高三英语-过去完成时态

过去完成时态

1、概念：

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或呈现的状态，

即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。

2、构成：

过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成，其中had 通用于各种人称。

　eg: They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

　eg: She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 3、句式：

它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。

肯定答语：Yes, 主语+had 否定答语：No，主语+hadn’t

eg: I had reached the station before 9:00 o'clock.

eg: I had not reached the station before 9:00 o'clock.

eg: Had you reached the station before 9:00 o'clock?

Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.

4、用法：　

　1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：

eg: When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）

2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。

eg: He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前)

3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already ，yet ，still ，just ，before ，never 等时间副词及by ，before ，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：

eg: Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.　

eg: Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：eg: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）

五、过去完成时的判断依据

1. 由时间状语来判定

一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：

（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。

eg: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。

eg: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。

eg: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：

（ 1 ）宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作

时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

eg: She said that she had seen the film before.

（ 2 ）状语从句中

在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：

eg: When I got to the station, the train had already left.

　eg: After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：

eg: Where did you study before you came here?

eg: After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

3. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

eg: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

4. 根据上、下文来判定。

eg: I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

六、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：

eg: I have learned 1000 English words so far.

到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

eg: I had learned 1000 English words till then.

到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

eg: — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。

— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.

没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）

eg: — John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。

— Where had he been?

他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，

即“过去的过去”）

七、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：　

1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：

eg: They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

eg: They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：

eg: She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too.

eg: She had just won the first in the composition competition.

3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before ，after ，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：

eg: He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

eg: I (had) called her before I left the office.

8、课后练习题

（一）选择题

1．I lost the book I ＿＿＿＿．

A．have bought B．bought C．had bought D．had been bought

2．The bus had gone when I ＿＿＿＿ at the bus stop．

A．have arrived B．arrived C．had arrived D．am arriving 3．Tom ＿＿＿＿of visiting his grandmother，but the bad weather made him change his mind．

　A．has thought B．thought C．had thought D．had been thought

4．—Did you meet Tom at the airport？

—No，he ＿＿＿ by the time I ＿＿＿ there．

A．has left；got B．had left；arrived C．left；arrived D．left；had got

5．—Why didn’t Tom attend the meeting yesterday？

—He ＿＿＿＿ Beijing．

A．has gone to B．had gone to C．went to D．had been to 6．—I ＿＿＿＿ to come to help you．

—But you didn’t come．

A．have meant B．had meant C．meant D．will mean

7．Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University，for

which she ＿＿＿ five times．

　A．had tried B．was trying C．has tried D．tried

8．—I have bought you the books you want．

—Oh，good，I ＿＿＿ afraid you had forgotten．

　A．was B．am C．had been D．have been

9．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.

A. where I had been

B. where I had gone

C. where had I been

D. where had I gone

10. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?

A. did, do

B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done

11. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。

A. learned

B. was learning

C. had learned

D. learnt

12. She ______lived here for ______ years.

A. had, a few

B. has, several

C. had, a lot of

D. has, a great deal of

13. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.

A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked

14. She said she __________ the principle already

A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen

15. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.

A. has hidden, from

B. had hidden, from

C. has hidden, with

D. had hidden, with

16. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.

A. has completed university

B. has completed the university

C. had completed an university

D. had completed university

17. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.

A. for

B. in

C. by

D. at

18. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.

A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano

C. has learned, the piano

D. learns ,piano.

19. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?

A. did, do

B. did, did

C. has, done

D. had done

20 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.

A. has worked

B. works

C. had worked

D. will work

（二）用动词的适当形式填空

1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.

2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).

3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).

4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______ (arrive).

5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.

6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.

7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.

8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.

9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.

10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.

（三）完形填空

One evening I was resting in a cafe. I 1 a pair of newly bought white leather shoes, which were rather expensive. Then a boy came to me.

He was in a(n) 2 shirt, looking pale and about eleven. No sooner had I begun to speak than he opened the 3 in his hand and took out the tools of shoe-polishing. He 4 down, took off my leather shoes, and began to shine them.

He was busy doing his work 5 heavy rain began to pour down. People

rushed to the café for 6 from the rain. More and more people crowded 7 and gradually separated the boy from me.

Hours passed, and it turned 8 . I had no shoes on my feet and 9 where the boy had been. I thought he would not 10 my shoes, and I would have to go home on my bare feet.

When it was near midnight the 11 ended, and there were fewer and fewer people in the café. The café was to be 12 . I had to move to the door, head 13 . just as I went to the gate, I 14 found that a boy of about eleven, looking very familiar, was sleeping at the 15 with his head leaning against a box and his upper body being 16 . he held a package made of his shirt tightly in his arms.

I shook him slightly and woke him up. He 17 up and rubbed his eyes for a while before he recognized me. Then he opened the package 18 , gave me my leather shoes, and apologized to me shyly. I 19 him and wrapped him with his unfit shirt, which had wrapped my leather shoes. On my way home, the 20 of the boy stayed in my mind.

