专业英语复习
英语复习教案高三(七篇)
英语复习教案高三（七篇）英语复习教案高三（七篇）英语复习教案高三都有哪些？英语本专业具有扎实的英语语言基础，丰富的英语语言文化知识，熟练的英语语言技能，下面是小编为大家带来的英语复习教案高三（七篇），希望大家能够喜欢！英语复习教案高三篇1教学准备教学目标教学目标 (这部分谢3点，按照USE的目标写)(1)学习建议信的结构、语言。
(2)讨论学校建筑物设计中行走不便的学生的需求。
(3)给校长写一封建议信。
(4)继续培养对残疾人的尊重和关爱意识。
教学重难点教学目标 (这部分谢3点，按照USE的目标写)(1)学习建议信的结构、语言。
(2)讨论学校建筑物设计中行走不便的学生的需求。
(3)给校长写一封建议信。
(4)继续培养对残疾人的尊重和关爱意识。
教学过程Step 1Warming-up and lead-in (5 mins)(1)导入用本单元的阅读文Marty’s story来导入，引出残疾人的话题。
T: Hello, class. Inthe last lesson, we learnt Marty’s story. What’s the problem with Marty(He has a raremuscle disease.)Yes, he’sdisabled.But is Martyleading a miserable life due to his disability(No.)He is leading afulfilling life due to his own efforts. The disabled can live as good andcomfortable a life as we do. But it calls for more efforts.(2)揭题教师通过展示我们学校的图片以及通过采访班上一位曾经有行走困难的学生，点出学校有些地方可能对行走困难学生带来不便。
专业英语复习要点1
考试时间：90分试题总分：100分考试题型：选择题——30％（课内）完型题——30％（课内、课外）阅读题——20％(课外)判断题——20％（课内）复习要点：1. Windows 2000 provides you with quick and easy access to the Internet, no matter what programs you are running or tasks you are performing.不管正在运行何种程序或执行何种任务，Windows 2000使你能快速而方便地访问互联网。
2. Internet Explorer lets you search the Internet for people, business, and information about subjects that interest you. Internet Explorer使你能在互联网找人，查询某个企业，以及感兴趣的相关主题信息。
3. Encryption is the way to solve the data security problem.加密术是解决数据安全问题的一种方法。
4. Almost all encryption schemes used in the Internet uses asymmetric key encryption for exchanging the symmetric encryption key, and symmetric encryption for better performance.在互联网中几乎所有的加密方案都使用非对称密钥加密来交换对称加密密钥，然后使用对称密钥以得到更好的性能。
5. Since the advent(出现，到来) of the Internet and computer network security, many people have sought for firewall.由于互联网和计算机网络安全的出现，许多人都在寻找防火墙。
材料科技与工程专业英语部分复习资料
五选一：1.“ Materials science ” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “Materials engineering ”is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2. Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic ,optical, and deteriorative.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。
3.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials ,namely ” processing ”and” performance”.除结构与特征外，材料科学与工程还包括另外两项重要的研究内容，即（材料的）加工与性能。
大学英语专业语言学重点概念复习
术语解释：Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific and systematic study of language.Design features（甑别性特征）: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communicationArbitrariness(任意性): It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsProductivity /creativity (创造性）: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.Recursiveness(递归性）: according to some linguistic theories , the capacity that enables the grammar of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences.Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.Interchangeability(可交替性）：means that any human being can be both a producer and receiver of messages.Displacement（移位性）: Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication.Duality（二元性）: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.Informative(信息功能）: The use of language to record facts to state what things are like, and to exchange information.Interpersonal Function(人际功能）: It is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.Performative(行为功能）:Language can be used to do things, to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.Emotive Function(情感功能）：Language can be used to express the emotional state of the speaker.Phatic Communion(交流功能）:This function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.Ritual exchange: exchange that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.Recreational Function(娱乐功能）: the use of language to have fun.Metalingual Function(元语言功能）：language can be used to explain or describe itself or other languages.研究语言学坚持的原则：Exhaustiveness穷尽性Consistency一致性Economy 经济性Objectivity客观性Phonetics（语言学）: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. / the characteristics of speech sounds and provide methods for their description, classification, transcriptionPhonology(音韵学): The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication.Morphology（形态学）: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.Syntax（句法）: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. / the rule governing the combination of words into sentencesSemantics（语义学）: It studies how meaning is encoded in a language. / The study of meaning in language is called semantics.Pragmatics(语用学): The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学）: the interdisciplinary study of language.Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.Anthropological Linguistics(人类语言学）: It mainly concerned with the change of language, the different between language in the past and in the present, and its evolution.Computational Linguistics(计算机语言学）: an interdisciplinary branch of study in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied often with the aid of a computer.Applied linguistics（应用语言学）: Finding in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学）：It studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Descriptive(描述的）:If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.Prescriptive(规定的）：It aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language.Competence（能力）: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal speaker's knowledge of the underlying system of rules in a language,Performance(表现）: refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.Synchronic(共时性）：study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. It refers to the description of a language at some point of time in history.Diachronic(历时性）：study examines language through the course of time. It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time.langue（语言）: refers to the speaker's understanding and knowledge of the language that he speaks.It's a social phenomenon,an abstraction shared by all the members within a speech community.Parole（言语）: Parole refers to the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker. It's an individual linguistic phenomenon .Differences: Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language use rs all have to follow; Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is relatively stable, while Parole varies fro m person to person, from situation to situation. Langue is abstract; Parole is concrete.第二章Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）: is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic phonetics（听觉发音学）: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.Auditory/Perceptual phonetics（感知语音学）: is concerned with the perception of …Speech Organs（发音器官）: Organs in human body whose secondary use is in the production of speech sounds.International phonetic alphabet（国际音标）: It is a standardized and internation ally accepted system of phonetic transcription.Consonants(辅音):The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point of the vocal tract.Vowels(元音）:sounds in the production of which no two articulators come very close together and no airstream is obstructed at any point of vocal tractVowel glides/ Diphthongs(双元音）: It's produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.It's has an audible change of quality.Coarticulation(协同发音）：when such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation.Complementary distribution(互补分布）：when two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution.Free variation(自由变体）;when the substitution of one sound for the other does not produce a new word.Phoneme(音素）: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. / minimal linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish.Allophone（音位变体）: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.Phonetic similarity(语音相似性）：means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.Intonation（声调）: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.phone （音子）: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.phonemic contrast（音位对立）: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.Tone（语气）: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.minimal pair（最小音差）: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.。
西北大学专业硕士英语期末复习(一)
西北大学专业硕士英语期末复习（一）一、Vocabulary（15分，60题选30题）1. A number of _____works of art have been sold as genuine.A. falseB. beautifulC. famousD. forged2. To _____ one`s power is to commit a crime and eventually end up in jail.A. accuseB. abuseC. deduceD. excuse3. Seeing the speeding car ,the policeman _____ the driver to pull up at the curb.A. reckonedB. beckonedC. softenedD. stiffened4. Unfortunately, he hit a traffic jam and missed the train _____a few minutes.A. withB.byC. beforeD. for5. She gave a clear and _____account of her plans for the company`s future.A.lucidB. dullC. unclearD. ambiguous6. Isn`t it rather_____ to talk about how much money you earn?A. policeB.boringC. vulgarD. pleasant7. The books will be _____free to local schools.A. contributedB. tributeC. attributedD. distributed8. The editor required him to _____ some details of the article.A. omitB. permitC. summitD. illuminate9. Few of us can be unmoved by the _____ of the Romanian orphans.A. lightB. mightC. plightD. moonlight10. I have to _____my