农业水利工程外文翻译
农业水利工程专业英文求职信范文
农业水利工程专业英文求职信范文Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my strong interest in the agricultural water engineering position at your esteemed organization. As a passionate and dedicated professional in this field, I am confident that my skills and experiences make me a perfect fit for the role.I have recently graduated from the University of Agriculture, where I obtained a Bachelor's degree in Agricultural Water Engineering. Throughout my academic journey, I have developed a deep understanding of the principles and practices related to water management in agriculture. I am capable of designing and implementing irrigation systems, conducting research on water conservation methods, and analyzing data to optimize agricultural water usage. Additionally, I have gained hands-on experience through various internships and fieldwork, where I worked closely with farmers to understand their needs and challenges in water management.During my time at university, I had the opportunity to participate in a research project focused on improving irrigation efficiency in drought-prone areas. This experience exposed me to cutting-edge technology and innovative approaches in agricultural water engineering. I was actively involved in data collection, analysis, and presentation, and my contribution received recognition from both my peers and professors.Apart from technical skills, I possess excellent problem-solving abilities and strong communication skills. I am confident in myability to collaborate effectively with a diverse team to address complex water management issues and develop practical solutions.I am also adept at using various software tools such as AutoCAD and GIS, which enable me to design and analyze irrigation systems efficiently. Moreover, my experience in project management allows me to handle multiple tasks simultaneously while ensuring timely completion.Furthermore, I am highly motivated to contribute to sustainable agriculture and water resource management. I firmly believe that by implementing efficient irrigation systems and adopting water-saving techniques, we can mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture and ensure food security for future generations. This passion drives me to constantly update my knowledge and skills in the field of agricultural water engineering.I am excited about the opportunity to work with a dynamic and forward-thinking organization like yours, known for its commitment to excellence and innovation in agricultural water management. I am confident that my skills and dedication align with your organization's goals and vision.Thank you for considering my application. I have attached my resume for your review. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss further how I can contribute to your organization. I believe that my passion for agricultural water engineering and my technical expertise make me a strong candidate for this position. Yours sincerely,[Your Name]Continuation:In addition to my academic and practical experience, I have also actively engaged in professional organizations and conferences related to agricultural water engineering. I am a member of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) and have attended several conferences and workshops to stay abreast of the latest developments in the field. These engagements have allowed me to network with experts and fellow professionals, enhancing my knowledge and opening doors for collaboration and future opportunities.One of my notable achievements during my studies was the development of a sustainable irrigation system for small-scale farmers in a rural community. This project involved conducting a needs assessment, designing an appropriate irrigation system, and providing training and support to farmers in implementing and maintaining the system. This experience taught me the importance of considering local context and engaging stakeholders in the design and implementation processes. The positive impact we were able to create for the community motivated me to continue working towards improving agricultural water management practices.Furthermore, I am familiar with the challenges faced by agricultural water engineering, such as increasing water scarcity due to climate change, inefficient water use, and the lack of proper infrastructure in many farming communities. I am enthusiastic about finding innovative solutions to address these challenges