NYIT Comm Law--PPT 3--Prior Restraint Exceptions
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法律英语课件-CONTRACT LAW (2017)合同法74页PPT
法律英语课Байду номын сангаас-CONTRACT LAW (2017)合同法
41、实际上，我们想要的不是针对犯 罪的法 律，而 是针对 疯狂的 法律。 ——马 克·吐温 42、法律的力量应当跟随着公民，就 像影子 跟随着 身体一 样。— —贝卡 利亚 43、法律和制度必须跟上人类思想进 步。— —杰弗 逊 44、人类受制于法律，法律受制于情 理。— —托·富 勒
45、法律的制定是为了保证每一个人 自由发 挥自己 的才能 ，而不 是为了 束缚他 的才能 。—— 罗伯斯 庇尔
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
41、实际上，我们想要的不是针对犯 罪的法 律，而 是针对 疯狂的 法律。 ——马 克·吐温 42、法律的力量应当跟随着公民，就 像影子 跟随着 身体一 样。— —贝卡 利亚 43、法律和制度必须跟上人类思想进 步。— —杰弗 逊 44、人类受制于法律，法律受制于情 理。— —托·富 勒
45、法律的制定是为了保证每一个人 自由发 挥自己 的才能 ，而不 是为了 束缚他 的才能 。—— 罗伯斯 庇尔
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
国际商法 全套课件(英文)607页PPT
• 4. The Development and Tendency of Modern International Business Law
• On the one hand, after the Second World War the rapid development of the world economy made the contact of each country more frequently. This made it necessary that a set of uniform international law regulating the relationship of international economy and trade should be made.
international commercial law, refers to the body of legal rules and norms that regulates international trade and international business organizations. • 2. The meaning of “International” • A commercial transaction is international if: • (1) the parties have their places of business in different States or Countries;
• 9.rule of law: 法治。
• 10. legal doctrines: 法律理论。
• 11.legal validity: 法律效力。
I. Definition of International Business Law
• On the one hand, after the Second World War the rapid development of the world economy made the contact of each country more frequently. This made it necessary that a set of uniform international law regulating the relationship of international economy and trade should be made.
international commercial law, refers to the body of legal rules and norms that regulates international trade and international business organizations. • 2. The meaning of “International” • A commercial transaction is international if: • (1) the parties have their places of business in different States or Countries;
• 9.rule of law: 法治。
• 10. legal doctrines: 法律理论。
• 11.legal validity: 法律效力。
I. Definition of International Business Law
亚当斯商法第7版英文PPT CHAPTER 3
The pre-legislative stage
• A government Bill is usually preceded by the issue of a Green Paper which sets out the legislative proposals for discussion • Consultation with relevant interest groups may take place • A White Paper is then issued, which lays down the principles on which the draft Bill is based
English courts ➢ Describe the differing judicial approaches to interpreting
statutes ➢ Appreciate the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the
development of English law
• EU law is part of UK law. In the event of conflict, EU law takes priority
The institutions of the European Union
• The Councils
➢ The Council of Ministers ➢ The European Council
Parliamentary procedure
• The Treaty of Amsterdam, which came into force on 1 May 1999, aims to place employment and citizens’ at the heart of the Union, to remove the last remaining obstacles to freedom of movement within the Union and to strengthen security.It also seeks to promote privacy of citizens’ personal data.
NYIT Comm Law--PPT 1 1st Amendment Rights
The Declaration of Independence
In 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote: • We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. • That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. • That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government.
Difference Between Laws & Rules 1
• 1. Laws are the legal variation of rules. • 2. Laws are enforced by governmental factors such as the police and prosecutors. • 3. Rules are set by individuals. • 4. Laws are set by the government. • 5. Laws must go through certain processes to become laws, including a voting process.
美国立法步骤PPT课件
3、The senate or the house of representatives to bill for consideration. 参议院或众议院对议案进行审议。
4、At our hospital is submitted by bill the other house review.议案在本院通过则提交 另一院进行审议。
8、If the President refuses to sign, it is
all the more than two thirds of the
senate after the meeting by, the bill to
be automatic effective, without the
President signed.
总统如拒绝签署，则经过两院全体会议三分之二以上通过，则
United States, congress is the highest legislative body congress points of the house and senate both Chambers
-
1
Law-making procedure of America
1、To our congress (the senate or the house of representatives) put forward legislation.国会议员向本院（参议院或众议 院）提出立法议案。
2、The senate or the house bill will be on the agenda.参议院或众议院将议案列入议程。
在美国，国会是最高级的 立法机构。 美国国会分众 议院和参议院两院。
-
4、At our hospital is submitted by bill the other house review.议案在本院通过则提交 另一院进行审议。
8、If the President refuses to sign, it is
all the more than two thirds of the
senate after the meeting by, the bill to
be automatic effective, without the
President signed.
