跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习．判断 1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly 文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。（ T ） 2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born 一个人出生就有文化（ F ） 3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity 人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。（ T ） 4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture 在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾） F （向于亚文化到共同文化。．

5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time 一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。（ T ） 6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages 文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者（ F ） 7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected 沟通与文化密不可分，紧密相连。（ T ） 8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding 发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码（ F ） nine has communication of process The 9 components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context

通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。（ T ） 10 No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same 我们谁也不能假定我们的感觉是一样的。（ T ） 11 people may possess different sensing of the same smell 人们可能对同一气味有不同的感觉。（ T ） 12 Our perception are influenced by who we are,includeing the accumulation of our experience 我们的感觉被我们是谁的影响，包括我们的经验的积累（ T ） 13 we give meaning to or decode the and selected have we that information

organized during the selection stage 我们在选择阶段对我们选择和组织的信息给

予意义或解码。（ F ） 14 the psychological filters refer to the psychological factors,including the attitudes,beliefs,and dispositions of the individual 心理过滤指的是心理因素，包括个人的态度、）信念和性格。（ T ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice 15 and racism are learned 民族中心主义、刻板印象、偏见和种族主义被学习（ T ） 16 although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgements,they can also be positive 虽然刻板印象被认为是消极的判断，但也可以是积极的。（ T ） other from people with communicating when 17 cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as his people and to assume

there is only one way of doing things:that is his way 当与来自其他文化的人交流时，一个人有时可能会把他们当作他的人看待，并假设只有一种做。式方的他是就那：式方事 T ）（18 assumption of superiority may lead to asuming similarity instead of difference 假设的优势可能会导致假设相似性而不是差异 F ）（the reason for the is 19 economy not of persistence and ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice racism 偏经济不是种族中心主义，坚持理性的成见，见和种族 F （）be communication of exacting an 20 style can Native some Japan,china,and in found American cultures 一个严格的沟通方式，可以发现在日本，中国，

和美国本土文化（ F ） 21 The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about one's accomplishments and abilities 自谦的言语风格强调夸耀一个人的成就和能力的重要性（ F ） 22 the elaborate,exacting,or succint communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups 精心设计的，严格的，或简洁的沟通方式处理的数量和/或说是首选的跨文化群体体积（ T ） 23 dialect refers to geographic refers to variation,while sociolect variation in terms of social group 方言是指地理变异，而方言是指在社会群体方） T （面的变化． 24 an elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures

在阿拉伯文化中可以看到一种复杂的交流方式。（ T ） 25 speaking is the only mode of effective communication 口语是有效沟通的唯一方式。（ F ） 26 the Thais liketo touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children's head 泰国人喜欢触摸婴儿或小孩，尤其是他们喜欢别人拍拍孩子的头（ F ） 27 Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures 沙特阿拉伯人属于接触文化。（ T ） 28 the appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures 眼睛接触的适当性因文化的不同而不同。

（ T ） 29 Paralanguage may imply the connotation of

the actual differences 它可能意味着实际差异的内涵（ T ） 30 In industrialized societies like the United States,the mastery-over-nature