and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. I believe that aholistic approach, combining knowledge of irrigation systems, water management techniques, and environmental conservation, is key to achieving long-term success in this field.In my previous role as an intern at a leading agricultural water engineering consultancy, I had the opportunity to work on large-scale irrigation projects. I was responsible for conducting site visits, analyzing data, and providing recommendations for improving water efficiency and optimizing irrigation practices. This experience not only sharpened my technical skills but also honed my ability to work effectively in fast-paced and high-pressure environments.Moreover, I have a strong understanding of the regulatory framework and policies related to water management and agriculture. I am familiar with national and international guidelines on water conservation and have experience working on projects that adhere to these standards. I believe that compliance with regulations is vital to ensuring the sustainability and longevity of agricultural water systems.In conclusion, my combination of academic knowledge, practical experience, technical skills, and passion for sustainable agriculture makes me an ideal candidate for the agricultural water engineering position at your organization. I am confident in my ability to contribute to your mission of improving water management in agriculture and am eager to be part of a team that is dedicated to making a positive impact.Thank you once again for considering my application. I lookforward to the opportunity to discuss further how I can contribute to your organization's success.Yours sincerely,[Your Name]。
水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献
水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the waterconservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent floodstandard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the ChangjiangRiver of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam sitepotential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing,Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct,resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。
农业水利工程专业毕业生求职信
农业水利工程专业毕业生求职信第一篇：农业水利工程专业的英文求职信hello!thank you for your busy reading in my written, please accept my wish to apply.i was the agricultural water conservancy project in xinjiang tarim university students, in september 20xx recommended to the wuhan university for specialized learning. wuhan university as a professional agricultural water conservancy projects of the graduates of 20xx. very happy, through four years of tireless efforts and hard to learn, this can be completed with outstanding achievements in school, out of college to apply their knowledge, enthusiasm to serve my country, his alma mater, and my parents.university of the growth phase of the study and the will of my temper and raise my self-cultivation. “pains, a harvest”! i wil l exert my utmost efforts to realize the value of your life. college students as the new century, i have the courage to explore, be good at innovation. make honest men of integrity and i would really pay to acquire someone else's return, i will use the efforts and wisdom to fight for my room for the community to accommodate me. in every social practice, i have to do our best to treatment and completed it, anddeveloped a tradition of hard work, strong self-confidence, the spirit of helpfulness! university in the wonderful life, i learned not only professional knowledge and to improve the overall quality and, more importantly, learned how to behave. in their efforts to learn from the expertise at the same time, i constantly update his knowledge so that their efforts to become a complex society personnel. i believe i can adapt to today's competitive environment community.thank you for your sincere concern for me, i hope your organization can give me an opportunity to look forward to receiving your reply to the letter. finally, my heartfelt wishes for the cause of your company's success!sincerely,第二篇：农业水利工程专业英文求职信dear leaders:hello!thank you for your busy reading in my written, please accept my wish to apply.i was the agricultural water conservancy project in xinjiang tarim university students, in september 20xx recommended to the wuhan university for specialized learning. wuhan university as a professional agricultural water conservancy projects of the graduates of 20xx. very happy,through