reputation.A. detectB. protectC. intactD. prevent11. He was _____ with gratitudeto Professor Brown for helping him.A. excitedB. concernedC. overwhelmedD. interested12. The _____ between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits has been greatly relaxed.A. intentionB. tensionC. tenseD. attention13. The scholarship helped Martin to tide overa _____ embarrassment.A. temporaryB. contemporaryC. temporalD. tempting14. We should enhance people's _____ that caring for the aged is the traditional virtue of Chinese culture.A. excitementB. knowledgeC. understandingD. awareness15. I don't grudge him his success, that is, I admit he _____ it.A. preservesB. conservesC. deservesD. reserves16. While people traditionally _____ caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbing and self-concerned.A. valueB. regardC. prioritizeD. commoditize17. You can't regard him as a friend but a business _____.A. relativeB. associateC. comradeD.spokesman18. I will calm down and seriously _____ over my work and teaching methodology in order to take them to a new level.A. mullB. mumbleC. muteD. mock19. I'm in a puzzle as to how to _____ the new situation.A. figure outB. lieC. work onD. cope with20. Leaders who _____ education are neither far-sighted nor mature, and they aretherefore unable to lead the drive for modernization.A. neglectB. omitC. respectD. avoid21. Thomas holds a belief in the _____ nature of reality.A. dualB. bothC. eitherD. twin22. I think that the Christian baptism is by complete _____ of the person in water.A. immensityB. immersionC. immoralityD. immaturity23. Man has a(n) _____ need for love and nurturing.A. easyB. elementaryC. submergingD. direct24. This building represents the post-modernist _____ in architecture.A. markB. trenchC. trendD. tendency25. One common Chinese _____ is that the elders ought to be respected.A. noticeB. ideaC. objectionD. notion26. This was the momentwhen Spielberg'scareer really _____.A. kept offB. cut offC. got offD. took off27. For low income families, mortgages are hard to _____.A. come byB. come inC. come backD. come over28. He was appointed as the director to _____ a team of investigators.A. overlookB. superviseC. checkD. supply29. The company _____ the new perfume with prime-time commercials on the major networks.A. startedB. beganC. launchedD. initiated30. You'll meet the same word again in a _____ different context.A. slightlyB. delicatelyC. lightlyD. rarely31. This will help to _____ the hardship of the refugees.A. relishB. relieveC. reviveD. rely32. She felt the _____ competition between the two brothers.A. intenseB. intensiveC. intentionD. intend33. The bride and groom promised to _____ each other through sickness and health.A. nagB. blameC. spoilD. cherish34. You could feel the _____ in the room as (when) we waited for our exam results.A. intenseB. tensionC. tenseD. intensive35. Angela _____ with disappointment when she was told that she had not got the job.A. signedB. signaledC. persistedD. sighed36. If he can just _____ a little longer, we can give him a hand.A. hold backB. hold inC. hold onD. hold up37. This is a political _____ an economicquestion.A. as wellB. as well asC. as muchD. as usual38. She can _____ her troubles and keep smiling.A. keep offB. take offC. shrug offD. lay off39. The two captains _____ a coin before the match.A. tossB. are tossedC. tossedD. tossed for40. I haven't really kept _____ people I knew at school.A. in touch withB. out of touch withC. to the touchD. touching41. Jones is _____ as a novelist.A. boomB. doomC. boomingD. dooming42. The government has _____ to improving health education.A. promisedB. committed itselfC. plannedD. intended43. A railway _____ arrested him.A. detectB. detectionC. detectingD. detective44. Each rank in the army has a _____ sign to wear.A. distinctionB. distinctiveC. distinguishD. distinctively45. The story of the boy's adventures _____ their friends.A. intriguedB. introducedC. interestD. interrupt46. He deserved long imprisonment for his many _____.A. misdeedsB. misfortuneC. mischiefD. misery47. The judge jailed the young _____ for thirty days.A. offendB. offenderC. offenceD. offensive48. I can't _____ any difference between these coins.A. perfectB. performC. perplexD. perceive49. They were essential to the economic_____ of the country.A. prosperB. prosperousC. prosperityD. prosperously50. The gang committed several _____ crimes.A. outrageousB. outgoingC.outcomeD. outright51. She _____to help but couldn`t get there in time.A. has wantedB. wantedC. had wantedD. will want52. According to the timetable, the train for