2015国际青年物理学家锦标赛(IYPT)赛题翻译
Problems for the 28th IYPT 2015
1. Packing
The fraction of space occupied by granular particles depends on their shape. Pour non-spherical particles such as rice, matches, or M&M’s candies into a box. How do characteristics like coordination number, orientational order, or the random close packing fraction depend on the relevant parameters?
1.堆积(Packing)
被颗粒状物体(particles)占据的小部分空间取决于它们的形状。将例如米、火柴或M&M糖果的非球状物体倾倒进一个盒子里，相关参量如何影响配位数(coordination number)、秩序性排列(orientational order)和随机紧密堆积分数(random close packing fraction)这样的特征？
2. Plume of Smoke
If a burning candle is covered by a transparent glass, the flame extinguishes and a steady upward stream of smoke is produced. Investigate the plume of smoke at various magnifications.
2.羽状的烟/烟羽(Plume of smoke)
如果一支燃烧着的蜡烛被一块透明玻璃板覆盖，火焰会熄灭，并且产生一缕稳定的向上流动的轻烟。研究在各种放大倍数下的羽状的烟。
【此处plume有羽状之意，故不将题目翻译为轻烟一缕】
3. Artificial Muscle
Attach a polymer fishing line to an electric drill and apply tension to the line. As it twists, the fibre will form tight coils in a spring-like arrangement. Apply heat to the coils to permanently fix that spring-like shape. When you apply heat ag ain, the coil will contract. Investigate this ‘artificial muscle’.
3.人造肌肉/伪肌肉(Artificial muscle)
将一个多聚物钓鱼线固定(attach)在电钻上并使其绷紧。当它扭转时，钓鱼线纤维会形成像弹簧一样排列的牢固的线圈。对线圈加热使它定型，成为弹簧一样的形状。当你再次加热时，线圈会收缩。研究这个"人造肌肉"。
4. Liquid Film Motor
Form a soap film on a flat frame. Put the film in an electric field parallel to
the film surface and pass an electric current through the film. The film rotates
in its plane. Investigate and explain the phenomenon.
4.液体膜发动机(Liquid film motor)
使一个肥皂膜在平整的边框上形成。将膜放在平行于膜面的电场中并
(and)通上贯穿(through)膜的电流。膜会在所在平面中旋转。研究并解释
这个现象。
PS.此处的and 可能不表示并列而表示因果。
5. Two Balloons
Two rubber balloons are partially inflated with air and connected together by a hose with a valve. It is found that depending on initial balloon volumes, the air can flow in different directions. Investigate this phenomenon.
5.双气球(Two balloons)
两个橡胶气球被不完全充满气并被一个带阀的塑料管(hose)连接。会发现空气由于初始气球体积不同而流向不同方向这样的现象。研究这个现象。
6. Magnus Glider
Glue the bottoms of two light cups together to make a glider. Wind an elastic band around the centre and hold the free end that remains. While holding the glider, stretch the free end of the elastic band and then release the glider. Investigate its motion.
6.马格努斯滑翔机(Magnus glider)
将两个轻质杯子的底部粘在一起来制作一个滑翔机。将一根弹性带子(band)缠绕在滑翔机的中心并抓住余下的自由端。当握着滑翔机时，拉伸带子的自由端然后释放滑翔机。研究它的运动。
7. Shaded Pole
Place a non-ferromagnetic metal disk over an electromagnet powered by
an AC supply. The disk will be repelled, but not rotated. However, if a
non-ferromagnetic metal sheet is partially inserted between the
electromagnet and the disk, the disk will rotate. Investigate the
phenomenon.
7.被覆盖的磁极(Shaded pole)
将一个非铁磁性的金属碟放在通交流电的电磁铁上，金属碟会排斥但不会旋转。但如果一块非铁磁性的金属薄片部分被部分插入两者之间，金属碟会旋转。研究这个现象。
PS.鉴于此处为电磁铁故将pole 译为磁极。
8. Sugar and Salt
When a container with a layer of sugar water placed above a layer of salt water is illuminated, a distinctive fingering pattern may be seen in the projected shadow. Investigate the phenomenon and its dependence on the relevant parameters.