four years of tireless efforts and hard to learn, this can be completed with outstanding achievements in school, out of college to apply their knowledge, enthusiasm to serve my country, his alma mater, and my parents.university of the growth phase of the study and the will of my temper and raise my self-cultivation. “pains, a harvest”! i will exert my utmost efforts to realize the value of your life. college students as the new century, i have the courage to explore, be good at innovation. make honest men of integrity and i would really pay to acquire someone else’s return, i will use the efforts and wisdom to fight for my room for the community to accommodate me. in every social practice, i have to do our best to treatment and completed it, and developed a tradition of hard work, strong self-confidence, the spirit of helpfulness! university in the wonderful life, i learned not only professional knowledge and to improve the overall quality and, more importantly, learned how to behave. in their efforts to learn from the expertise at the same time, i constantly update his knowledge so that their efforts to become a complex society personnel. i believe i can adapt to today’s competitive environment community.thank you for your sincere concern for me, i hope yourorganization can give me an opportunity to look forward to receiving your reply to the letter. finally, my heartfelt wishes for the cause of your company’s success!sincerely,salute第三篇：农业水利工程专业毕业生自荐信尊敬的领导：您好!我原是xxx大学农业水利工程专业的学生，于20xx年9月被推荐到xx大学进行专业课的学习。
水利类英文文献译文
Hand Move Irrigation SystemsSummaryThe ‘hand move’ irrigation system is a very simple pipe set which can be moved by hand. Two main factors-—positioning and moving scheme of the equipment both affect the work time. Here we develop a model to complete the irrigation of the whole field by the shortest time。
Firstly, we decide the certain number of sprinklers through the designated parameter。
Using enumerative geometry, we compare the irrigation area of the system with different number of sprinklers and work out the optimum number of sprinklers。
Secondly, we take the advantage of combinatorial geometry to decide the positioning and moving scheme of the irrigation system，in order that the model can be used to realize the irrigation task by the shortest work time.In the end we also introduce a new sprinkler with square area and compare its working efficiency with the traditional sprinkler if we use it on this field。
毕业设计论文-水利工程外文翻译—水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计
英文原文：Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering ConstructionDesign Layout[Key words] construction layout Fuzzy multiple attribute decisionmaking Water Resources and Hydropower Construction[Abstract] Analysis of affecting factors of the construction layout program characteristics that people value in identifying these indicators fuzzy constraints are difficult to give exact values, while decision-making process has been one of psychological, subjective will and the work experience and other aspects influence decision-making process and therefore there is certainly ambiguity.1, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Layout FactorsConstruction advantages and disadvantages of the general layout scheme, involving many factors, from different angles to evaluate the evaluation factors generally have two categories, qualitative factors, and quantitative factors of a class. Qualitative factors are mainly: 1. Favorable production, easy to administer, facilitate the degree of life; 2. During the construction process, the degree of co-ordination; 3. The principal impact of construction and operation; 4. Meet the security, fire, flood prevention, environmental protection requirements; 5. Temporary Works and the combination of permanent works and so on. Indicators are mainly quantitative factors;1. Site preparation earthwork quantity and cost;2. The extent of use of earth excavation;3. Temporary works of construction work quantity and cost;4. Workload and a variety of materials, transport costs;5. Size and cost of land acquisition;6. Made to the area to field, the recovery or recycling construction fees.As the construction is construction planning layout content, is that people under work experience, combined with engineering data on the occurrence of a future prediction about. Therefore, both qualitative factors, and the quantitative factors, there is uncertainty. We know that the uncertainty of