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跨文化期末复习大纲

跨⽂化期末复习⼤纲Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication 1.Definition of Intercultural Communication1.1Definition of Intercultural CommunicationICC is the term first used by Edward Hall in 1959 andis simply defined as interpersonal communication between members of different cultures.1.2According to Rich, ICC can be classified into five forms:(1)Intercultural communication(2)International communication(3)Interracial communication(4)Interethnic of minority communication(5)Contracultural communication1.3Gudykunst and Hammer(1987) classified ICC by using interactive-comparative and mediated-interpersonal dimensions to divide the realm of the inquiry intofour categories:(1)Intercultural communication(2)Cross-cultural communication(3)International communication(4)Comparative communication1.4As a phenomenon, ICC has the following features:(1)Universal phenomenon(2)Long history(3)Daily Occurrence2.Development of ICC2.1The History of ICC Studies in America2.1.1The Burgeoning PeriodUS government in 1946 passed the ForeignService Act and established Foreign Service Institute.2.1.2From 1960 to 1970Books: Oliver’s Culture and Communication(1962) and Smith’s Communication andCulture (1966)The first ICC training actually started in the 1960s with Peace Corps members.The first college class in this field was in 1966 at the University of Pittsburgh.2.1.3From 1971 to 19801970 and 1971 ICA & NCA1975 SIETAR-International (the International Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research)1977 International Journal of Intercultural Relations-Dan Landis2.1.4From 1981 to the Present Time1960s scholars began to make their contribution to ICC in 1980sHart (1996) summarized, the study of ICC gained acceptance through training and testing practice in the 1960s and 1970s, formed its basic framework in the late 1970s and has made great achievements in theory and practice ever since the 1980s both inside and outside the US.2.2The History of ICC Studies in China Professor Hu Wenzhong (1999)(1)The Germinating Period:1980-1990(2)The Establishing Period:1991-2000(3)The Expanding Period:2001-present3.Reasons for Studying ICC3.1Global Demographics(全球⼈⼝统计)3.2Global Economy3.3Technological Development3.4Effective Outcomes3.5Peace and Conflicts3.6Ethical Imperative4.Challenges in Studying ICC4.1Potential Problems in Learning ICC4.1.1Avoidance of the unfamiliar4.1.2Uncertainty4.1.3Withdrawal(退缩)4.1.4Stereotype(刻板印象)4.1.5Prejudice4.1.6Racism4.1.7Ethnocentrism(民族优越感)4.1.8Cultural shock(⽂化冲击)4.2Cultural Shocks and Cross-cultural Adaption3 cross-cultural interactions(1)short-term travelers(2)sojourners(3)immigrantsThe typical pattern of cultural adjustment often consists of distinct phases.(1)Honeymoon(2)Crisis(3)Recovery(4)Adjustment((5) Re-entry Shock-going home)“w-curve” figureHoneymoon-Crisis-Recovery-Adjustment-Honeymoon at home- Crisis at home (reentry shock)-Recovery at home-Adjustment at homeChapter 2 Communication and Culture1.Basics of Communication1.1Definition of CommunicationThe act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.1.2Functions of Communication(1)Practical functions(2)Social functions(3)Decision making functions(4)Personal growth functions1.3Types of CommunicationBased on the channels used for communication(1)Verbal communication(2)Nonverbal communicationBased on the style of communication(1)Formal communication(2)Informal communicationBased on the social levels(1)Intrapersonal communication(2)Interpersonal communication(3)Organizational communication(4)Mass communication1.4Components of Communicationmessage, sender, receiver, channel,noise(disturbances along the communication process), feedback, encoding, decoding1.5Communication Models1.5.1Lasswell’s 5W Linear Model1.5.2Wilbur Schramm’s Ring Model1.5.3The Contextualized Model1.6Characteristics of Communication Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, interactive, learned.2.Basics of Culture2.1Definition of CultureThe total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values behaviors, institutions and communication patternsthat are shared, learned, passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. (Hall) Little culture is concerned with spiritual product such as language, literature, and art.Big culture refers to the sum total of human-made material product and non-material product. Dominant culture includes the cultural components common to most members of society, including the views of politics, conceptions of self and others, basic roles, standard forms of speech and general norms. E.g. Han culture in ChinaSubcultures can be ethnic, regional, occupational, social, economical, religious or gender-related in nature. E.g. northern and southern culture in China 2.2Functions of CultureDressler and Carns (1969):Culture enables us to communicate with others through a language that we have learned and that we share in common.Culture makes it possible to anticipate how others in our society are likely to respond to our actions. Culture gives us standard for distinguishing between what is considered right or wrong, beautiful and ugly, reasonable and unreasonable, tragic and humorous, safe and dangerous.Culture provides the knowledge and skill necessary for meeting sustenance needs.Culture enables us to identify with – that is, include ourselves in the same category with – other people of similar background.2.3Components of CultureCommunication aspect: language and symbols. Environment aspect: geography, climate ad places in the country.Science and technology aspect: math, physics,inventions, roads, bridges, railways.Economic system: money, finance, trade.Spiritual aspect: religion, mythology.Cognitive aspect: values, belief.Artistic aspect: art, literature, architecture.Behavioral aspect: laws, rituals(仪式惯例), mores(习俗)Daily life aspect: family, education, entertainment,dress, food, transportation, house.Social structure: social classes, ethnicityCulture consists of two levels:A level of values (invisible)A level of resultant behavior or artifacts of someform (visible)2.4Characteristics of CultureLearned, transmitted, selective, ethnocentric(民族中⼼主义的), dynamic(动态的), integrated(综合的)2.5Metaphor of Culture2.5.12.5.22.5.32.5.43.Relationship between Communication and CultureOn the one hand, culture is largely created, shaped, shared and learned through communication.Communication is the very medium of human interaction