英文文献
英文参考文献格式举例
英文参考文献格式举例
英文参考文献格式通常会根据不同的学科和出版物而有所差异，但以下是一个常见的英文参考文献格式示例：
[序号] 作者姓氏，作者名字缩写，年份，文章标题，期刊名，卷号，期号，页码。
例如：
1. [1] Smith, , 2008, "The importance of water quality in aquaculture", Journal of Aquaculture, 92, 2, .
2. [2] Johnson, , and Lee, , 2010, "Nutritional requirements of farmed fish", Reviews in Aquaculture, 4, 1, 3-18.
3. [3] Zhang, W., 2012, "The impact of climate change on water resources", Water Resources Management, 26, 7, .
在上面的示例中，"作者姓氏"指的是作者的姓氏，"作者名字缩写"是作者的完整名字的缩写，"年份"是文章发表的年份，"文章标题"是文章的标题，"期
刊名"是期刊的名称，"卷号"是期刊的卷号，"期号"是期刊的期号，"页码"是文章的起始页码。
请注意，这只是一个示例，具体的格式可能会因学科、出版物或学术机构的要求而有所不同。
因此，在撰写英文参考文献时，最好查阅所投期刊或出版物的具体格式要求，以确保正确引用文献。
英文文献格式
一．英文文献格式英文文献格式有两种：APA格式和MLA格式。
1、APA格式：APA（American Psychological Association）是一种标明参考来源的格式，主要使用在社会科学领域及其他学术准则中，国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。
APA文内注的参考文献格式是：“（作者姓氏，发表年份）”。
APA文末的参考文献目录格式是：Reference List, 必须以姓（Family name）的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：期刊类：【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数：起止页码】Smith,J.（2006）.The title of the article.The title of Journal,1,101-105。
非期刊类：【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】Sussan.G.（2002）.What computers can't do.New York:Harp&Row。
2、MLA格式：MLA是美国现代语言协会（Modern Language Association）制定的论文指导格式，多用于人文学科（Liberal Arts）。
MLA文内注的基本格式：“（作者姓氏，文献页码）”。
MLA文末的参考文献目录格式：在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓（Family name）的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：期刊类：【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh,C.E.“The Comparative Approachto Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28(1979):22。
非期刊类：【作者】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【发表年份】Winfield,Richard w in Civil Society.Madison:U of Wisconsin P,1995。
十大英文论文文献数据库
十大英文论文文献数据库(1)Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊)评测：Wiley InterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。
其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。
期刊具体学科划分为：Business, Finance & Managemen、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science、Earth Science、Education、Engineering、Law、Life and Medical Sciences、Mathematics and Statistics ],、Physics、Psychology。
(2) IEEE (英文文献期刊)评测：IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到377342人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。
随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。
(3) EBSCO(英文文献期刊)评测：收录了三千多种索引、文摘型期刊和报纸，其中近三千种全文刊。
数据库涉及国际商务、经济学、经济管理、金融、会计、劳动人事、银行等的主题范围，适合经济学、工商管理、金融银行、劳动人事管理等专业人员使用。
数据库中有较著名" Walls Street Journal）、""Harvard Business Review、" Business Week、Fortune、Country Reports、American Banker、Forbes、The Economist等报刊。
该数据库从1990年开始提供全文，题录和文摘则可回溯检索到1984年，数据库每日更新。
(4) (umi)ProQuest博士论文全文，是UMI公司的一个分库（我分析之后得来的。
文献的英文名称
文献的英文名称科学出版社2019年8月出版的《图书馆·情报与文献学名词》（以下简称“《名词》”）在定义文献时列出了两个英文词“literature”“document”，都可译为中文的“文献”。
关于文献的英文名称，南京大学杰出校友、化学家、文献学家、中科院院士、中国科技情报事业创始人之一袁翰青先生在55年前就有过详细的分析。
他说，在英文中，与中文“文献”对应的有两个词，一是literature, 另一个是document。
二者都可以译成文献，这是共性，但在具体用法上有微小区别。
前者“是集合名词，无单数和复数之分。
科学技术论文的文末，常附有供参考用的文献目录”，即用此词。
如Subject Index to Polarographic Literature（极谱学文献主题索引）。
Literature一般只指书刊资料。
后者“就历史性强的文件而言，既用单数，也用复数，分别指一篇或几篇文献，恒用于社会科学的著作中”。
Document还可以包括印刷品以外的文字记录，如碑文、古币图文等。
这两个词的微小区别，在将中文翻译成英文时就需要特别注意，尤其是在翻译人文社会科学文献时应格外留心。
如《民族政策文献汇编》一书，书名中的文献一词，可译成英文documents，也可译成archives，但绝不能译为literature。
还有一个词documentation，周文骏先生主编的词典翻译成“文献学”，袁翰青先生翻译成“文献工作”，并下定义说，文献工作“是组织知识的工作。
更明确一点可以说，文献工作是将分散记录起来的知识，特别是文献中新发现的知识单元，经过学术分析与抽出之后，用一定的方法组织起来，对使用者提供最大的便利，能随时被检索到并参考利用”。
袁老在50多年前就提出了“知识单元”的概念，并认为将“新发现的知识单元”标引出来和排序起来，以利于检索和利用，是文献工作的重点。
“文献中的知识单元实质上就是所含的情报”。
英文文献参考
英文文献参考
在撰写英文论文时，参考文献的格式非常重要，通常采用APA格式。
以下是一个英文参考文献的范例：
作者名. (出版年份). 书名. 出版社所在城市：出版社.
例如：
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
如果是两位作者以上合著的书籍，格式如下：
作者1姓，作者1名字首字母., & 作者2姓，作者2名字首字母.(年). 书名. 出版社所在城市：出版社.
例如：
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an , ON: McMaster University Press.
如果是文集中的文章，格式如下：
作者名.(年). 文章题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
例如：