two different forms; one is uncertain whether the incident occurred in 11 random, the event itself the state of uncertainty 11 ambiguity. Randomness is an external cause in general uncertain, but ambiguity is an inherent uncertainty of the structure. From the information point of view, therandomness involves only the amount of information, while the ambiguity is related to the meaning of information. We can say that ambiguity is more profound than the randomness, the uncertainty more generally, especially in the subjective understanding of areas of role ambiguity is much more important than the role of randomness. Random people for a lot of research has been carried out, achieved fruitful results; while ambiguity was ongoing and in-depth knowledge and research in the. All people involved in the system, carried out by people planning, feasibility studies, evaluation of decision-making, design and management, and therefore, can not ignore the objective world of things in the human brain, one by one to reflect the uncertainty of ambiguity, it is an objective difference intermediate division caused by the transition of a kind of uncertainty. Construction Layout Design is no exception, in the arrangement of construction there are a large number of objective fuzzy factors. For example, the construction of facilities, coordination between the levels of "good" and "general" is an accurate value can not be described. Therefore, the arrangement can not ignore or avoid the construction of the fuzziness existing in the process, but should be objective and deal with ambiguity of this objective, understand the rules for people planning, demonstration, evaluation and decision, design and management to provide a scientific basis and methods.As the construction layout of the content involved in more programs fuzzy factors exist, the traditional construction arrangement he considered the existence of ambiguity, but in decision-making process has fuzzy information precision, not a real fuzzy optimization. Therefore, the program should focus on optimization of fuzzy factors into account, the ambiguity should be reflected in the decision-making on the index, index weights. For quantitative indicators, mainly the amount and cost of the project issues, its value can be found in engineering materials and design documents to determine by calculation, the results are the values of the parameters and experience. As every engineer's understanding of things is not the same experience in a certain range of parameter changes, the results also in a certain range. For qualitative indicators, according to experts, engineering experience, through expert scoring method, set the value of statistics to determine. Such subjective factors, the knowledge structure and decision-making preferences play a major role. But in practice, due to the complexity of objective things and the people's thinking on the use of fuzzy concept, to describe with precision the number becomes very difficult, but with "some", "left"and the like get fuzzy concept to describe the more reasonable. Determine the weights of evaluation indexes, there are many mathematical ways to determine the accurate calculation. We know, for different projects, in the same factors, their importance is not the same, then the mathematical model is difficult to fully reflect the actual situation, the help of experts in engineering experience must be judged.Since the existence of the above ambiguity, avoid or ignore the ambiguity is unscientific, incomplete. Previous index value that decision-making, decision weights for programs for determining the value of the preferred method, there is bound to sidedness and limitations. As technology develops, people are increasingly demanding of precision, the object of study become more complicated, as complicated to some degree after the meaning of the precise cognitive declines and the appropriate fuzzy but accurate. Here, the introduction of fuzzy mathematical tools, the use of modern fuzzy multiple attribute decision making theory, Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making model, can exist for people to consider the ambiguity of the objective, to provide strong support for rational decision-making.2, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Design LayoutConstruction Layout as a focus of the system around the concrete layout of the temporary structures. There are 1. All kinds of storage, stockpile and Spoil; 2. Mechanical