through which created and shared. Culture is considered more as a natural by-product of human communication and interaction than an intentional creation of human beings. In a sense, culture is the “residue(剩余)” of communication. Without communication, culture cannot be passed on and reinforced from generation to generation. Owing to the communication medium and other factors, culture is experiencing constant change.On the other hand, communication is also created, shaped, and transmitted by culture. When people communicate within an intercultural context, they take with them different cultural backgrounds, experiences, values and ways of thinking. Inevitably, human beings communicate with the imprint or mark of their own cultures.!!Chapter 3 Cultural Value Orientation Values are matters of preferences.Behavior Effectiveness) Study(1) Society an Hierarchy in China (2) Role of Family and Family Life (3) Politeness (4) Face(5) Guanxi (Interpersonal relationship) (6) Reciprocity(互惠) (7) HarmonyDeveloping&changing!!Chapter 4 Culture and Verbal Communication1.The Relationship between Language and Culture1.1Language Reflects the EnvironmentWe (only) label the things that are around us.1.2Language Reflects Cultural ValuesE.g. The kinship structure shows a complex butorderly communication system in which a clearterminology describes each positional role. There isan elaborate system of kinship terms, becauseChinese families used to be very big and highlyhierarchical.1.3Language Affects People’s Way of ThinkingLanguage determinism(语⽤决定论) is based on thehypothesis that the language people speakdetermines the way they perceive the world anddetermines culture.(Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)2.Culture-loaded WordsIt is said in Chapter 2 that the fundamental general communication principle is that symbols the sender uses to communicate must have essentially the same meaning in BOTH the sender’s and the receiver’s minds.(Misunderstanding occurs when the sender and the receiver attribute different meanings to the same word or use different words to express the same meaning.)2.1Denotational(指称)meanings refer to definitionmeaning depending upon our choice of wordselection.2.2Connotational(隐含) meanings refer to extendedmeanings or associated meanings.As busy as a beeAs cunning as a foxAs strong as a horseAs slippery as an eel(鳝鱼)As blind as a batAs meek as a lamb(温顺)As happy as a kingAs foolish as a donkeyAs stubborn as a muleAs wise as an owlAs majestic as a lion(庄严宏伟的)As stupid as a goose3.Culture Rules of SpeakingPragmatic transfer(语⽤迁移) is the use of rules of speaking from one’s own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language.3.1Addressing(1) A proper Chinese name is arranged in the orderof surname plus given name(s).A proper Englishname is arranged in reverse order.(2)Some Chinese kinship term(亲属⽤语) are notonly used within one’s own family, but also onknown or unknown people to show one’spoliteness, respectfulness and friendliness.(3)Most occupational titles(⼯作职称) can be usedas addressing terms(称谓语) in Chinese, buttheir English equivalents are not necessarilyused in the same manner.3.2Greeting and Leave-taking3.2.1GreetingChinese often start with asking personalinformation to show warmth and to shortensocial distance.Native English prefer impersonal questionslike weather.3.2.2Leave-takingChinese: others-orientedWesterner: self-orientedIn English, informal offers are often performed by interrogative sentences(疑问句).Chinese offers may sound a little bit commanding.3.5Invitation and ResponseIn China, a successful inviting-transaction often takes several talk exchanges or preferred pairs, which an American may think the host is imposing and aggressive and the guest is hypocritical(虚伪).3.6Compliment and ResponseChinese regard compliments as virtues, as Americansaccept them as a kind of recognition of theirindividual efforts.3.7ApologiesFor the Chinese, apology most often occurs betweenpeople of unequal social status, and it is usually theperson with less power apologizes to the peosonwith more power.But for the native English speakers, an apology isnecessary whenever inconvenience or offense ismake with little consideration of the status or socialpower of the people concerned.4.Verbal Styles4.14.25 key aspects of Chinese verbal style(1)implicit communication （含蓄）(2)listening centeredness （听话）(3)politeness （客⽓）(4) a focus on insiders （⾃⼰⼈）(5)face-directed communication strategies （⾯⼦）4.38 Chinese and North Americans clash(冲突) ineveryday interactions:(1)What is not said vs. What is said(2)The use of We vs. I(3)Polite vs. Impolite talk(4)Indirect vs. Direct talk(5)Hesitant vs. Assertive speech(6)Self-effacing(谦逊的) vs. Self-enhancing talk(7)Private vs. Public personal questions(8)Reticent(沉默的) vs. Expressive speech!!Chapter 5 Culture and Nonverbal communication 1.The Nature of Nonverbal Communication1.1Definition of Nonverbal Communication Edward Hall: nonverbal communication is metacommunication(元信息传递), paralinguistic(副语⾔如⼿势等，超语⾔如叹息声等), second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.Judee Burgoon defined nonverbal communication as all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves.We may simply say that nonverbal communication is communication without the use of words contrary to verbal communication.1.2The Importance of Nonverbal communication Research shows: less than 35% of communication is verbal. 65% of communication takes place nonverbally.1.3Functions of Nonverbal Communication(1)Replacing means that using body language and other gestures to replace verbal communication. (2)Contradicting means that our nonverbal being opposite from the literal meaning.(3)Repeating signifies(表⽰) using body languageto add to the verbal meaning.(4)Conveying means using gestures and expressions to express the emotions and attitudes.(5)Modifying is using expressions, body language and other nonverbal means to correct the verbal meaning.(6)Regulating means using nonverbal gestures to guide the order of speaking.