8.糖和盐(Sugar and salt)
当一个将一层糖铺在一层盐上的容器被照明，我们可能在投射的背光处看到一种独特的指纹形图案(fingering pattern)。研究这个现象和与相关参量的依赖性。
9. Hovercraft
A simple model hovercraft can be built using a CD and a balloon filled with air attached via a tube. Exiting air can lift the device making it float over a surface with low friction. Investigate how the relevant parameters influence the time of the 'low-friction' state.
9.气垫船(Hovercraft)
将一张CD光盘和一个充满气的气球通过一根管子连接。漏气可以升起装置使其以低摩擦漂浮在一个表面上。研究相关参量如何影响"低摩擦"状态持续的时间。
10. Singing Blades of Grass
It is possible to produce a sound by blowing across a blade of grass, a paper strip or similar. Investigate this effect.
10.振鸣的草叶(Singing blades of grass)
横过一片草叶或一张纸条或其他类似的东西吹气从而发声是可行的。研究这个现象。
PS.题目中的singing解释为唱歌略不妥，鉴于实际故译为振鸣。
11. Cat’s Whisker
The first semiconductor diodes, widely used in crystal radios, consisted of a thin wire that lightly touched a crystal of a semiconducting material(e.g. galena). Build your own ‘cat’s-whisker’ diode and investigate its electrical properties.
11.猫须接收器(Cat's whisker)
广泛运用于矿石收音机的第一(first)半导体二极管包含一个轻触在半导体材料(例如方铅矿/加利纳galena )的晶体上的细导线。自制"猫须接收器"半导体元件并研究它的电学特性。
12. Thick Lens
A bottle filled with a liquid can work as a lens. Arguably, such a bottle is dangerous if left on a table on a sunny day. Can one use such a ‘lens’ to scorch a surface?
12.厚透镜(Thick lens)
一个装满液体的瓶子可以用作透镜。有人认为(arguably)如果将这样的瓶子在晴天放在桌子上会造成危险。可以用这样的"透镜"来烤焦一个表面吗？
13. Magnetic Pendulum
Make a light pendulum with a small magnet at the free end. An adjacent electromagnet connected to an AC power source of a much higher frequency than the natural frequency of the pendulum can lead to undamped oscillations with various amplitudes. Study and explain the phenomenon.
13.磁力摆(Magnetic pendulum)
制作一个自由端有一个小磁体的轻摆。一个临近的通有频率远高于摆的固有频率交流电的电磁铁可以导致不同振幅的无阻尼振动。研究并解释这个现象。
14. Circle of Light
When a laser beam is aimed at a wire, a circle of light can be observed on a screen perpendicular to the wire. Explain this phenomenon and investigate how it depends on the relevant parameters.
14.环形光(Circle of light)
当一个激光束瞄准一根金属丝，在垂直于金属丝的屏幕上可以观察到一个环形光线。解释这个现象并研究其与相关参量的依赖性。
15. Moving Brush
A brush may start moving when placed on a vibrating horizontal surface. Investigate the motion.
15.移动的刷子(Moving brush)
将刷子放置在振动的水平表面，刷子可能会开始移动。研究这一运动。
16. Wet and Dark
Clothes can look darker or change color when they get wet. Investigate the phenomenon.