repair system; 3. Metal structure, mechanical and electrical equipment and construction equipment installed base; 4. Wind, water and electricity supply systems; 5. Other construction plant, such as steel processing, wood processing, prefabricated factory; 6. Office and living space, such as offices, laboratories, dormitories, hospitals, schools, etc.; 7. Fire safety facilities and other, such as fire stations, guard, and security cordon so. At this time, various types of temporary structures should be put forward, the construction of facilities furnished a list of partial pressure, their area, building area and volume of construction and installation; on fertilization with an estimate of land acquisition, land area and the proposed land use plan, the study to reclaiming land in the use of the measures, site preparation earthwork volume calculations, the integrated cut and fill balance of the proposed excavation of the use of effective planning.Construction of facilities in order to avoid conflict between the layouts, construction of facilities in the analysis of adjacency relations, is to analyze the relationship between the construction of facilities, strength of correlation andrelationship. Usually based on the adjacency relationship, consider the construction schedule, construction strength, facilities operation and logistics. Analysis of the size and layout of the construction of facilities present at the location of the ground between the site controlled the indicators are: 1. The scale of construction facilities layout, the main considerations to meet the construction requirements of the case, the construction of facilities, capacity and layout area. 2. Foundation bearing capacity of the construction of facilities to consider geology, slope stability and so on. 3. Hydrological requirements and construction guide closure of the case, consider the different construction periods, flood, water table, water level changes in the construction site layout planning of construction restrictions and impact. 4. The height difference logistics constraints, considering logistics and vertical elevation gradient lines, logistics of import and export. 5. Construction of the distance between these facilities and restrictions, mainly refers to the construction of facilities necessary for running the minimum operating radius, the minimum limit transportation question, minimum import and export logistics, construction and facilities, the safety distance between. 6. Construction site area of internal and external traffic conditions, construction equipment, consider the minimum safe height and width of the transport, building materials inside the transport requirements.To be concrete system facilities arranged in a prominent position, so that interference by the other facilities as small as possible, the need for construction of facilities at this time analysis of the relationship between the adjacent, as many facilities for Hydropower Construction, different facilities have a clear focus on functionality, such as depots, gas stations, etc., if not for the neighbor relations analysis, because the construction of facilities for the inter-functional conflict, construction and project management to bring incalculable damage and safety hazards buried.References:[1] Lu Yu Mei editor of the Three Gorges Dam Construction [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003[2] Wei-Jun Zhu, Zhang Xiaojun and so the overall layout design of the Three Gorges Project Construction [J]. The people of the Yangtze River, 2001.32 (10) :4-5.译文：水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计[关键词]施工布置模糊多属性决策水利水电施工[论文摘要]分析施工布置方案的影响因素特点，指出人们在确定这些指标值时受到模糊性因素的限制很难给出精确值，同时决策过程还受到人们心理、主观意愿和工作经验等多方面的影响，因而决策过程也必然存在模糊性。
农田水利一般术语(2021整理)
1一般术语1.1农田水利.1农田水利irrigation and drainage为防治干旱、渍、涝和盐碱灾害，对农田实施灌溉、排水等人工措施的总称。
.2灌溉irrigation按照作物生长的需要，利用水利工程设施将水送到田间，以补充农田水分的人工措施。
.3农田排水farmland drainage将农田中过多的地面水、土壤水和地下水排除，改善土壤的水、肥、气、热关系，以利于作物生长的人工措施。
.4机电排灌pumping drainage and irrigation利用水泵抽水对农田进行排水或灌溉的措施。
.5农田水利根本建设capital construction of farmland water conservancy；capital construction of irrigation and drainage为建设旱涝保收、高产稳产根本农田所采取的工程技术措施。
.6旱涝碱综合治理comprehensive harness of drought，waterlogging，salinization and alkalization为防治旱、涝、渍、碱等灾害，改善农业生态环境所采取的水利、农业、林业、生物和化学等综合措施。
.7小流域综合治理comprehensive harness of small basin为保持小流域的水土，减轻自然灾害，改善农业生态环境，合理开发和保护水、土资源而采取的工程和生物等措施。
.8水利土壤环境soil environment and water conservancy project施行水利措施，使农业土壤性状发生变化的现象。