(7)Complementing is adding to the verbal meaning.1.4Similarities and Differences between Verbal andNonverbal communications (Characteristics of Nonverbal communication) 1.4.1Similarities(1)Use symbols(2)Are products of an individual(3)Require that someone attach meaningto these symbols(4)Are coding systems that we learn andpass on as part of the culturalexperience1.4.2Differences(1)Clear vs. ambiguous(2)Conscious vs. unconscious(3)Acquired and controllable vs. Naturaland uncontrollable(4)Nonverbal communication is moreuniversal than verbal communication.1.5Classification of Nonverbal Communication(1)Body movement(Kinesics)⾝势语(2)Eye contact(Oculesic)眼神学(3)Touching(Haptic)接触(4)Spatial language(Proxemics)空间语⾔(5)Chronemics(temporal language)时间语⾔(6)Paralanguage副语⾔学2.Nonverbal Communications in Different cultures 2.1Body Movement2.1.1PostureStanding-northern Europeans (slouch ×)Sitting-Japanese (sit on legs, cross legs ×) Bowing-AsiansSquating-northern and northwesternfarmers in China and Mexicans(less sophisticated)2.1.2GestureVictory,Peace: U.SOffensive Gesture: Britain; South Africa2.1.3Head Movement@Bulgaria no=nod2.1.4Facial expressionsOn the whole, Asian cultures tend to restrictthe range of facial expressions by Western standards.Reasons: People who have rich facial expressions in Asia would be considered as shallow persons (浅薄的⼈). People shouldhide our real feelings2.2Eye ContactVery direct: Middle Easterners, some Latin American groups, FrenchModerate: Mainstream Americans, Northern Europeans, BritishMinimal: East Asians, Southeast Asians, East Indians, Native Americans2.3Body touchTouch: Arabs, Southern and Western Europeans, Jews and Latins.Non-touch: Americans, Northern Europeans, Orientals.2.4Spatial LanguageAccording to Edward Hall, people from high-context cultures tend to stand close when talking to someone. Low-context cultures prefer a greater amount of interpersonal space.2.5.1Monochromic(单时制):Things scheduledonce at a time. @Germany, America2.5.2Polychronic(多时制) different things with2.6.1refers to nonverbal voice qualities, such astone, rate, pitch, accents, laughing, cryingand shouting2.6.2nonword noises “un-huh” in English, “hai” inJapanese2.6.3silence has different interpretations indifferent culturesChapter 6 Thought Patterns and Language1.Culture, Thought Patterns and Language1.1 The Relationships among Culture, Thought and LanguageLanguage is an instrument used in the communication of thought. Thought is influenced by language.Each of them influences and shapes others.They are seen as three parts of a whole.1.2Different Ways of Thinking between Chinese and Westerners1.2.1Cognitive Differences in language learningbetween East Asian and Western cultures:(1)Science and Mathematics(2)Attention and Perception(洞察⼒)(3)Casual Inference(4)Organization of Knowledge(5)Reasoning1.2.2Conceptual differences between Chineseand Western Thinking(1)Chinese traditional way of thinkingemphasizes on the morality andharmony of the society, and promotesthe collectivism, responsibility,devotion and so on.(2)The western way of thinkingemphasizes on logic and science,individual achievement or competition,and so on./doc/3517372007.htmlparing Thought Patterns between Chinese andWesterners2.1Synthetic(综合的) Thinking Mode vs. TheAnalytic(分析的) Thinking Mode(1) Chinese philosophy emphasizes unity of heavenand man, harmony”, t he blending of objects and man.(2) Westerners: man and objects should beseparated from each other, emphasize the formcoherence, logical deduction.2.1.1Holistic(整体论的) Thinking Mode vs.Analytic Thinking ModeChinese: Holistic (整体论的) Thinking:Orientation to the context as a whole, rely on experience-based knowledge Westerners: Analytic Thinking ModeDetachment of the object from its context,Tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to categories2.1.2Dialectical(辩证的)-focus Thinking Mode vs.Formal Logical-focus Thinking ModeChinese: Dialectical-focus Thinking ModeRecognition of contradiction, ”middle way”(中庸之道)Westerners: Formal Logical-focus ThinkingModeAvoidance of contradiction, black of white 2.2The Curvilinear(曲线的) Thinking Mode vs. The Linear(直线) Thinking ModeRobert Kaplan (1966)line”represents the Oriental languagegroup, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, and so on.2.3The Image Thinking Mode vs. The Abstract Thinking Mode(1)Chinese itself is the imagery language.Chinese characters are the mimicry (模仿) ofnatural phenomenon. Chinese people expressabstract things through concrete images.(2)English is a kind of alphabetic writing, man-made regulated signals.Determine the meaning by the soundcombinationWestern people prefer using the abstract notionto express the concrete objects.2.4The Ontological(本体论) Thinking Mode vs. The Objective Thinking Mode(1)The Chinese people regard man as the center to observe, analyze, deduce and study the objects.(2)The English-speaking people take the objectiveworld as the center.Chapter 7 Culture and Interpersonal Relationship1.The Nature of Interpersonal Relationship1.1Types of Interpersonal Relationship(1)Kinship and Family Relations(2)Friends(3)Comradeship(同事关系)(4)Soul mates1.2Principles for Establishing Good Interpersonal RelationshipsMutual attractions to both sides(2)Credit principle(诚信原则)Treat others with trust and sincerity(3)Respect principleMaintain equal positions of each party(4)Tolerance PrincipleSeek for common grounds while putting asidedifferences(5)Moderation principleTime, distance, frequency for communicationshall be moderate. The degree of closenessshould be properly maintained.2.Cultural Differences in Interpersonal RelationshipsIn the US, people tend to use four dimensions to distinguish among different types of relationships(1)Cooperative-friendly to competitive-hostile(2)Equal to unequal(3)Intense to superficial(4)Socio-emotional(社会情感性的)-informal to task-oriented-formalIn Japan,(1)In-group(2)Those whose background is fairly well known(3)Out-group/stranger2.1Intercultural FriendshipsGenerally, friendships are closer in collectivistcultures than in individualistic cultures.2.2Intercultural Romantic RelationshipsGenerally speaking, in high power distance cultures,romantic relationships are expected to take placewithin your cultural class. In low power distancecultures, a person is expected to select romanticpartners on the basis of individual factors such aspersonality and appearance.In Western cultures, marriage is seen as the union ofmarriage is seen as the alliance between two families.2.3Intercultural MarriageSubmission(顺从), compromise, obliteration(忘却),consensus(⼀致)(best)2.4Internet Friendship and Love3.Challenges to Intercultural Personal Relationships3.1Possible stumbling block(绊脚⽯) for interculturalrelationships(1)Cultural differences(2)Prejudice and discrimination(3)Historical relationships(4)Different perceptions(认知,观念) ofcommunication competence3.2A key to having a successful intercultural