总统如拒绝签署，则经过两院全体会议三分之二以上通过，则
United States, congress is the highest legislative body congress points of the house and senate both Chambers
-
1
Law-making procedure of America
1、To our congress (the senate or the house of representatives) put forward legislation.国会议员向本院（参议院或众议 院）提出立法议案。
2、The senate or the house bill will be on the agenda.参议院或众议院将议案列入议程。
在美国，国会是最高级的 立法机构。 美国国会分众 议院和参议院两院。
-
国际法第一章国际法导论
Chapter 1 General Introduction of International Law
1. Concept of International Law 2. The Development of International Law 3. Subjects of International Law 4. Sources of International Law 5. The Codification of International Law 6. The Basis of International Law 7. The Relation between International and Domestic
第一章 国际法导论
第一节 国际法的概念 二、国际法的定义(Definition) 由此可见，国际法具有法律的共性：国际法具有标准
性，是关于国际社会成员的权利和义务关系的标准； 国际法具有强制性，是主要由国家单独或集体的强 制力量保障实施的。
Conclusion: So we should say that international law is really a law, or it is a form of law. But it is a kind of special law different from domestic law.
各国合作领域日益扩展。
第一章 国际法导论
第三节 国际法的主体 一、国际法主体的概念
国际法的主体，也被称之为法律上的“人〞，具有“人 格〞者，是指有能力享有国际法上的权利和承担国际 法上的义务，有能力进行国际关系活动的实体。 The subjects of international law may have the following three features: (1)the independent capacity to take part in the international relation independently. (2)the ability of directly undertaking the rights and duties from the international law. (3)the due competence to sue or to be sued before an international tribunal.
国际私法课件第三编英文PPT文档40页
对于有准备的头脑有特别的 亲和力 。 27、自信是人格的核心。
28、目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力 量泉源 之一， 也是成 功的利 器之一 。没有 它，天 才也会 在矛盾 无定的 迷径中 ，徒劳 无功。- -查士 德斐尔 爵士。 29、困难就是机遇。--温斯顿．丘吉 尔。 30、我奋斗，所以我快乐。--格林斯 潘。
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
28、目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力 量泉源 之一， 也是成 功的利 器之一 。没有 它，天 才也会 在矛盾 无定的 迷径中 ，徒劳 无功。- -查士 德斐尔 爵士。 29、困难就是机遇。--温斯顿．丘吉 尔。 30、我奋斗，所以我快乐。--格林斯 潘。
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
沙丽金版法律英语
A court may issue a writ of habeas corpus to release a party from unlawful restraint.
The person falsely imprisoned may sue the offender for damages.
maintenance of a peaceful society deterrence social responsibility the balancing of economic interests
against societal benefits
精选版课件ppt
3
Intentional Torts
精选版课件ppt
19
Statute of Limitations
Function
The statute of limitations is a defense that is ordinarily asserted by the defendant to defeat an action brought against him after the appropriate time has elapsed.
As distinguished from battery, assault need not involve actual contact—it only needs intent and the resulting apprehension.
wielding a knife
精选版课件ppt
8
精选版课件ppt
4
General
Definition
any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so
The person falsely imprisoned may sue the offender for damages.
maintenance of a peaceful society deterrence social responsibility the balancing of economic interests
against societal benefits
精选版课件ppt
3
Intentional Torts
精选版课件ppt
19
Statute of Limitations
Function
The statute of limitations is a defense that is ordinarily asserted by the defendant to defeat an action brought against him after the appropriate time has elapsed.
As distinguished from battery, assault need not involve actual contact—it only needs intent and the resulting apprehension.
wielding a knife
精选版课件ppt
8
精选版课件ppt
4
General
Definition
any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so
【全英课件】Common Law_英美法系_习惯法
Civil Law
1. Constitution 2. Legislation – Statutes and subsidiary legislation
（legal code） 3. Custom 4. International Law 5. [Nota bene: It may be argued that judicial
applied the common law.
18AD-
The territories were considered to have been settled by British colonists, and therefore the reception of English common law was automatic. Reception statutes as a step in decolonization.
