能衰竭需要透析治疗。 重症肺炎 在普通肺炎基础上出现以上一项或以上者可以诊断重症肺炎 医院获得性肺炎中晚发生性发病（入院>5d、机械通气>4d）和存在高危因素者 重症肺炎发病机制：病原菌的侵入病原体直接抵达下呼吸道通气与换气功能障碍 缺氧、二氧化碳潴留及毒血症等重症社区获得性肺炎易感因素 重症社区获得性肺炎病原学 临床仍有40%-60%SCAP患者的致病病原体不能确定 重症社区获得性肺炎 1.全身表现 发热、全身不适 2.呼吸系统表现 咳嗽、咯痰、咯血、胸痛、呼吸困难 肺部体征：广范的肺实变征 3.肺外表现 循环系统：顽固性休克、低血压、组织灌注低 肾脏损害 中医 诊断要点：“热、咳、痰、喘、扇” 重点在——喘 温邪？阳邪？ 中医病机演变特点——三焦（卫气营血） 重症社区获得性肺炎 实验室检查 1血常规 2血气分析： 严重低氧血症氧合指数进行性下降需行机械通气辅助治疗 3影像学 4病原学 5经纤支镜防污染性毛刷 6军团菌检查

7非典型病原体的血清学检查 8真菌血清学检测 重症社区获得性肺炎 治疗 1.一般监护 2.抗感染治疗：早期、充分、足量——“降阶梯治疗” 3.抗真菌治疗 4.机械通气治疗 5.循环支持 6.糖皮质激素应用（争议较多） 7.维持或纠正重要器官功能 8.加强营养支持 9.其他治疗 重症社区获得性肺炎 预后 死亡率相当高22%-50% 主要死因顽固性低氧血症顽固性休克 肺炎性相关并发症多功能脏器衰竭 重症医院获得性肺炎 病原学 多数为细菌感染混合感染常见 常见：铜绿假单胞菌肺炎克雷伯菌不动杆菌等G- 以及 金黄色葡萄球菌等G+——其中多为MRSA 重症医院获得性肺炎 临床表现 起病隐匿 感染性休克是患者较常出现的临床征象 也是进入ICU的常见原因。 重症医院获得性肺炎 1.抗感染治疗 2.基础病的治疗3对症支持治疗 重症医院获得性肺炎 预后 预后较差死亡率相当 中医治疗 三焦辨证： 卫之后方言气，营之后方言血。在卫汗之可也；到气才宜清气；乍入营分，犹可透热，仍转气分而解，如犀角、元参、羚羊等物是也；至入于血，则恐耗血动血，直须凉血散血，如生地、丹皮、阿胶、赤芍等物是也。

因肺炎克雷伯的原发性肝脓肿

1434 Primary Liver Abscess Due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan Jen-Hsien Wang,Yung-Ching Liu,Susan Shin-Jung Lee,From the Section of Infectious Diseases,Department of Internal Medicine,Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung,Kaohsiung,Taiwan, Muh-Yong Yen,Yao-Shen Chen,Jao-Hsien Wang, Republic of China Shue-Ren Wann,and Hsi-Hsun Lin Pyogenic liver abscess is an uncommon complication of intra-abdominal or biliary tract infection and is usually a polymicrobial infection associated with high mortality and high rates of relapse. However,over the past15years,we have observed a new clinical syndrome in Taiwan:liver abscesses caused by a single microorganism,Klebsiella pneumoniae.We reviewed182cases of pyogenic liver abscess during the period September1990to June1996;160of these cases were caused by K.pneumoniae alone,and22were polymicrobial.When patients with K.pneumoniae liver abscess were compared with those who had polymicrobial liver abscess,we found higher incidences of diabetes or glucose intolerance(75%vs.4.5%)and metastatic infections(11.9%vs.0)and lower rates of intra-abdominal abnormalities(0.6%vs.95.5%),mortality(11.3%vs.41%),and relapse (4.4%vs.41%)in the former group.Liver abscess caused by K.pneumoniae is a new clinical syndrome that has emerged as an important infectious complication in diabetic patients in Taiwan. Pyogenic liver abscess is an uncommon complication of is also obtained.Pigtail catheter drainage is the major treatment strategy unless multiple microabscesses are present,in which intra-abdominal or biliary tract infection,despite the high inci- dence of cholecystitis,appendicitis,diverticulitis,and peritoni-case,?ne-needle aspiration is satisfactory for both diagnosis and treatment.Patients’clinical courses are usually uneventful tis worldwide[1–3].The infection may be due to direct exten- sion from contiguous structures or to hematogenous spread if successful pigtail catheter drainage is combined with a 3-week course of parenteral antimicrobial treatment.Pigtail from a remote infectious focus such as appendicitis or divertic- ulitis[3].Pyogenic liver abscess is usually polymicrobial be-catheter drainage is usually continued for1–2weeks,and the drain is removed when the following criteria are met:cultures cause of the ascending route of infection from the gastrointesti- nal tract[1,4–6].Over the past15years in Taiwan,we have of the liver abscess become sterile,the daily drainage output is?5mL for several days,and defervescence occurs even seen many cases of pyogenic liver abscess that have been contrary to the rule.In Taiwan,liver abscesses caused by a after the drainage tube is clamped.We usually maintain oral antimicrobial treatment for1–2months after discharge from single pathogen,Klebsiella pneumoniae,occur in diabetic pa- tients without intra-abdominal or biliary tract infection.the hospital to consolidate the effect of treatment. We reviewed182cases of pyogenic liver abscesses treated K.pneumoniae liver abscess is a well-known disease in Taiwan that presents as an infectious complication in diabetic at the Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung(Taiwan)from September1990to June1996and compared the epidemiologi-patients[7].It has been an endemic disease for at least15 years.Infectious diseases specialists in Taiwan have reached cal features,clinical presentations,treatment strategies,and outcomes of K.pneumoniae liver abscess with those of polymi-a consensus on the diagnosis and management of K.pneumo- niae liver abscess;this consensus has also been applied to poly-crobial liver abscess. microbial liver abscess.Diagnostic examinations include three sets of blood cultures and CT-or ultrasonographically-guided Materials and Methods aspiration of the abscess,with or without pigtail catheter drain- age,to obtain a specimen for gram staining and aerobic/anaero-Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung,a1,000-bed facility, bic cultures.is one of the11medical centers in Taiwan and has been a Routine tests performed on admission in our hospital include reference center for four southern counties and one metropoli-CT scanning of the whole abdomen to rule out the possibility tan area since September1990.In our hospital the diagnostic of a tumor or biliary tract stones,HIV serology,and blood and therapeutic strategies for pyogenic liver abscess are based chemistry and fasting blood sugar determinations;a hemogram on the aforementioned consensus.We retrospectively reviewed the medical and microbiological records at Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung to identify patients with the diagnosis of K.pneumoniae abscess and polymicrobial liver abscess during Received16October1997;revised12February1998. the period September1990to June1996. Reprints or correspondence:Dr.Jen-Hsien Wang,Section of Infectious Dis- eases,Department of Internal Medicine,Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung,Cases were considered to be K.pneumoniae liver abscess if 386Ta-Chung1st Road,Kaohsiung,Taiwan813,Republic of China.a bacterial culture of blood or of pus from a CT-con?rmed Clinical Infectious Diseases1998;26:1434–8liver abscess was positive for K.pneumoniae and a gram stain ?1998by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.All rights reserved. 1058–4838/98/2606–0033$03.00of the pus showed only gram-negative bacilli.Cases were con- at Wenzhou Medical College on December 3, 2012 https://www.360docs.net/doc/9211954437.html,/ Downloaded from