relationshipis establishing an effective relational culture(确⽴相互关系的⽂化).In essence, relational partners develop their ownculture –a mix of both of their larger culturalbackgrounds and their idiosyncratic(有⽓质的)behaviors and personalities.3.3Effective relational cultures are based on(1)Positive affect toward the partner(2)Perception of positive motives (assuming yourpartner is supporting you)(3) A perception of the relationship(4)As a benefit to each other (e.g. I am better offwith my partner than without her.)Chapter 8 Culture and Business Etiquette1.The Basis of Business EtiquetteEtiquette is a set of practices and forms which are followed in a wide variety of situations. Carl Nelson’s eight common protocol element areNamesRank and titleTimeCommunicationsGift givingFood and drink2.Creating a Powerful First Impression2.1Introducing yourself and othersRule 1: show respect for the most important person in the setting by mentioning his/her name first.Rule 2: try to include a brief comment about each person being introduced so that they have some basic knowledge about each other.2.1.1Introducing yourselfTell the name and information about the circumstance2.1.2Introducing othersSay the “more respected” person’s namefirst2.2Greeting peopleUS: first name, middle name, last nameFrench: Monsieur/MadameGermany: last name basisItaly: titles and surnamesBritish: use of first names is prevalent(普遍的)Latin America: add mother’s maiden name to their surnameChina: surname first, often titles are used2.3Card ExchangingBilingual cards: name, job title, company name, address, telephone number, facsimile number, e-mail address2.4Business DressComfortable, tasteful and stylishA reflection of your social status and relative success3.Business Scheduling3.1Appointing MakingMake appointments in advance. E.g. Germans3.2Recognizing Rules and CustomsThe first thing you should know is their typical hoursof work, lunch, and break time so as to makeappointments at a proper time.4.Social Entertaining 4.1Dining Practices4.1.1SeatingBritish method:4.1.2Table setting4.1.3Eating StylesAsians: chopsticksMiddle Easterners: Eat with your fingers, if the host does. But use the right hand only4.1.4Table MannersDo not point or gesticulate with your knife(or any other implement for that manner)while engaged in conversation at table.4.1.5FoodFrance: You may ask for more water, but notwine. You are supposed to wait for your hostto serve you.4.2Drinking ProtocolIn Russia and South Korea, in northern Europe,theability to consume a great quantity of alcohol isconsidered a measurement of an individual'smanhood.Toast:The first toast is offered before eating and serves towelcome the guests.A toast to the guest of honor is made after thedessert course when the wine glasses have been4.3Tipping ProtocolChina, Japan, Australia, New Zealand are some of thenon-tipping countries.A tip of 15% considered generousA tip of 20% when service is excellent5.Gift-giving EtiquetteU.S.Presenting a gift is a thoughtful gesture, but not expected.Business gifts are often presented after the deal is over.In most situations, gifts are opened immediately and shown to all present.For your business associates, you can choose gifts such as useful office items, liquor, wine, or something that comes from your country.JapanGift giving is an important part of business protocol.Business culture emphasizes on the ritual of gift-giving, rather than the gift itself.It is a good policy to prepare enough gifts for your trip.“this is only a small gift or it is a dull thing”Gifts should not be opened in the presence of the giver.Favorite gifts for the Japanese are imported liquor, designer-made also musical tapes and CDs.6.Digital Etiquette6.1Telephone EtiquetteDon’t be distracted by other work or chew gum whileon the phone.This lack of respect is transferred to the other end of the conversation, even though the person can’t see you.If you need to find information for a caller while he or she is on the line, put the caller on hold; offer to phone the caller back if you need to place him or her on hold for more than a minute.Always try to smile when you speak; your warmth and sincerity will come through the person with whom you are speaking.6.2Email EtiquetteBusiness email may involve more traditional use of capitalization and spelling.For external emails, use the recipient’s formal title.Add headings, lists, or numbers that will make your email easier to skim.Use jokes, slang, emotional punctuations, and emotions with care.Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication Competence1.The Challenges in the Setting of Glocalization1.1The Concept of Glocalizationthe local considerations.“Think globally and act locally.”全球化视⾓本⼟化⾏动1.2Facing the Challenges of Glocalization1.2.1The ethics of intercultural competenceThree dilemmas(1)How much do you think we should giveup of ourselves to become “Romans”?(2)Should belief, value, norm or socialpractice be judged by your ownknowledge and value system?(3)Should all intercultural contacts be encouraged?Is ICC always positive?1.2.2Appropriateness and EffectivenessThey are two primary criteria of Intercultural Communication CompetenceAppropriateness means that the valuedrules, cultures, norms and expectances ofthe relationships are not violatedsignificantly.Effectiveness is the achievements of thegoals.2.Becoming a Competent Intercultural Communicator 2.1The Components of Intercultural Communication Competence2.1.1Cross-cultural Attitude ModelThis approach pays more attention tocultural knowledge and affective aspect ofthe communicator.2.1.2Behavioral-skill ModelIncorporate the different approachesThey believe that the most ideal condition ofICC competence occurs when an individual possesses high degrees of interculturalknowledge, motivation and skills.2.1.3Young Yun Kim’s ICC Competence ModelCognitive components (knowledge ofcommunication codes/rules, culturalunderstanding, cognitive complexity)Affective components ( adaptationmotivation, identity flexibility, emotionalcoorientation成对取向).[inward components] in one’s mindOperational components (technicalcompetence, synchrony⼀致性,resourcefulness善于随机应变)[outward components] behavior The three facts are inseparable in reality.⼗⼩时泣⾎之作T T2013-1-9 0:42:56加油！！灰⾊背景为2013.1.9的问答框架Case analysis 是到中国来教外语的mark和中国同事的相处⽭盾判断和选择要求对知识点感性认识，注意重点细节问答注意那种不太长⼤概涉及四五个知识点的内容，还要举个栗⼦=w=Case analysis要扯术语，上课好好听Ps知识点整理和考试题回忆都不是重点，上课要好好听考前好好复习！！⾄少两个下午⼀个晚上吧学姐只能帮你到这了T T2013-1-9 13:21:25。