Smith, J. (2007). The role of technology in education. Journal of Educational Technology, 45(3), 56-67.
如果是月刊杂志中的文章，格式如下：
作者名.(年). 文章题目. 月刊杂志名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
例如：
Jones, L. (2008). The impact of social media on society. American Journal of Social Media, 5(6), .。
英文文献格式示范
英文文献格式示范在学术研究中，正确的引用文献格式是非常重要的，不仅可以帮助读者查找到原始资料，也能够规范研究者的学术行为。
下面是英文文献格式的示范：1. 期刊文章作者. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(issue号), 页码.例如：Smith, J. K. (2008). The effects of climate change on bird migration patterns. Nature, 453(7192), 502-505.2. 书籍作者. (年份). 书名. 出版地: 出版社.例如：Jones, M. (2010). The history of medicine. London: Penguin Books.3. 会议论文作者. (年份). 论文标题. 在编辑者姓名（Eds.）的书名中, 页码. 出版地: 出版社.例如：Wang, Y. (2013). The use of technology in education. In S. Chen & L. Zhang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Education and Technology (pp. 245-250). Beijing: Springer.4. 网络资源作者. (年份). 文章标题. 来源. 网址.例如：Smith, J. K. (2015). The impacts of air pollution on human health. Environmental Health Perspectives.https:///pmc/articles/PMC4483703/ 以上就是英文文献格式的示范，希望对大家的学术研究有所帮助。
英文参考文献
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London¡G Macmillan.36.Nijkamp, P. ,1986, Infrastructure and regional development¡G amultidimensional policy analysis , Empirical Economics , 11 , pp.1-21.anization for Economic Cooperation and Development , OECD .,1997,TheOECD List of Social Indicators¡A The OECD Social Indicator DevelopmentProgram , 538.Oughton, C., COMPETITIVENESS POLICY IN THE 1990s , The EconomicJournal, 107,pp.1486-1503.39.Porter, M.E.,2000,Location, Competition, and Economic Development:Local Cluster in a Global Economy, Economic DevelopmentQuarterly,14,pp.15-34.40.Pyke, F. & Sengenberger, W., 1992, Industrial District and Local EconomicRegeration. Geneva¡G International Institute for Labor Studies.41.Rapkin, D. & Strand, D., 1995, Competitiveness¡G useful concept , politicalslogan or dangerous obsession, in National Competitiveness in a GlobalEconomy Eds. D. Rapkin, W. Avery¡qLynne Rienner, London¡r,pp.1-30. 42.Schumpeter, J. A. ,1934, The Theory of Economic Development ,trans. by R.Opie. 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英文文献参考文献引用格式
英文文献参考文献引用格式英文文献的参考文献引用格式可以根据不同的学术领域和出版机构的要求有所不同。
以下是一般常见的几种引用格式：1. MLA格式（现代语言协会格式）：作者姓氏，作者名字。
文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，出版年份，页码范围。
例如：Smith, John. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Environmental Science Journal, vol. 25, no. 3, 2020, pp. 45-60.2. APA格式（美国心理学协会格式）：作者姓氏，作者名字（出版年份）。
文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围。
例如：Smith, J. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Environmental Science Journal, 25(3), 45-60.3. Chicago格式（芝加哥格式）：作者姓氏，作者名字。
"文章标题。
" 期刊名称卷号，期号（出版年份），页码范围。
例如：Smith, John. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Environmental Science Journal 25, no. 3 (2020): 45-60.4. IEEE格式（电气和电子工程师协会格式）：作者名字，作者姓氏. "文章标题." 期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围，出版年份.例如：J. Smith, "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity," Environmental Science Journal, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 45-60, 2020.请注意，以上仅为常见的几种引用格式示例，具体引用格式还应根据所使用的学术领域和出版机构的要求进行调整。
中英文参考文献
中英文参考文献
中英文参考文献是学术研究中必不可少的部分，用于向读者提供关于研究背景、方法和结果的详细信息。
以下是一些中英文参考文献的示例：
中文参考文献：
1. 张三. (2019). 机器学习算法在数据挖掘中的应用研究. 中国计算机学会.
2. 李四, 王五, & 赵六. (2018). 人工智能的发展及其应用. 北京: 电子工业出版社.
3. 吕七, 刘八, & 陈九. (2017). 自然语言处理技术的最新进展. 人工智能, 25(3), 28-35.
英文参考文献：
1. Zhang, S. (2019). Application of machine learning algorithms in data mining. China Computer Federation.
2. Li, S., Wang, W., & Zhao, L. (2018). The development and applications of artificial intelligence. Beijing: Electronics Industry Press.
3. Lyu, Q., Liu, B., & Chen, J. (2017). The latest advances in natural language processing technology. Artificial Intelligence, 25(3), 28-35.。
英文书籍参考文献
英文书籍参考文献参考文献是研究和写作科学论文时必备的一部分，它提供了支持和验证作者观点的来源。