16.潮湿且黑暗(Wet and dark)
当衣服受潮时会看起来更暗或者改变颜色。研究这一现象。
17. Coffee Cup
Physicists like drinking coffee, however walking between laboratories with a cup of coffee can be problematic. Investigate how the shape of the cup, speed of walking and other parameters affect the likelihood of coffee being spilt while
17.咖啡杯(Coffee cup)
物理学家们喜欢喝咖啡，但端着一杯咖啡在实验室间行走会很麻烦。研究杯子的形状、步行速度和其他参量如何影响走路时咖啡溅出的可能性。
(英语)英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析
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2 015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案 大米 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻，人们通常以大米为食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。 In the mind of Westerners,Chinese people have the closest connection to rice,basic food for the Chinese.For a long time,rice occupies a very important position in the Chinese diet.There is even a saying that "even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice".People in south China plant and live on rice,while people in the most parts of North China cannot plant rice due to excessively dry and cold weather. The main crop there is wheat. In China, some people use flour to bake bread,while most people make steamed bread and noodles with flour. xx 中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到20年建成的一个太空站。目前，中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 快递 据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier service）将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。
英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析
英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．晚上别喝太多的咖啡，会睡不着觉的。（or） 2．事实证明，保持快乐的心态会降低得心脏病的风险。（It） 3．乐观的人不会过分怀念美好的旧时光，因为他们正忙着创造新的回忆。（create）4．追求稳定并不是什么坏事，很多时候这样的态度在促使我们提升自我、挑战难度、攀登高峰。（when） 【答案】 1．Don’t drink too much coffee at night, or you won’t be able to sleep. 2． It is proved that keeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases. 3．Optimistic people don’t miss the good old days too much, because they are busy creating new memories. 4． The pursuit of stability is not a bad thing. (and) There are many times when such an attitude drives us to improve ourselves, challenge difficulties, and climb peaks. 【解析】 【分析】 本题考查翻译，用括号所给的词将中文翻译成英文。翻译要注意句子的时态和语法的运用。 1．考查祈使句。祈使句 + and/or，前面的祈使句表示条件，or或and引导的分句表示结果这里表示转折关系，故用or。故答案为Don’t drink too much coffee at night, or you won’t be able to sleep. 2．考查名词性从句。翻译时句中用it作形式主语，真正的主语为从句thatkeeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases.，从句翻译时要注意动名词作主语。故答案为It is proved that keeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases. 3．考查动词。翻译时注意短语be busy doing忙于做……，时态用一般现在时。故答案为Optimistic people don’t miss the good old days too much, because they are busy creating new memories. 4．考查定语从句。先行词为times，在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导。故答案为The pursuit of stability is not a bad thing. (and) There are many times when such an attitude drives us to improve ourselves, challenge difficulties, and climb peaks. 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．即使天气再热，也不要整天待在空调房间里。(stay) 2．一旦一个人学会了换位思考，就表明他正在走向成熟。(indicate) 3．直到他听了那个讲座才意识到自己对于该领域的知识是如此的匮乏。(It)
大学物理(下)考试题库