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料1.Iceberg: {Edward. 7. Hall.--<The silence of language>标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty2.Stereotype:定型主义a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.4.Culture: Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbaland nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do. 10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context. （2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. （6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕•马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups.4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person12.Culture Dimensions 文化维度China America Individualism CDX: obligation to the group, dependence of the IDX: independence, privacy, self, Uncertainty Low-UAIs: in tolerating people, in taking High UAIs: not tolerate dissent, ensure Power High-PDIs: the actions of authorities, social Low-PDIs: using power only for legitimate Masculinity阳High-MAS: believe in achievement and Low-MAS: believe less in external Long-term 长Long-term: life value social order and Short-term: changing event have a deep13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿自我A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显自我Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interaction exchange is direct, to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显自我，隐匿自我In the direct verb al style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering.Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟子>，Great Learning <大学>，The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>，Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakerInfluence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.18.The way people speakHigh involvement高度卷入: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, AfricanHigh considerateness高度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American19.文化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and BehaviorsHuman nature Basically evil(American)Minture of good &evil.Neither good nor evilBasically good (American)Relationshia of man to nature Man subjugated bynatureMan in harmony withnature (Chinese)Man the master of nature(American)Sense of time Past-oriented Present-oriented Future-oriented(American)Activity Being (stress on whoyou are)Growing (stress onself-developing)Doing (stress on what youdo) (American)Social relationships Authoritarian Group-oriented(Chinese) Individualistic(American)20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中的绊脚石(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不用言语表达的误解(4) Preconception先入为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety焦虑(7) Conclusion22. Essentials of Human Communication(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic. (4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence 23. How is language related to cultureCulture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.24.More words/expression→important role in cultureIn Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives:1. informal time; 2. perceptions of past, present, and future; 3. monochromic and polychromic.26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间Monochronic people:美国人Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.Polychromic people: 中国人Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.27.Adapting to a New Cultureculture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be (1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communicationPredeparture stage: Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK.Adaptation and reentry再进入Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.。