1. A. took B. wore C. mended D. owned

2. A. old B. unfit C. small D. dirty

3. A. bag B. package C. box D. suitcase

4. A. seated B. bent C. put D. looked

5. A. when B. after C. because D. since

6. A. protection B. rest C. hide D. preparation

7. A. out B. away C. in D. off

8. A. dark B. light C. dim D. bright

9. A. thought B. wondered C. guessed D. imagined

10. A. shine B. keep C. return D. carry

11. A. rain B. coffee C. time D. work

12. A. opened B. locked C. stopped D. closed

13. A. lowered B. dropped C. raised D. held

14. A. shortly B. surprisedly C. sadly D. immediately

15. A. table B. door C. bed D. cafe

16. A. wet B. bare C. pale D. cold

17. A. stayed B. sa C. jumped D. got

18. A. finally B. suddenly C. unfriendly D. hurriedly

19. A. recognized B. forgave C. paid D. inspired

20. A. feature B. shirt C. image D. form

（4）阅读理解

A

I came to study in the United States a year ago .Yet I did not know the real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after the accident I had to see a doctor and go to court.

After the accident .my roommate called a doctor for me. I was very grateful and determined to repay him one day. But the next day, he asked me to pay him $200 for what he had done. I was astonished. He had good reason to charge me, he said. And if I wanted to collect money from the person who was responsible for my injury, I’d have to have a good lawyer. And only a good doctor can help me get a good lawyer .Now that he had helped me find a good doctor, it was only fair that I should pay him.

But every day I went to see the doctor, I had to wait about 50 minutes. He would see two or three patients at the same time, and often stop treating one so as to see another. Yet he charged me $115 each time .The final examination report consisted of ten lines, and it cost me $215.

My lawyer was all smiles the first time we met. But after that he avoided seeing me at all. He knew very well the other party was responsible for the accident, yet he hardly did anything. He simply waited to collect his money. He was so irresponsible that I decided to dismiss him. And he made me pay him $770.

Now I had to act as my own lawyer. Due to my inexperience, I told the insurance company the date I was leaving America. Knowing that, they

played for time…and I left without getting a cent.

1. The author’s roommate offered to help him because________.

A. he felt sorry for the author

B. he thought it was a chance to make some money

C. he knew the doctor was a very good one

D. he wanted the author to have a good lawyer

2. A good doctor is essential for the author to __________.

A. be properly treated

B. talk with the person responsible for the accident

C. recover before he leaves America

D. eventually get the responsible party to pay for his injury

3. The word “charge” in the third paragraph means_________ .

A. be responsible

B. accuse

C. ask as a price

D. claim

4. Both the doctor and the lawyer in this passage are very__________.

A. friendly

B. selfish

C. professional

D. busy

5. What conclusion can you draw from the story?

A. Going to court is something very common in America.

B. One must be very careful while driving a car.

C. There are more bad sides in America than good sides.

D. Money is more important than other things in the US.

B

Are you sometimes a little tired and sleepy in the early afternoon? Many people feel this way after lunch. They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness. Or, in summer, they may think it is the heat. However, the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time – about eight hours after you wake up – your body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. Scientists have tested sleep habits in experiments where there was no night or day. The people in these experiments almost always followed a similar sleeping pattern. They slept for one long period

and then for one short period about eight hours later.

In many parts of the world, people take naps(小睡) in the middle of the day. This is especially true in warmer climates(气候), where the heat makes work difficult in the early afternoon. Researchers are now saying that naps are good for everyone in any climate. A daily nap gives one a more rested body and mind and therefore is good for health in general. In countries where naps are traditional (传统的), people often suffer less from problem such as heart disease.

Many working people, unfortunately, have no time to take naps. Though doctors may advise taking naps, employers do not allow it! If you do have the chance, however, here are a few tips about making the most of your nap. Remember that the best time to take a nap is about eight hours after you get up. A short sleep too late in the day may only make you feel more tired and sleepy afterward. This can slao happen if you sleep for too long. If you do not have enough time, try a short nap – even ten minutes of sleep can be helpful.

6. Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?

A. They eat too much for lunch.

B. They sleep too little at night.

C. Their body temperature becomes lower.

D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.

7. If you get up at 6:30 am, what is the best time for you to take a nap?

A. About 12:30 pm.

B. About 1:30 pm.

C. About 2:30 pm

D. About 3:30 pm

8. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Just for a Rest

B. All for a Nap

C. A Special Sleep Pattern.

D. Taking Naps in Warmer Climate.

（五）短文改错

Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk with what you should

do when a fire alarm go off. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate. Don’t panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. If it’s a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom. If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately.

1. _______

2. _______

3. _______

4. _______

5. _______

6. _______

7. _______

8. _______

9. _______ 10. _______