.9农业水利区划zoning of agricultural water conservancy为合理开发利用区域水土资源，按照各地区的自然条件、农业生产条件及水利条件划分不同区域进行综合开发治理的规划工作。
.10开荒水利irrigation and drainage of uncultivated land reclamation在开发荒地资源中，为改善荒地土壤水分状况和生态环境而采取的水利工程措施和水管理工作。
毕业设计书(农业水利专业)
华北水利水电学院毕业设计任务书设计题目：纸坊灌区灌排工程规划设计专业：农业水利工程班级：农水2007014姓名：王珮指导教师：刘增进设计期限：2011年2月21日开始2011年5月23日结束农业水利教研室2011年2月一、毕业设计的目的我国是一个水资源贫乏的国家，人均占有量仅为世界人均占有量的1/4，列世界第109位，现已被列为世界上13个严重贫水国家之一。
农业作为用水大户，我国在农业水资源利用中，一方面资源短缺，另一方面，水资源浪费现象又十分严重。
加上工业用水和城市生活用水随着经济的发展和人口的增长不断挤占农业用水，灌溉水资源供需矛盾将日益严重。
因此，通过工程手段和管理手段解决农业水资源紧缺问题更显得尤为重要。
发展节水灌溉与己成为现代节水型农业的一项紧要任务，是解决水资源危机的有效途径，是当今建设节水型社会的重要组成部分。
加快节水灌溉科技知识的传播与普及，培养和造就一大批高素质的节水灌溉研究与管理人才是高校的重要任务之一。
毕业设计是学生在校学习期间的最后一个教学环节，目的在于使学生初步学会综合运用所学的基础理论，技术基础和专业知识去解决社会实际问题，也是培养学生从学校走向社会，适应社会技术工作的重要一步。
本次毕业设计要求学生在教师指导下独立完成规定的设计任务。
二、设计要求本次毕业设计要求学生在教师指导下独立完成规定的设计任务，学生在设计中应养成所使用和列出的数据都有依据的习惯（如根据参考文献、手册、计算和绘图等）；文字说明应力求通顺、确切、扼要和清楚；图表要整洁，能表达设计意图，并能运用AUTOCAD软件绘图。
本灌区为平原灌区，渠系布置和灌排系统较为复杂，渠系建筑物也较多，学生在设计时认真对待，以锻炼和提高自已在这方面的能力。
具体要求如下：1、设计之前应写出开题报告，文献阅读应在10篇以上，文献综述引用应在5篇以上；2、应有2000汉字的本专业外文文献翻译；3、设计计算要求方法先进、依据可靠、数据正确、结果可靠，提供部分或全部计算机计算结果的毕业设计计算说明书；4、设计图纸应布置合理，符合GB标准，图纸数量折合2张A0号图纸以上，提供计算机绘图图纸；5、设计说明书要求文字工整、语言通顺、条理清楚、格式规范、内容完整（含封面、目录、中英文摘要（400字）、序言、设计内容、存在问题和需要改进的工作、结论、参考文献、附录等）；6、严禁抄袭（包括本年级向往届学生成果抄袭）；7、设计说明书要求总字数在10000字以上。
农水及水土保持英语词汇
农水及水土保持常用词汇翻译农田水利farm农田排水 farm drainage水利工程(学) hydraulic engineering; hydraulic work水利（工程） water conservancy; water conservation水利技术 hydrotechnics水利电力部 Ministry of Water Conservancy and Electric Power水利设施 water conservancy facilities; water resource facilities水利枢纽 hydro-junction体制 regime; system体制因素 institutional factor经济评价 economic evaluation; economic evaluation流域 catchment; drainage area; river basin; valley catchment area; valley; watershed 流域长度 basin length流域等级 basin order流域范围 basin perimeter流域分界线 drainage divide流域高宽比 relief ratio流域规划 plans for river basins流域环境 valley environment流域间面积 interbasin area流域盆地 drainage basin流域形状 basin shape流域滞留 basin lag流域治理 valley harnessing流域周长 basin perimeter土壤侵蚀 soil erosion遥感 rapid reconnaissance; remote sense; remote sensing遥感成像 remotely-sensed image遥感技术 remote sensing technique遥感技术在农业的应用 remote sensing applications in agriculture遥感空气监测 telemetered air monitoring遥感器 remote sensor遥感数据 remote sensing data遥感图像 remote sensing image遥感温度表 telethermometer遥感系统 remote sensing system遥感线 remote sensing line遥感信息 remote-sensing information遥感学 remote sensing遥感仪 remote sensing instrument动态分析 dynamic analysis植被 plant cover; vegetative cover; vegetation cover; vegetation植被百分数 percentage of vegetation植被层 vegetable layer; vegetation stratum植被带 zone of vegetation植被单位 nodum植被单元 vegetation unit植被的连续 vegetation continuum植被地理学 vegetation plant geography; vegetational plant geography植被防护层 protective cover of vegetation植被覆盖密度 density of cover植被管理 vegetation management植被海岸 vegetation coast植被和生态系统制图 vegetation and econsystem mapping; vegetation and ecosystem mapping植被恢复 revegetation植被类型 vegetation form植被类型图 vegetation chart植被连续群概念 vegetation continuum concept植被连续群指数 vegetation continuum index植被剖面图 vegetation profile植被强度 vegetation cover strength植被切碎机 vegetation disintegrator植被圈 circle of vegetation植被群落 vegetational type植被图 vegetation map植被弯曲强度 vegetation bending strength植被系统 vegetation system植被箱 vegetation tank植被型 cover type; vegetation form; type of vegetation植被亚系统 vegetation subsystem植被再生 regeneration of vegetation植被种类 vegetation type植被重建 revegetation植被阻滞 vegetal retardance。
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Water-saving irrigation1. Existing water-saving irrigation methodsIrrigation methods, field water distribution method is how to have been sent to the farms, the irrigation water is evenly distributed to the active layer of the crop root. Irrigation water is the means by which to enter the active layer of roots, irrigation methods can be divided into surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation and underground irrigation.1.1 surface irrigationSurface irrigation is an ancient traditional irrigation method, in general, it is as compare whether water-saving basis points. Surface irrigation technology are constantly develop and constantly improve, so there are many more water-efficient than traditional surface irrigation technology. 