下面是一些常见的英文书籍参考文献内容：书籍名字：Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone作者：J.K. Rowling出版日期：1997书籍名字：To Kill a Mockingbird作者：Harper Lee出版日期：1960书籍名字：Pride and Prejudice作者：Jane Austen出版日期：1813书籍名字：1984作者：George Orwell出版日期：1949书籍名字：The Catcher in the Rye作者：J.D. Salinger出版日期：1951书籍名字：The Great Gatsby作者：F. Scott Fitzgerald出版日期：1925书籍名字：Moby-Dick作者：Herman Melville出版日期：1851书籍名字：Jane Eyre作者：Charlotte Brontë出版日期：1847书籍名字：The Lord of the Rings作者：J.R.R. Tolkien出版日期：1954书籍名字：The Bible作者：Various出版日期：Various这些书籍都是经典的文学作品，在世界范围内享有很高的声誉和影响力。
它们涵盖了各种文学流派和主题，从奇幻小说到科幻小说，从社会评论到历史小说，从中世纪到未来，它们提供了对不同时代和文化背景的深入洞察。
这些书籍的作者都是非凡的文学大师，他们通过精湛的笔触和故事情节刻画出了令人难以忘怀的人物形象和引人入胜的剧情。
通过这些作品，读者可以沉浸在一个全新的世界中，探索和思考关于人性、社会和存在的问题。
这些书籍也被广泛翻译成各种语言，让全球读者都能享受到它们带来的魅力。
无论是学术研究还是纯粹的娱乐阅读，这些书籍都是不可或缺的参考。
它们为读者提供了不同的观点和经验，帮助读者扩展思维和视野。
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About the Eclipse Foundation and JavaWhat is Eclipse and the Eclipse Foundation?Eclipse is a community for individuals and organizations who wish to collaborate on commercially-friendly open source software. Its projects are focused on building an open development platform comprised of extensible frameworks, tools and runtimes for building, deploying and managing software across the lifecycle. The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that hosts the Eclipse projects and helps cultivate both an open source community and an ecosystem of complementary products and services.The Eclipse Project was originally created by IBM in November 2001 and supported by a consortium of software vendors. The Eclipse Foundation was created in January 2004 as an independent not-for-profit corporation to act as the steward of the Eclipse community. The independent not-for-profit corporation was created to allow a vendor neutral and open, transparent community to be established around Eclipse. Today, the Eclipse community consists of individuals and organizations from a cross section of the software industry.The Eclipse Foundation is funded by annual dues from our members and governed by aBoard of Directors. Strategic Developers and Strategic Consumers hold seats on this Board, as do representatives elected by Add-in Providers and Open Source committers. The Foundation employs a full-time professional staff to provide services to the community but does not employ the open source developers, called committers, which actually work on the Eclipse projects. Eclipse committers are typically employed by organizations or are independent developers that volunteer their time to work on an open source project.In general, the Eclipse Foundation provides four services to the Eclipse community: 1) IT Infrastructure, 2) IP Management,3) Development Process, and 4) Ecosystem Development. Full-time staff are associated with each of these areas and work with the greater Eclipse community to assist in meeting the needs of the stakeholders.IT InfrastructureThe Eclipse Foundation manages the IT infrastructure for the Eclipse open source community, including Git code repositories, Bugzilla databases, development oriented mailing lists and forums, download site and web site. The infrastructure is designed to provide reliable and scalable service for the committers developing theEclipse technology and the consumers who use the technology.Intellectual Property (IP) ManagementAn important aspect of Eclipse is the focus on enabling the use of open source technology in commercial software products and services. We consciously promote and encourage software vendors to use Eclipse technology for building their commercial software products and services. This is made possible by the fact that all Eclipse projects are licensed under the Eclipse Public License (EPL), a commercial friendly OSI approved licensed.The Eclipse Foundation also undertakes a number of steps to attempt to ensure the pedigree of the intellectual property contained within Eclipse projects. The first step in the due diligence process is trying to ensure that all contributions are made by the rightful copyright holder and under the Eclipse Public License (EPL). All