英语论文翻译

On the Translation of Euphemisms

Between East and West

Euphemism is an effective language expression that is created when people are intent to realize the expecting results in the social communication. It is widely used in all walks of life. The utility of euphemism not only meets the need of people in communication, but also plays an important role in coordinating human relationship with social relationship in the procedure of language communication. The functions of euphemism make people express idea more easily and make communication go more smoothly. This paper begins with the definition of euphemism, and points out that it has come in need of the life of social communication, and then uses substantial English language examples to analyze the five functions of English euphemism including functions of taboo, politeness, concealing, positive and praising. From the observation, it is understood that euphemism, especially English euphemism, can bring people to the successful process of social communication, and can beautify languages, which will ease people tense relationship with the indirect and concealing expressions. However, when it comes to its translation, there are several points that we should pay attention to. First, the English slang translation of euphemisms, slang euphemism in proportion is relatively large. The emergence of euphemism, often in life when people contacts, people appear awkward and hard to tell whether or easily hurt the feelings of the occasion, people consciously avoided a direct hit, but with more modest, yet elegant image of the word, twist express their views, opinions and emotions. This expression is frequently encountered in Chinese, and sometimes in English for the very same semantics with the same or similar expression. Thus making Translation, may be the same translation. Second, the English slang spell on gambling translation in English and Chinese languages, all with a swear, swear, swear to pray for the expression of stress, evil monks, dissatisfied with the hope that such emotional words. However, it is noteworthy that swear words have meaning, more often than not its literal meaning. Therefore, the translation should be used free translation approach. In the translation process, it is necessary to retain its original meaning, but also very different cultural backgrounds, according to foreign customs and language, translation adjustments; it can better meet their people's habits. From the following examples, you can glimpse the translation adjustment of the original slang. Third, the English language translation of vulgar slang phrase generally refers to the so-called vulgar insulting, rude words unbearable human ear, and its actual meaning is not expressed in its literal meaning. Its purpose is to use vulgar words to vent their discontent, worry, surprise and contempt, and so intense emotional protest. Therefore, the translation of such terms should be especially cautious and discreet.

Despite the fact that the world is becoming a global village, translation remains a major way for languages and cultures to interact and influence each other. And name translation, especially government name translation, occupies a quite significant place in international exchange. It is generally accepted that translation, not as a separate entity, blooms into flower under such circumstances like culture, societal functions,

politics and power relations. Nowadays, the filed of translation studies is immersed with abundantly diversified translation standards, with no exception that some of them are presented by renowned figures and are rather authoritative. In the translation practice, however, how should we select the so-called translation standards to serve as our guidelines in the translation process and how should we adopt the translation standards to evaluate a translation product? In the macro - context of flourish of linguistic theories, theorists in the translation circle, keep to the golden law of the principle of equivalence. The theory of Translation Equivalence is the central issue in western translation theories. And the presentation of this theory gives great impetus to the development and improvement of translation theory. It’s not difficult for us to discover that it is the theory of Translation Equivalence that serves as guidelines in government name translation in China. Name translation, as defined, is the replacement of the name in the source language by an equivalent name or other words in the target language. Translating Chinese government names into English, similarly, is replacing the Chinese government name with an equivalent in English. Metaphorically speaking, translation is often described as a moving trajectory going from A to B along a path or a container to carry something across from A to B. This view is commonly held by both translation practitioners and theorists in the West. In this view, they do not expect that this trajectory or something will change its identity as it moves or as it is carried. In China, to translate is also understood by many people normally as“to translate the whole text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, without any omission, addition, or other changes. In both views, the source text and the target text must be “the same”. This helps explain the etymological source for the term “translation equivalence”.It is in essence a word which describes the relationship between the ST and the TT. Equivalence means the state or fact or property of being equivalent. It is widely used in several scientific fields such as chemistry and mathematics. Therefore, it comes to have a strong scientific meaning that is rather absolute and concise. Influenced by this, translation equivalence also comes to have an absolute denotation though it was first applied in translation study as a general word. From a linguistic point of view, it can be divided into three sub-types, i.e., formal equivalence, semantic equivalence, and pragmatic equivalence. In actual translation, it frequently happens that they can not be obtained at the same time, thus forming a kind of relative translation equivalence in terms of quality. In terms of quantity, sometimes the ST and TT are not equivalent too. Absolute translation equivalence both in quality and quantity, even though obtainable, is limited to a few cases.

Euphemism is a kind of linguistic phenomena. Since different societies, different histories and cultures produce different euphemisms, euphemisms can reflect history, culture and customs of a nation from a unique angle. There are certain realistic meanings to the correct understanding the translation of euphemism and its usages. More figures of speech are used in English reports in order to enhance the literariness of sports games, like metaphor, euphemism, personification and exaggeration. Modern society, the original euphemism still in use, and because of new social problems continue to increase, the new euphemism is constantly generated. We should

also notice the usage in them.