大学物理（下）试题库 第九章 静电场 知识点1：电场、电场强度的概念 1、、【 】下列说法不正确的是： A ： 只要有电荷存在，电荷周围就一定存在电场； B ：电场是一种物质； C ：电荷间的相互作用是通过电场而产生的； D ：电荷间的相互作用是一种超距作用。 2、【 】 电场中有一点P ，下列说法中正确的是： A ： 若放在P 点的检验电荷的电量减半，则P 点的场强减半； B ：若P 点没有试探电荷，则P 点场强为零； C ： P 点的场强越大，则同一电荷在P 点受到的电场力越大； D ： P 点的场强方向为就是放在该点的电荷受电场力的方向 3、【 】关于电场线的说法，不正确的是： A ： 沿着电场线的方向电场强度越来越小； B ： 在没有电荷的地方，电场线不会中止； C ： 电场线是人们假设的，用以形象表示电场的强弱和方向，客观上并不存在： D ：电场线是始于正电荷或无穷远，止于负电荷或无穷远。 4、【 】下列性质中不属于静电场的是： A ：物质性； B ：叠加性； C ：涡旋性； D ：对其中的电荷有力的作用。 5、【 】在坐标原点放一正电荷Q ，它在P 点(x=+1, y=0)产生的电场强度为E ．现在，另外有一个负电荷-2Q ，试问应将它放在什么位置才能使 P 点的电场强度等于零？ (A) x 轴上x>1． (B) x 轴上0 1某质点的运动学方程x=6+3t-5t 3，则该质点作 （ D ） （A ）匀加速直线运动，加速度为正值 （B ）匀加速直线运动，加速度为负值 （C ）变加速直线运动，加速度为正值 （D ）变加速直线运动，加速度为负值 2一作直线运动的物体，其速度x v 与时间t 的关系曲线如图示。设21t t →时间内合力作功 为A 1，32t t →时间内合力作功为A 2，43t t → （C ） （A ）01?A ，02?A ，03?A （B ）01?A ，02?A ， 03?A （C ）01=A ，02?A ，03?A （D ）01=A ，02?A ，03?A 3 关于静摩擦力作功，指出下述正确者（ C ） （A ）物体相互作用时，在任何情况下，每个静摩擦力都不作功。 （B ）受静摩擦力作用的物体必定静止。 （C ）彼此以静摩擦力作用的两个物体处于相对静止状态，所以两个静摩擦力作功之和等于 零。 4 质点沿半径为R 的圆周作匀速率运动，经过时间T 转动一圈，那么在2T 的时间内，其平 均速度的大小和平均速率分别为（B ） （A ） ， （B ） 0， （C ）0， 0 （D ）T R π2， 0 5、质点在恒力F ρ作用下由静止开始作直线运动。已知在时间1t ?内，速率由0增加到υ； 在2t ?内，由υ增加到υ2。设该力在1t ?内，冲量大小为1I ，所作的功为1A ；在2t ?内， 冲量大小为2I ，所作的功为2A ，则（ D ） A ．2121;I I A A <= B. 2121;I I A A >= C. 2121;I I A A => D. 2121;I I A A =< 6如图示两个质量分别为B A m m 和的物体A 和B 一起在水平面上沿x 轴正向作匀减速直 线运动，加速度大小为a ，A 与B 间的最大静摩擦系数为μ，则A 作用于B 的静摩擦力 F 的大小和方向分别为（D ） 轴正向相反与、轴正向相同 与、轴正向相同 与、轴正向相反 与、x a m D x a m x g m x g m B B B B ,,C ,B ,A μμT R π2T R π2T R π2t 2015年1月翻译试题 Part I E-C Translation. Please translate the following sentences into Chinese by using the designated translating methods. （1题2分，共10分） 1．Foreign competition has taken the wind out of the sails of the U.S. automobile industry. （引申法） 2.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. (增词法) 3. The United Nations Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.（正反译法）4．Presumably, he needed to feel cornered①so he could outperform everyone, almost as though he enjoyed overcoming adversity and showing off his brilliance and subtlety②. （拆分法） (Note: ①forced into a difficult position ②the quality of being clever ) 5. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding. （句序重组法） 英语翻译练习题及答案 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．熬夜大大影响健康。(affect) _________________________ 2．等他明年回来，这个体育馆就建好了。(by the time) _________________________ 3．从长远来看，你的知识面越广，就越有能力应付工作中的问题。(capable) _________________________ 4．据信，过分溺爱孩子会不知不觉地造成孩子的坏脾气，甚至缺乏自理能力。(It) _________________________ 【答案】 1．Staying up late affects one’s health greatly. 2．By the time he comes back next year, the stadium will have been set up. 3．In the long run, the wider range of knowledge you have, the more capable you are of dealing with the problems at work. 4．It is believed that spoiling children too much may unconsciously cause their bad temper, even the lack of ability to take care of themselves. 【解析】 【分析】 本题考查翻译句子，注意使用括号内的提示词进行翻译。 1．考查非谓语动词。affect表示“影响”，是及物动词，后面直接接宾语，stay up表示“熬夜”，本句使用动名词作主语，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，注意动名词作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数，故翻译为：Staying up late affects one’s health greatly. 2．考查时态语态。by the time引导的时间状语从句，表示将来的时间时，从句用一般现在时，主句用将来完成时，stadium与set up之间是被动关系，所以用将来完成时的被动语态，故翻译为：By the time he comes back next year, the stadium will have been set up. 3．考查固定句式。be capable of表示“能够”，根据句意可知本句使用“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构，表示“越……，就越……”，陈述的是客观事实。