1.1.1 new furrow irrigation toolsTraditional furrow irrigation with artificial opening from the distribution channel water into the furrow, it is neither accurate and inconvenient, and often cause the field of water loss due to water port leakage countries have already adopted the siphon (for open channel water ) or gate hole pipe (aqueduct) drainage, China has done a number of tests, proven to improve field water utilization rate of 5% to 10%.1.1.2 surge irrigationModern foreign developed wave Chung (groove) border irrigation or intermittent ditch (furrow) irrigation, traffic control into the ditch (furrow) is intermittent water and then put a period of time (a few minutes or tens of minutes) to field stop the water for some time (a few minutes or tens of minutes), and so forth, so that you can make along the ditch (furrow) the length direction of the water distribution is more uniform. Fields of water utilization up to 80% to 90%.Film hole irrigation (also known as the film hole irrigation)Gully, made on the film of water flow in the membrane, crops grow hole to penetrate the land, so that irrigation efficiency is high, generally water-saving 25% to 35%, an increase of 15% to 20%, they do not specifically facilities.1.2 IrrigationSprinkler to spray through the air, due to the pressure of the commonly used pressure aqueduct. In general, its obvious advantages irrigation uniformity, less of farmland, save manpower, strong adaptability to the terrain. The main disadvantage is influenced by wind, high investment in equipment. More in our country are the following: fixed pipe sprinkler, the semi-mobile pipeline sprinkler irrigation, a rolling shift sprinkler manifold, when the needle irrigation machine, a large pan spray irrigation machine, grain irrigation machine in microirrigators units and so on.1.3 drip irrigationIrrigation water with a small plastic tube directly sent to the the Meike crop roots near the water drip out slowly by drippers, a sophisticated irrigation methods, only need water to irrigation cantruly only irrigation crop Instead of filling the land. And can be a long time in the crop root zone moisture in the optimal state, so to save water and increase production. But its biggest drawback is the Dripper out flow orifice is small, the flow rate is low, so serious congestion problems. Irrigation water must be carefully filtering and processing. At present, China has only noticed to prevent physical clogging equally serious clogging the biological and chemical clogging problem has not been taken seriously enough. The main way of drip irrigation: fixed-ground drip irrigation, semi-fixed-ground drip irrigation. Membrane under irrigation, drip irrigation and other underground.1.4micro-sprinkler irrigationSome places called mist irrigation, and drip irrigation similar too easy just to overcome the Dripper disadvantage of clogging the drippers to micro sprinklers, micro-sprinkler flow orifice large, large number of traffic flow rate faster Unlike drippers so easy to plug, but the traffic has increased, capillary accordingly should bold some 1 to 2 micro sprinklers installed in every crop or tree usually can meet the needs of irrigation. Micro nozzle still clogged filtration problems, and therefore should be given adequate attention, the cost per hectare is similar to fixed-drip irrigation. Gradually replaced by drip irrigation micro sprinkler irrigation in a foreign country. Especially suitable for irrigated orchards.1.5 subsurface irrigationSimilar to the subsurface irrigation and underground drip, just the Dripper all buried in the underground seepage head instead, the seepage head of water Unlike drippers as drop by drop outflow, but slowly seepage, such seepage head is not easy soil particles and root blockage. Recently introduced in a foreign country using waste tires processed into porous percolation pipe, and the pilot of a small area, but the clogging of the micropores seepage pipe is a serious problem, without the test to test for a long time should not be hastily promotion.1.6underground irrigationThe underground irrigation irrigation is a method to control the water table. To irrigation groundwater table elevation to the water can enter the height of the root activity layers, the ground remains dry, so very provincial water, no irrigation, groundwater levels drop down. The limitations of this approach, only the root activity layers impermeable layer Caixing.2. Select the factors that affect water-saving irrigation methods2.1 weather conditionsChina from the southeast coast to the inland northwest, generally divided into sub-humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid and arid regions, With dryness incremental, the dependence of crop irrigation is incremented