关于两种文化委婉语中的翻译问题

委婉语是人们在社会交际过程中,为了实现预期的交际效果而创造出的一种有效的言语表达方式。委婉语的使用是一种普遍存在的现象,它广泛应用于社会各阶层以及各个领域,它不仅是人们在社交的需要,更是言语交际中协调人际关系和社会关系的重要手段。它具有的社交功能使人们更能自如地表达思想,使交流轻松愉快的进行。本文先从委婉语的定义出发,指出委婉语是适应社会交际生活需要而产生的,然后应用了大量的实例,结合特定的英语语境深入分析英语委婉语的五种社交功能,即:禁忌避讳功能,礼貌功能,掩饰功能,积极功能,褒扬功能。通过分析, 我们进一步理解了委婉语, 尤其是英语委婉语,它用婉转含蓄的表达美化了语言,使人们的社交生活更为和谐。但当谈到其翻译时，有几点我我们需要注意。第一，英语俚语中关于委婉语的翻译，委婉语在俚语中所占的比重是比较大的。委婉语的出现，往往是生活中人们交往时，出现使人难堪、令人难以启齿或易伤感情的场合，人们有意识回避直接触及，而是采用比较温和、文雅而又形象的语词，曲折地表达出自己的观点、看法和情感。这种表达方式，在汉语中也是经常碰到的，而且有时中英文对于同一语义有着相同或相似的表达方式。因而在进行英汉互译时，可作同等的翻译第二，英语俚语中关于赌咒语的翻译，在英汉两种语言中，都有用赌咒、发誓、起誓来表达强调、僧恶、不满、希望等情绪的词语。但是，值得注意的是，赌咒词语所表达的含义，往往不是其字面意思。因此，在翻译时应采用意译的方式。在翻译的过程中，既要保留其原来的意思，也要根据中外不同的文化背景和语言习惯，进行翻译上的调整，使其更符合本国人的习惯。从以下实例中，可以窥其翻译中对原俚语的调整。第三，英语俚语中粗俗语的翻译，所谓粗俗语一般是指侮辱性的、不堪人耳的粗暴词语，它的实际意思并不是其字面所表达的意思。它的目的是用粗俗的词语来发泄自己的不满、烦恼、气愤、惊奇及蔑视和抗议等等激烈的情绪。因此，翻译这一类词语时应尤为谨慎和持重。

尽管全世界渐渐成为一个地球村，翻译仍然是语言和文化之间交流互动，相互影响的主要方式之一。而名称的翻译，尤其是政府机构名称的翻译，更是其中重要的一环。翻译，并不是一个单一的个体，它只有在文化，社会职能，政治和权力关系的情境下进行才能开枝散叶，这一点已普遍为人们所接受。而今，翻译研究领域充斥着大量五花八门的翻译标准，毫无例外，有些是由名人名家提出的，具有相当的权威性和影响力。然而在翻译实践中，应如何选择所谓的“翻译标准”为我们的翻译把关？又应采取何种翻译标准来评价一份翻译的好坏？在语言学理论蓬勃发展的大背景下，翻译学界的理论学家们坚守着“对等原则”的黄金定律。翻译对等论是西方翻译理论的核心学说。这个理论的出现给翻译理论的发展和进步注入了极大的动力。我们不难发现，在中国，正是翻译对等论在扮演着英译政府机构名称时的指导准则。名称翻译的定义是用目的语的对等名或其他词语来替换源语的名称。相似地，中国政府机构名称的英译则是用英文中的对等名来替换政府机构的中文名称。打个比方，人们常常将翻译形容为一个移动的轨道。它沿着一条小径或穿过一个容器将某些信息由A处传达至B处。西方的翻译从业者和理论学家们普遍认同这一比喻。他们认为在信息移动或传递的过程中，这个

轨道似的东西并不会改变信息本身的身份特征。许多中国人通常也将翻译理解为“逐句逐段地翻译整篇文章，不得省略，添加，或有任何改动。中西方的两种观点都认为源语文本和目的语文本必须完全相同。这恰恰说明了“翻译对等论”的词源。从本质上讲，这个词描述了源语文本和目的语文本之间的关系。对等是指两者相等的状态，事实或性质。这个词广泛应用于诸如化学，数学之类的科学领域。因此，它逐渐带上了浓厚的科学意味，绝对而准确。受其影响，翻译对等原则也逐渐拥有了绝对的指示意义，而一开始它是作为类别词被应用于翻译研究的。从语言学的角度可以将其分为三类，即，形式对等，语义对等和语用对等。在实际的翻译实践中经常发生这种情况，三类对等并不能同时实现，因此从翻译质量方面看对等只是相对的。从翻译数量方面看，源语文本和目的语文本有时也不是相等的。翻译质量和数量的绝对对等虽然可以实现，也仅仅局限于少数特例。

委婉语是英汉两种语言共有的语言现象，作为人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象，委婉语从独特的角度反映了一个民族的历史文化、风俗习惯。对正确理解怎样翻译和使用委婉语有一定的现实意义。英文报道中多使用修辞来增加体育报道的文学性，如暗喻、委婉语、拟人和夸张。现代社会里，原有的委婉语仍在使用，并且由于新的社会问题不断增加，新的委婉语也在不断产生。我们也应该注意其中翻译技巧的用法。