跨文化交际复习

跨文化交际复习题型：1、填空15个2、名词解释25分5个3、论述（理论举例）30分2个4、分析应用题30分3个小问题基本概念类：要求掌握定义，能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动，它是一个动态的编译码过程，当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时，就产生了交际，交际受制于文化心理等多种因素，不一定以主观意识为转移。

2、文化一个群体（可以是国家，也可以是民族、企业、家庭）在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物，及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动，就是文化。

3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程，是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际。

从对外汉语专业的角度，“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。

4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因，以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科。

5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为。

是一个说与听的互动过程，其成功与否，取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义。

言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式。

6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程。

即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程，其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等。

7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素。

心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素，积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用，在交际中主体应当具备平等意识，双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用，消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设。

跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细

Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。

跨文化交际复习

跨⽂化交际复习名词解释：1. Intercultural CommunicationIt can be simply defined as communication between people of different cultures.2.CultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people./doc/1d9cf522670e52ea551810a6f524ccbff021ca49.html municationAct and process of sending and receiving messages among people.4.Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message.5.Nonverbal communicationThe messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.Unit 1Case 1A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color white.“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort ofcolor, isn’t it?”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool.”“Oh, yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color.”“No, it is also like paper.”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man.”“No, not at all. It is also like china.”Q:Why is it difficult to explain to a blind person what colors are?A normal man with visual sense.A blind man without vision, mainly by tactile sensation.They do not share the same experiences.80s-90sIt is those different experiences that make up what is called “culture”. The differences may cause misunderstandings.Case 2Offering helpA Chinese young teacher was assigned to go to airport to meet a visiting American professor. When she arrived at the airport, she found that the professor had heavy suitcases and some smaller bags. He was an old man, about 70 years old. And they could not find a luggage trolley, so she wanted to help him with his luggage.Several times, she offered to take a heavy suitcase, but he refused by saying he can handle them by himself. However, he had difficulties to moveboth two heavy suitcases. At one point, when they stopped suddenly, one suitcase is down. When she picked it up, he says “I can handle this myself!”But being polite, she moved this suitcase to the van.When they come to the van, he seems to be annoyed with her. He hardly spoke with her the whole way to the school.1.Why do you think the professor became annoyed?2. Was it wrong for the Chinese young teacher to try to help the old professor with his luggage?3. What differences does the story reflect between American cultures and Chinese culture?The young Chinese teacher of English encounters no fewer than three problems:(1)Cultural Problem (2)Personality Problem (3)A Simple MisunderstandingCase 3Touching a strangerA Kazakhstan girl, in China studying Chinese, was shocked when a Chinese grandma touched her knee kindly on a bus.Once in a very cold winter day, she took a bus to school, wearing a mini-skirt. When she got on the bus, she sat in front of a Chinese grandma. The grandma took a look at her for about 5 minutes, and then the grandma put her hands on her knees and asked “Aren’t you cold? It is winter. You have to wear jeans.”She was a little scared because she barely know a person will touch her and give her an advice about what should her wear. It is quite uncommon in her country.Purpose of Intercultural Communication(1).Have a better understanding of foreign cultures and domestic cultures(2).Increase the culture awareness and sensitivity(3).Develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts(4).Improve your intercultural communicative competenceCase 4 P231.Why were Richard’s sincere compliments misunderstood by the Egyptian family?In Egyptian culture, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way.While Americans are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.Richard’s mistake: praise the food itself rather than the total evening.For the host and hostess, it is like he attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying: “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.”2.What was wrong in the way Richard dealt with the problem in Japan? Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and the organization itself is valued more than any particular members.Americans stress individuality.Richard’s mistake: make great efforts to defend himself.Even if the others knew that the errors were not intentional, it is not right to defend yourself. The blame’s intention is to warn others of similar mistakes.A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would be appropriate.3.Which behavior was considered improper in England when Richard was taking tea?Richard’s mistake: help himself to some sugar and cream.The values expressed in the gesture of taking sugar and cream:For Americans: Help yourself.For Englishmen: Be my guest.The ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,”even answering the door or fixing his own drink. While in many other countries, including the Britain, such guest behavior is rude.Purpose of Intercultural Communication(1)Have a better understanding of foreign cultures and domestic cultures(2)Increase the culture awareness and sensitivity(3)Develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts(4)Improve your intercultural communicative competence Classification of Intercultural Communication(1)International communication:always take place between nations and government rather than individuals. quite formal.E.g. if the Chinese Chairman communicate officially with the American president.(2)Interracial communication:occurs when the source and receivers exchange messages are from different races.E.g. if an African American interacts with a white American.(3)Inter-ethnic communication:refers to communication between people of the same race, but different ethnic background.E.g. if a Tibetan communicates with a Han.(4)Inter-regional communication:refer to the exchanges of message between members of the dominant culture within a country, but different regions.E.g. In China, if northerner interacts with a southerner.What are the three factors that affect the study of intercultural communication?Social-cultural elementsVerbal elementsNonverbal elementsUnit 2Case 1 P23(1)What do you think of the Korean student’s behavior in class?A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification.(2)Why did the students from Mexico readily adopt the techniques of asking questions in class?Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend not to say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.1.Characteristics of Culture(1)Culture is learned.(2)Culture is dynamic.(3)Culture guides people’s behavior.(4)A large part of culture is unconscious.2.The Nature of Culture(1)Culture is Like an Iceberg(2)Culture is Our Software(3)Culture is Like the Water a Fish Swim in(4)Culture is the Grammar of Our Behavior3.The Functions of Communication(1) Allow you to gather information about other people.(2)Help fulfill interpersonal needs.(3)Establish personal identities.(4)Influence others.4.Classification of communication(1)In terms of who communicates with whom, whether it is human beings, animals or machinesHuman CommunicationAnimal CommunicationHuman-animal CommunicationHuman-machine CommunicationMachine-to-machine Communication(2)Depending on the number of person involved in communication Intrapersonal communication (内向传播) Interpersonal communication (⼈际传播)Organizational communication (组织传播)Mass communication (⼤众传播)(3)Two-way communicationCommunicators can see each other and can monitor each other’s behavior.Direct / Face-to-Face Communication(4)One-way communicationCommunicators cannot see each other and cannot monitor each other’s behavior.Indirect / Distance Communication5.Elements of CommunicationContext, Participants, Messages, Channels, Noise, FeedbackUnit 31. Why is one culture different from another?Perception (how we sense the world)Belief (what we believe as true)Value (a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)2. How to classify different cultures?1). Hofstede’s Cultural Value System Cultural DimensionsIndividualism-collectivism个⼈主义与集体主义Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避Power distance权⼒距离Masculinity-femininity刚柔性/ 男性度和⼥性度Time-orientation时间导向Individualism-collectivism个⼈主义与集体主义Case 1:Richard is an engineer from the United States. In Japan he had an even less pleasant experience though he thought he had handled it well.A number of serious mistakes had occurred in a project he wassupervising. While the fault did not lie with any one person, he was a supervisor and at least partly to blame. At a special meeting called to discuss the problem, poor Richard made an effort to explain in detail why he had done what he had done.He wanted to show that anybody in the same situation could have made the same mistake and to tacitly suggest that he should not be blamed unduly. He even went to the trouble of distributing materials which explained the situation rather clearly. And yet, even during his explanation, he sensed that something he was saying or doing was wrong.America—individualismJapan—collectivismAt the negotiating table, differences in this dimension can clearly cause serious conflict. Americans too often expect their Japanese counterparts to make decisions right at the negotiating table, and the Japanese are constantlysurprised to find individual members of the American team promoting their own positions, decisions, and ideas, sometimes openly contradicting one another.Case 10 P97From which perspective of cultural dimension theory can you analyze the intercultural communication hereIndividualism – CollectivismIn Japan, the managers will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company. Also the right to decide usually lies with the dominating male.But for the French, individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families.Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避: High uncertainty avoidance &Low uncertainty avoidanceCase 2:E.g. the superior & subordinateA Chinese or an American superior can accept more suggestions thana Japanese.The Chinese or American workers tend to do the work by themselves.The Japanese workers will finish the task exactly according to the order from the superior.Power distance权⼒距离: High PD Culture &Low PD CultureCase 9 P96From which perspective of cultural dimension theory can you analyze the intercultural communication herePower distance – hierarchyThe man’s grandfather happened to drop in and began to comment on how the company had been formed and had been built up by the traditional practices that the young executives had recently discarded.The young man said nothing and just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.While Phil was confused and just started to protest.In Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles and gender.As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman.In Japan, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman.Challenging or disagreeing with elders’ opinions would b e deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lowerpositions are expected to be loyal and obedient t to authority.In Western countries, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters much in such situations.Young children are encouraged to challenge authority and voice their opinions.Masculinity-femininity刚柔性/ 男性度和⼥性度Time-orientation时间导向2). Model by Kluckhohn1) = Human nature orientation ⼈性取向2) = Man-nature orientation ⼈天取向3) = Time orientation 时间取向4) = Activity orientation ⾏为取向5) = Social orientation ⼈际取向Case studyDuring the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yard – in fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood. When the young man left, the farmer moved the wood back to its original place. Seeing all this, the farmer’s son was confused.1. Why did the farmer do that?Save face and dignity of the young manAccept --- Earn2. What values are reflected in this story?Individualistic value system3). Edward T. Hall’s ModelHuman communication is dependent on the context in which it occurs.Communicative contexts include the physical, sociological, and psychological environments.High- and Low-context culturesHigh-context Culture: ⾼语境⽂化In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).Indirect verbal communication patternRead between the linesChange little over timeExamples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.Low-context Culture: 低语境⽂化In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Direct verbal communication patternSend clear and persuasive messageExamples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.P115Case 1 FriendshipSteve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. But after the semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn’t see each other bery much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve.Steve didn’t seem very interested in talking to him.What was wrong in the relationship between Yaser and SteveAmericans have school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friends are based on common interests.When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade.In some cultures friendship means a strong life-long bond between twopeople. In these cultures friendships develop slowly, since they are built to last.Chinese expect friendships to be more lasting.Chinese can usually expect much from their friends.American friends like Chinese friends give each other emotional support in times of trouble, but they do it differently. A westerner will respond to a friend’s trouble by asking, “What do you want to do?” The idea is to help the friend think out the problem and discover the solution he or she really prefers and then to support that solution. A Chinese friend is more likely to give specific advice to a friendUnit 41.Relationship between Language and Culture:1). As a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped byculture.It reflects the environment in which we live and cultural values.Case 1Patriarchal society湖南岳阳临湘⼀带，只有男性称谓，没有⼥性称谓，爸爸是爸，妈妈也是爸，分别男⼥的办法是在前⾯加“⼤”或“细”（即⼩）。