accordingly. Humid regions for many years the average annual rainfall is greater than the cultivation of dry crops in the field water consumption, water resources total more than just a lack of precipitation in the dry season and drought years, supplemental irrigation is required; semi-humid areas average annual rainfall is basically in line with planting drought crop water demand, but due to the uneven distribution of precipitation, dry years and dry season water shortages more; semi-arid areas average annual rainfall can not meet the crop water requirements, if there is no irrigation, agricultural production is very unstable, such areas such asirrigation, wasteland farming, the destruction of natural vegetation, can easily cause desertification; rainfall is scarce in arid regions, irrigation agriculture, water scarcity of such areas, river runoff from the alpine rain and snow melt water, industry and agriculture not only depend on the development and survival of the natural vegetation along the river channel near river water for irrigation, and therefore reference, must take into account the natural ecological water.2.2 the topography and hydrogeological conditionsTopography and hydrogeological conditions affecting the natural distribution of rainwater, will also affect the pattern of water-saving irrigation. Ground on steep mountain hilly area prone to soil erosion and drought, water-saving irrigation to adopt comprehensive measures. Cultivation technology and terracing, field ridges through agricultural consumption, reduce the sloping soil erosion and soil evaporation; gullies on the construction of embankments, or in suitable locations for the construction of water cellars, storing runoff solve drinking water and a small area irrigation water; repair reservoirs in the gullies and tributaries, centralized control runoff diversion project isolated tangba communication, formation of "Chodo Jiegua-irrigation systems, improve rain water utilization and irrigation water to ensure rate.2.3 the use of surface water resources conditionsPlain areas and open mountain basin, water conditions were better, but different parts have significant differences. Piedmont sloping plain terrain slope, coarse sediment, runoff smooth, rich groundwater recharge, water quality, is conducive to the development and utilization. Slowing the central plains terrain slope sediments thinning increased level surface several times due to river flood diversion, post depression to staggered, affect runoff excretion increased groundwater salinity under arid climatic conditions, soil there will be varying degrees of salinization phenomenon. The plains lower part of the lakeside and coastal area, low and flat, the soil is heavy clay, surface and underground runoff, poor drainage, arid climatic conditions, high salinity of groundwater development and utilization of difficulties, serious soil salinization. This region in the river downstream, dry season, the rivers and the rainy season is threatened by the flood, so building large and medium-sized irrigation and well irrigation area in the plains area, due to the different parts of which the landforms, water conditions and accompanying drought waterlogging, salinity and other disasters also vary from place to place.2.4 specific plantingFruit trees, irrigation quota vary according to the type of fruit trees, varieties and rootstock characteristics, age size. Drought-tolerant tree species, such as jujube, chestnut and rootstock species with lower water requirements the irrigation quota can be as small; poor drought tolerance of species, such as grapes, apples, pears, irrigation quota should be larger. The saplings should be less irrigation, the results of fruit trees can be more than irrigation. Saudi orchards should small water more than irrigation. Saline land orchard irrigation should be noted that the groundwater level, in order to prevent the return of salt, returned to base. Generally into one of the most suitable age fruit trees irrigation, soil moisture completely wet fruit tree roots within appropriate. Under the conditions of use of water-saving irrigation methods, irrigation to reach adepth of 0.4-0.5 meters, plenty of water up to 0.8-1.0 meters.To mature vine irrigation, mainly in the grape growing infancy, before and after flowering, berry enlargement period and grapes after harvest period, the general irrigation 5-7 times.节水灌溉一．现有的节水灌溉方法灌水方法即田间配水方法，就是如何将已送到田头的灌溉水均匀地分布到作物根系活动层中去。