用一般现在时，故翻译为：In the long run, the wider range of knowledge you have, the more capable you are of dealing with the problems at work. 4．考查形式主语和非谓语动词。ability后用不定式作后置定语，ability to do表示“做……的能力”，根据提示词可知本句使用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，故翻译为：It is believed that spoiling children too much may unconsciously cause their bad temper, even the lack of ability to take care of themselves. 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in 马文蔚（ 112 学时） 1-9 章自测题 第 1 部分：选择题 习题 1 1-1 质点作曲线运动，在时刻t质点的位矢为r ，速度为 v ，t 至 t t 时间内的位移为r ，路程为s，位矢大小的变化量为r （或称r ），平均速度为v ，平均速率为v 。 （1）根据上述情况，则必有（） （A ）r s r （B ）（C）（D ）r s r ，当t0 时有 dr ds dr r r s ，当t0 时有 dr dr ds r s r ，当t0 时有 dr dr ds （2）根据上述情况，则必有（） （A ）（C）v v, v v（ B）v v, v v v v, v v（D ）v v, v v 1-2 一运动质点在某瞬间位于位矢r ( x, y) 的端点处，对其速度的大小有四种意见，即 （1）dr ；（ 2） dr ；（3） ds ；（4）( dx )2( dy )2 dt dt dt dt dt 下列判断正确的是： （A ）只有（ 1）（2）正确（B ）只有（ 2）正确 （C）只有（ 2）（3）正确（D ）只有（ 3）（ 4）正确 1-3 质点作曲线运动，r 表示位置矢量，v 表示速度， a 表示加速度，s表示路程，a t表示切向加速度。对下列表达式，即 （1）dv dt a ；（2） dr dt v ；（3） ds dt v ；（4）dv dt a t。 下述判断正确的是（） （A ）只有（ 1）、（ 4）是对的（B ）只有（ 2）、（4）是对的 （C）只有（ 2）是对的（ D）只有（ 3）是对的 1-4 一个质点在做圆周运动时，则有（） （A ）切向加速度一定改变，法向加速度也改变 （B ）切向加速度可能不变，法向加速度一定改变 （C）切向加速度可能不变，法向加速度不变 （D ）切向加速度一定改变，法向加速度不变 1-5 如图所示，湖中有一小船，有人用绳绕过岸上一定高度处的定滑轮拉湖中的船向岸边 汉译英原题： 学问是自己的事，不能依靠别人的。环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友直到启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是这些条件具备，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。时间也有不少在学问上有成就的人，并不具备这些条件。最重要的因素，还是个人自己的努力。求学是一件苦难的事，许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦，所以不能得到成功。 参考译文： Learing is one's own business, which cannot rely upon others. It will certainly be of great help, if there are good environments, sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions and enlightments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends. But even if you have got all these favorabl e conditions, you cannot be sure to succeed in l earning, for not a few peopl e who have been successful in l earning are not armed with all these things. The most important factor consists in one's own effort. To l earn is rather a painstaking and persevering business. Many a man is a failure because he cannot bear such indispensabl e hardships. 英译汉原题： What I wish for all stud ents is some release from the grim grip of the future. I wish them a chance to enjoy each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a tiresome requirement in preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to l earn that d efeat is as educational as victory and is not the end of the world. My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights that America d oes not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the national god, worshipped in our media —the million-d ollar athlete, the wealthy executive — and gl orified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old. 参考译文： 我希望于所有学生的是从未来的严酷无情中得到一些解脱.我希望他们有机会把他们每一阶段的教育纯粹作为一种经历来享受,而不是作为一种为下一步作准备的令人厌倦的需要.我希望他们有权利试验、跌跤,并懂得失败如同胜利一样具有教育意义,失败并不是世界的末日.当然,我的希望是天真的.在美国人不赞扬的为 数不多的权利之中,有一个便是失败的权利.成就是民族之神,它在我们的媒体中 受到崇拜—身价百万的运动员,富有的主管人员—在我们对财富的赞美中得到荣耀.年轻人就是在这样一种强有力的国教熏陶下长大的.大学物理期末考试题库
2015年1月翻译考试试题
英语翻译练习题及答案
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2015年南京师范大学考博英语真题--翻译