01 Most Common Sources
Common Law
1. Constitution (not in the UK) 2. Legislation – Statutes and subsidiary legislation 3. Judicial precedent – common law and equity 4. Custom 5. Convention 6. International Law e.g. The reports of the United States Supreme Court and the reports of some States
COMMON LAW
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综合法律英语ppt
要约与承诺：
1、 合同谈判，必然是要围绕合同的标的进行意见交换、充分 协商（bargain exchange for consideration），这个过程中双 方针对特定的合同标的彼此相互做出各自的“许诺 （promise）”。这些“许诺（promise）”在谈判中不断明 确和完整，最后依法导致合同成立。在谈判中，在先一方提出 的“许诺（promise）”，从法律概念上讲，就是“要约 （offer）” ，而在后一方做出的“许诺（promise）”，分成 两种情况，如果完全接接受前者的条件，并订立合同，从法律 概念上讲，这就是“承诺（acceptance）”；如果不完全接 受前者的条件，并向前者提出新的条件，这就又提出新的要 约——反要约（count offer）。这与中国合同法律制度中关于 要约与承诺的规定，基本上相同，或者可以说是相同的法律概 念，在中国合同法律制度中，关于要约与承诺有较为明确的规 定：
3、 实质违约(material breach)，是指实质性的、故 意的违约，合同另一方因此根本无法达成合同目的。 如：货物买卖合同中，供方根本就不准备或不能够 交付约定的货物，需方根本就得不到合同约定的东 西，这就是一种实质性的违约。而非实质性的、过 失性的违约发生时，违约方通常不存在故意违约， 且无违约方可能还能达成一定的合同目的，但与合 同履行标准不符。例如：货物买卖合同的当事人一 方可能只是无法及时交货、可能只是无法在约定地 点交货，或者服务合同中的服务标准与约定不符等 等。在非实质性违约的情况下，补偿是有限的，一 方面是因为合同通常有责任限制约定，另一方面是 法律通常对此种违约的赔偿也做出限制规定。在实 质违约情况下，无过错方当事人（the innocent party）将取得如下法定的权利：
C、 提前解除合同的权利(the right to terminate the contract)。指在实质违约发生后，无过错方可以单 方面决定解除合同，终止合同的效力。 D、获得法令救济的权利（the right to get injunctive relief）和要求继续具体履行的权利(the right to get specific performance)。前者，主要是指可以通过法 律程序阻止违约方继续违约行为；后者主要是指无 过错方仍然可以强制要求违约方继续实际履行合同 约定的义务，并承担合同约定的责任。如：买卖合 同中，强制不交货的违约方实际按合同约定要求交 付货物；服务合同中，强制不提供服务的违约方实 际按合同标准提供服务。
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Exceptions to Prior Restraint
Protecting National Security, Public Education, and Harmonious Society. Fighting Words and Hate Speech. Clear and Present Danger. The Brandenburg Test.
Prior Restraint Overturned
• The Court overruled the government’s “National Security” defense. • They took very broad view of the 1st Amendment, one not focused on the impact of a government victory on the life of a democratic society if prior restraint were granted; • but that the publication of just these sorts of materials—governmental misjudgments and misconducts of high import—is exactly why the First Amendment exists: To protect free speech.
Press Restraint on Iraq War
• During the Iraq War (2003-2013) the government used press restraint to cover-up everything. • the Bush administration banned media from publishing photos of dead soldiers’ coffins arriving in Washington, D.C. • The rule was simply government prior restraint, but Bush argued the families of the dead had asked them to restrict the press! • Obama lifted many of the Bush press restraints on Iraq War coverage in 2009.
The Pentagon Papers Case
• June 13, 1971, The New York Times printed the first of a series of articles from a classified document called “The Pentagon Papers.” • The article exposed high-level government errors and misconducts during 6 years of war in Vietnam. • President Richard Nixon immediately claimed executive authority and forced the Times to suspend publication of further articles based on The Pentagon Papers.
The Vietnam War
• During Vietnam, however, the US government under the Johnson and Nixon Administrations used National Security many times to restrict press coverage on a number of issues, including the Pentagon Papers Case in 1971. • In those cases, the US Supreme Court did not agree with the national security defense for prior restraint, and sided with the press, thereby strengthening press freedoms.
Orders
• A gag order is an order from a judge stopping reporters from talking or writing about a case that has not yet been decided. • These restrictions are intended to protect the right to a fair trial, and to avoid interference with the judicial process. • But, they are a form of prior restraint, and the press in particular has often objected to such orders.
The Government’s Role
• There were many improprieties in how US Attorney General John Mitchell had obtained a restraining order against the New York Times. • The injunction also names NYT publishers, editors and writers as defendants. • The NYT obeyed the injunction, but they immediately released copies of the Pentagon Papers to the Washington Post and 7 other daily newspapers which published articles that further embarrassed Richard Nixon and other members of the Nixon and Johnson administrations, particularly Robert S. McNamara Secretary of War.