committers are required to sign a committer agreement that stipulates all of their contributions are their original work and are being contributed under the EPL. If a committer is sponsored to work on an Eclipse project by a Member organization, then that organization is asked to sign aMember Committer Agreement to ensure the intellectual property rights of the organization are contributed under the EPL.The second step is that the source code related to all contributions which are developed outside of the Eclipse development process are processed through the Eclipse Foundation IP approval process. This process includes analyzing selected code contributions to try to ascertain the provenance of the code, and license compatibility with the EPL. Contributions that contain code licensed under licenses not compatible with the EPL are intended to be screened out through this approval process and thus not added to an Eclipse project. The end result is a level of confidence that Eclipse open source projects release technology that can be safely distributed in commercial products. Development Community SupportThe Eclipse community has a well earned reputation for providing quality software in a reliable and predictable fashion. This is due to the commitment of the committers and organizations contributing to the open source projects. The Eclipse Foundation also provides services and support for the projects to help them achieve these goals.The Foundation staff help implement the Eclipse Development Process. This process assists new project startup and ensures that all Eclipse projects are run in an open, transparent and meritocratic manner. As part of this process, the Foundation organizes member community reviews for projects to ensure consistent interaction between the projects and the broader membership.The Eclipse community organizes an annual release train that provides a coordinated release of those Eclipse projects which wish to participate. The release train makes it easier for downstream consumers to adopt new releases of the projects because 1) all the projects are available on the same schedule, so you don't have to wait for independent project schedules, and 2) a level of integration testing occurs before the final release to help identify cross project issues.Ecosystem DevelopmentA unique aspect of the Eclipse community and the role of the Eclipse Foundation is the active marketing and promotion of Eclipse projects and wider Eclipse ecosystem. A healthy vibrant ecosystem that extends beyond the Eclipse open source community to include things like commercial products based on Eclipse, other open source projects using Eclipse, training and services providers, magazines and online portals, books, etc, are all key to the success of the Eclipse community.To assist in the development of the Eclipse ecosystem, the Eclipse Foundation organizes a number of activities, including co-operative marketing events with Member companies,community conferences, online resource catalogs (Eclipse Marketplace and the Eclipse YouTube Channel), bi-annual Members meetings and other programs to promote the entire Eclipse community.A Unique Model for Open Source DevelopmentThe Eclipse Foundation has been established to serve the Eclipse open source projects and the Eclipse community. As an independent not-for-profit corporation, the Foundation and the Eclipse governance model ensures no single entity is able to control the strategy, policies or operations of the Eclipse community.The Foundation is focused on creating an environment for successful open source projects and to promote the adoption of Eclipse technology in commercial and open source solutions. Through services like IP Due Diligence, annual release trains, development community support and ecosystem development, the Eclipse model of open source development is a unique and proven model for open source development. History of EclipseIndustry leaders Borland, IBM, MERANT, QNX Software