Beijing _____ at seven o`clock every evening.A. leavesB. has leftC. was leftD. will leave53. They _____ the factory, but a heavy downpour spoiled their plan.A. visitedB. were visitingC. were to have been visitedD. were to have visited54. There was a knock at the door. It was the third time that someone_____ methatevening.A. interruptedB. had interruptedC. to interruptD. had been interrupted55. He _____ for ten years.A. has joined the armyB. has been in the armyC. had been in the armyD. joined the army56. It was not until then that I came to know that practice _____perfect.A. had madeB. has madeC. madeD. makes57. It is reported that by the end of this month, the output of cement in the factory _____ by about 10%.A. will have risenB. has risenC. will be risenD. has been rising58. Even if it _____this afternoon, I will go there.A. rainsB. will rainC. had rainedD. has rained59. We _____ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have hadB. have just hadC. just hadD. had just had60. She _____ to the office than she got down to writing the report.A. have no sooner gotB. no sooner gotC.had hardly gotD. had no sooner got二、Complete（20分。
专业英语八级复习资料
八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。
英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。
接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。
美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationship to their meaning.第二课音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology iscalled phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled…morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that governthe formation of sentences.categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization prope rties, is calleddeep structure or D- structure.structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a morespecific word.第六课语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them studyPhonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of languageThe important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and forunderstanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phonemePhone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or languageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain w ith examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The morecommonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary point of each type答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, . when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
英语专业八级常见词汇短语复习
英语专业八级常见词汇短语复习英语专业八级常见词汇短语复习精选1. absence of 缺乏如：In the absence of my commanding officer, I acted on my own initiative.指挥官不在场，我主动见机行事。
In the absence of their teacher the class was in a state of anarchy.教师不在，班上一片混乱。
2.absence from 缺席，不在如：His long absence from work delayed his promotion.他长期不上班，耽误了提升。
3. access to ……的入口，通路如：The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.要到那农舍去唯有穿过田地。
She was forbidden access to the club.人家不允许她到那个俱乐部去。
4. acquaintance with 相识，了解如：I have only a nodding acquaintance with Japanese.我对日语仅略知一二。
The guide has some acquaintance with Italian.导游懂得一点意大利语。
5. action on sth 对……的`作用如：evidences of glacial action on the rocks岩石上的冰河留下的痕迹6. addition to sth 增加如：She is a beautiful addition to the family.她是我们家漂亮的新成员。
Can we finance the addition to our home?我们可以为你提供经费。
7. admission to /into 进入;入(场，学，会等) 如：How does one gain admission to the Buckingham Palace?怎样才能获准进入白金汉宫?Admission to British universities depends on examination results.英国大学入学以考试成绩为凭。
桂林电子科技大学 机械专业英语 作业及复习
Forming Processes 1— Analyze the Sentence
The
frictional由摩擦而生的 characteristics特性 of the two forming processes are also entirely 完全 different.
两个成形过程的摩擦特性也完全不同。
此公差不应给这么大。(机械学) 忍耐力不会有这么大。(关于人体的耐受性) 抗毒性不会有这么强。(医学)
翻译专业英语要根据专业内容选择词义。
复习1
As translators（翻译） in the specialty （专业）of mechanical engineering, you should have the following competences（能力） :
此外，热成型降低了材料强度，从而可以采 用功率合适的机器进行加工，甚至可以使用 该机器来加工较大尺寸的产品。
复习3 课堂小练习_引伸译法
We
see that the surface is covered with tiny微小的 hills and valleys.
我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之 处。
例如，摩擦系数在冷成形一般在0.1的范围， 而在热成型可高达0.6。
Forming Processes 1— Analyze the Sentence
Further此外,
hot forming lowers down the material strength强度 so that a machine with a reasonable capacity can be used even for a product having large dimensions尺 寸.
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
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电子科技大学中山学院试卷 第1页，共11页 装 订 线 内 禁 止 答 题 填空题 1. Transistors have many advantages electron tubes. 2. We have to find out the current and the voltage the resistor.