Exceptions to Prior Restraint
Not all restrictions on free speech are outlawed by the prior restraint doctrine. 1. Publication of information affecting national security, particularly in wartime, may be restricted. 2. Publication of information on court cases in progress may be restricted by an injunction. 3. Instances of “hate speech” or “fighting words” may also be restricted
Exception #1: National Security
• The US Government may legally restrict publication of information affecting national security, particularly in wartime. • During WWII, war correspondents went with military forces, and their reports were subject to advance censorship to preserve military secrets. • WWII censorship was not generally challenged, and no major court case arose from this issue.
National Security after WWII
• Obviously, World War II was a necessary war, one that the allied nations, including China, fought and eventually won for purposes of national security from Japanese and German attacks. • The Government could effectively use interests of national security or national defense as a defense for prior restraint.
NY Times v. United States
• New York Times Co. v. United States, (1971), was a landmark decision by the US Supreme Court on the First Amendment. • Since then, many presidents have claimed press restraint citing national security. • This is controversial. Many argue that the national security is an excuse to cover up government errors and embarrassment.
Exception #2: Injunctions/Gag Orders
Protecting National Security, Public Education, and Harmonious Society. Fighting Words and Hate Speech. Clear and Present Danger. The Brandenburg Test.
Prior Restraint Overturned
• The Court overruled the government’s “National Security” defense. • They took very broad view of the 1st Amendment, one not focused on the impact of a government victory on the life of a democratic society if prior restraint were granted; • but that the publication of just these sorts of materials—governmental misjudgments and misconducts of high import—is exactly why the First Amendment exists: To protect free speech.
Press Restraint on Iraq War
• During the Iraq War (2003-2013) the government used press restraint to cover-up everything. • the Bush administration banned media from publishing photos of dead soldiers’ coffins arriving in Washington, D.C. • The rule was simply government prior restraint, but Bush argued the families of the dead had asked them to restrict the press! • Obama lifted many of the Bush press restraints on Iraq War coverage in 2009.
The Pentagon Papers Case
• June 13, 1971, The New York Times printed the first of a series of articles from a classified document called “The Pentagon Papers.” • The article exposed high-level government errors and misconducts during 6 years of war in Vietnam. • President Richard Nixon immediately claimed executive authority and forced the Times to suspend publication of further articles based on The Pentagon Papers.
The Vietnam War
• During Vietnam, however, the US government under the Johnson and Nixon Administrations used National Security many times to restrict press coverage on a number of issues, including the Pentagon Papers Case in 1971. • In those cases, the US Supreme Court did not agree with the national security defense for prior restraint, and sided with the press, thereby strengthening press freedoms.
Orders
• A gag order is an order from a judge stopping reporters from talking or writing about a case that has not yet been decided. • These restrictions are intended to protect the right to a fair trial, and to avoid interference with the judicial process. • But, they are a form of prior restraint, and the press in particular has often objected to such orders.
The Government’s Role
• There were many improprieties in how US Attorney General John Mitchell had obtained a restraining order against the New York Times. • The injunction also names NYT publishers, editors and writers as defendants. • The NYT obeyed the injunction, but they immediately released copies of the Pentagon Papers to the Washington Post and 7 other daily newspapers which published articles that further embarrassed Richard Nixon and other members of the Nixon and Johnson administrations, particularly Robert S. McNamara Secretary of War.
Exceptions to Prior Restraint
Not all restrictions on free speech are outlawed by the prior restraint doctrine. 1. Publication of information affecting national security, particularly in wartime, may be restricted. 2. Publication of information on court cases in progress may be restricted by an injunction. 3. Instances of “hate speech” or “fighting words” may also be restricted
Exception #1: National Security
• The US Government may legally restrict publication of information affecting national security, particularly in wartime. • During WWII, war correspondents went with military forces, and their reports were subject to advance censorship to preserve military secrets. • WWII censorship was not generally challenged, and no major court case arose from this issue.
National Security after WWII
• Obviously, World War II was a necessary war, one that the allied nations, including China, fought and eventually won for purposes of national security from Japanese and German attacks. • The Government could effectively use interests of national security or national defense as a defense for prior restraint.
NY Times v. United States
• New York Times Co. v. United States, (1971), was a landmark decision by the US Supreme Court on the First Amendment. • Since then, many presidents have claimed press restraint citing national security. • This is controversial. Many argue that the national security is an excuse to cover up government errors and embarrassment.
Exception #2: Injunctions/Gag Orders