Systems, Rational Software, Red Hat, SuSE, TogetherSoft and Webgain formed the initial Board of Stewards in November 2001. By the end of 2003, this initial consortium had grown to over 80 members.On Feb 2, 2004 the Eclipse Board of Stewards announced Eclipse’s reorganization into a not-for-profit corporation. Originally a consortium that formed when IBM released the Eclipse Platform into Open Source, Eclipse became an independent body that will drive the platform’s evolution to benefit the providers of software development offerings and end-users. All technology and source code provided to and developed by this fast-growing community is made available royalty-free via the Eclipse Public License.The founding Strategic Developers and Strategic Consumers were Ericsson, HP, IBM, Intel, MontaVista Software, QNX, SAP and Serena Software.You can learn more about the structure and mission of the Eclipse Foundation by reading the formal documents that establish how the foundation operates, and by reading thepress release announcing the creation of the independent organization. For software licensing, website terms of use, and legal FAQs, please see our legal stuffpage. Eclipse logos and graphics are found on our eclipse logos page.JavaThe style of the Java programming language is very close to C, C + + language. Java is a pure object-oriented programming language, it inherits the C + + object-oriented technology is the core language. Java abandon the C language error-prone pointer (replaced by reference), operator overloading (operator overloading), multiple inheritance (to replace the interface) and other features, increase the garbage collector function is used to reclaim objects that are no longer referenced occupy memory space, making programmers no longer need to worry about memory management. In Java 1.5 version, Java and the introduction of generic programming (Generic Programming), type-safe enumerations, variable-length argument and automatic loading / unboxing other language features. Unlike Java computer language and compiler execution interpreted computer language. It first compiles the source code into a binary byte code (bytecode), and then rely on a variety of different platforms toexplain the implementation of a virtual machine bytecode. In order to achieve "compile once, run everywhere" cross-platform features. However, the execution of each bytecode compiler needs to consume a certain time, but also to some extent, which reduces the efficiency of Java programs. Java source code can be edited using any plain text editor, the Windows operating system can use Notepad (Notepad), EditPlus other procedures, on the Linux platform can use the VI tools. Java language is object-oriented. The Java language provides classes, interfaces and inheritance primitives, for simplicity, only supports single inheritance between classes, but supports multiple inheritance between interfaces and support classes and interfaces between the implementation mechanism (keyword implements) . Full support for dynamic Java language bindings, and C + + language only for virtual functions use dynamic binding. In short, Java language is a pure object-oriented programming language. Java language is distributed. Java language support for Internet application development, the basic Java application programming interface has a network application programming interface (java net), which provides applications for network programming library, including the URL, URLConnection, Socket, ServerSocket and so on. The Java RMI (remote method invocation) mechanism is an important means of developing distributed applications. Java language is robust. Java's strong typing, exception handling, automatic garbag collection, etc.It is an important guarantee for the Java program robustness. Java is a pointer to drop a wise choice. Java security checking mechanism makes Java more robust关于Eclipse Foundation和Java什么是Eclipse和Eclipse基金会？Eclipse是谁希望对商业友好的开源软件合作的个人和组织的社区。