3.This circuit is and this circuit is 4. To make sure aliasing will not occur, sampling is always by low pass filtering. 为了保证不会出现混叠，在采样之前总是要进行低通滤波。Preceded 用这种方法所导出的数学模型证明是比较简单的, 并且具有实用意义, 从而为进行最佳设计创造了良好的条件。proves 5.The mathematical model derived by this method （证明）to be simple and of practical significance, thus creating good conditions for making optimal designs. 6. A transistor is allowed to operate cutoff or saturation, but not in its active region. at in (2) In the latter the base is 10 (ten), and ten numerals, 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9, are required to express .(an arbitrary number) (3) The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in . (the decimal system) (4) In particular, the 0 state need not represent (a zero voltage level)(although in some systems it might). (5) To summarize, A/D comprises , , and .(anti-aliasing,sampling,quantization,digitization)
二Translating from English into Chinese 1.The reduction in power dissipation is particularly important where a complex circuit is to be concentrated into a small space. The problem of extracting the heat generated in the circuit may then be a difficult one. Miniaturization means the reduction in size of components and circuits for increasing package density and reducing power dissipation and signal propagation delays. 微型化是指减少元件和电路的几何尺寸, 从而增加封装密度、降低功耗、减少信号传播延迟。
2.Maintenance is simplified because if a component of the IC fails the complete IC is usually replaced 3. Integrated circuits are also classified according to their functions. 4. It is assumed that the reader has a general knowledge of circuit theory. 5.A major advantage of this device is that it operates continuously. 6.Copy standard 8051 start up code to project folder and add this file to project 7.The results obtained demonstrate that the above equation holds for all cases. 所得结果表明，上述公式适用于各种情况。 8.Many conditions need to be considered for developing this system. 9.The cost of computers is reduced by 50%. To be a true professional requires lifelong learning. 10. The new device is designed as an alternative for the old one. 11.For all its great size, the machine moves noiselessly. 12. The circuit, which it contains some nonlinear devices, can be considered linear. 电子科技大学中山学院试卷 第2页，共11页
13.The main device failure mode is secondary breakdown. 14.It is 30 cubic meters in volume. 15. As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material. 16. Integrated circuit are more of a science, than of a technology. 17. Multimedia is one of the most innovative ways of using a telecommunications network to achieve effective communications. • 多媒体是使用电子通信网络实现有效通信的最具创新的方式之一。 18. An NPN transistor is shown in Figure 3.1 with a load resistor (RL=10 kΩ) in series with the collector terminal. 19. A General Purpose VLSI Frequency Synthesis System 20. LCD System Developing and Testing Based on MCU 本文提出了解决这一问题的新方法, 这种方法简单而切实可行。 21. A new method to solve(for solving/of solving)this problem is presented, which is simple and practicable. 22. The production of various ICs have been increased four times as against 1995. 译文1: 各种集成电路的产量增加到1995年的4倍。 译文2: 各种集成电路的产量较1995年增加了3倍。
23. It is also seen from the figure that resistors RB and RL are in parallel with the circuit input and output
terminals, respectively. • 从图中还可以看出电阻RB 和RL 分别与电路的输入与输出端并联。
24. When assessing the AC performance of the circuit; VCC can be treated as a short circuit. 25. For example, if a 2 volts reference is applied, a differential voltage of only 200 μV is needed to swing the output from negative saturation to positive saturation. 26. In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1 are required to represent a number. Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bite are required in order to accommodate all the 36 alphanumeric characters.
27. On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system, as in Figure 3.6(b), is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level. 另一方面, 如图3.6(b)所示, 把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平, 较高的电压状态记为0电平, 这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。 28. Integrated circuits are also classified according to their functions. Digital or logical IC are used as switches, they are either on or off. In computers the on and off states correspond to 0 or 1.Other IC is called linear or analog IC. 也可根据其功能不同对集成电路进行分类。 数字IC(也称为逻辑IC)通常用作开关, 表示接通或关断。 在计算机中, 接通和关断状态分别对应“0”或“1”。 另一种IC被称为线性或模拟IC。 29. Most electronic circuits are composed of active devices, e.g. transistors and diodes, together with resistors (for bias, collector load, impedance transformation, etc.) and