for students跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际Define the following items:1.culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themmunication ：give or exchange information or ideas.3.intercultural communication ：communication between people whose cultural perceptions andsymbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.4.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words.Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.5.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicitcode.6.relationship between culture and language ：Culture influences language by way of symbols andrules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.7.verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language8.analytical thinking patterns (inductive) ：analyze and dissect things into elements in order tounderstand them properly. The emphasis is upon the parts rather than the whole of things.9.synthetic thinking patterns (deductive) ：synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis onthe “whole”.10.nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that isgenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.11.body language ：refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements. Itincludes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.12.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.13.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culturepeople emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.14.ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and allothers are scaled and rated with reference to it.15.stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizingimages into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people.16.prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty andinflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.17.discrimination ：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it can be thought ofas prejudice “in action”.18.racism ：The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that aparticular race is superior to others.19.culture shock ：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy,hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. 20.acculturation ：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between twodistinct cultural groups.21. Paralanguage。

跨文化交际复习答案整理

跨文化交际复习答案整理Answer questions1.What are the reasons which might contribute to an increase of intercultural contacts in the world?Nowadays, the increasing trend of intercultural contacts can be ascribed to four main factors: the advancement of technology, immigration, economic globalization and the emergence of multiculturalism.A. With the development of technology, the transportation systems and communication systems have witnessed great advancement. Trips once taking days are now measured in hours, making it possible for people to go to anywhere of the world in one day, and thus speeding up intercultural contact. Moreover, the advanced communication technologies, such as Internet, mobile phones and cable TV transmission equipment, have give people access to sharing and exchanging information and ideas instantaneously.B. Changes in population migration have also contributed to the development of increasing intercultural contact. For pursuing a better job or endeavoring for a better life, people from all over the world leave their country while bringing their own culture, habits, language and so on to the other.C. Economic globalization is another factor for increasing intercultural contacts. With the accelerated trend of economic globalization, the world we lived in is more and more interdependent and interrelated. And each country’s economy is tied to the economy of other countries. Therefore, the intercultural contacts between regions, countries and continents are inevitably increased.D. Multiculturalism is the view that the various cultures in a society merit equal respect and scholarly interest, describing the coexistence of many cultures in a locality, without any one culture dominating the region.Therefore, with the increasing of the trends of multiculturalism, the communications between regions and cultures will inevitably strengthened and increased.2.What are characteristics of communication and culture common to all human beings?Although communications are different from one another in their forms and norms, all communication systems around the world share certain characteristics.A. Indirect: one characteristic of communication is that people can only obtain messages fr om other’s words and behaviors instead of obtaining from the mind of others.B. Interactive: Communication takes place between at least two individuals, and each one in a communication process will affect or be affected by the other’s words or behaviors, a nd as a consequence, he/she will immediately modify or alter his/her responses either in words, tones, gestures, and so on.C. Dynamic: as all communication processes and their consequences are affected by the specific time, place, occasion and the number of people with their particular rules, values, customs, and so on, the communication can be perceived as an ongoing and ever-changing activity.D. Self-reflective: as human beings have a unique ability to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future, all forms of communication will inevitably involve and enhance this kind of activity, andthus endowed itself the self-reflective nature.Cultures, like communication, vary according to different history, geography, religion and world views, but they still share certain features.A. Invisible: as we refer to a certain culture, we often mean the world views, perceptions, values, attitudes and preference beneath all the phenomena in that culture, which are all intangible object to human beings.B. Learned: culture is not a procession that we inherited from out parents or forefathers, but is gradually acquired after birth by the influence of the traditional patterns and standards in the community we living.C. Ethnocentric: Each culture has its religion, myth and legends which convince every generation that they are special, powerful and intelligent and are thus capable of great achievements. Such pride helps to bind people in a society together to strive for ever greater accomplishments.D. Integrated: Culture is a complex and inclusive system in which all components, such as values, norms, perceptions and rules, are interrelated. And any change in one aspect of the culture will affect many other aspects.3.How are culture and language related to each other?A. Language is a guide to social reality. Language does not merely serve to allow us to describe what we see as reality, but language also shapes the way we see this reality.B. Language can record culture.Language can record the development of a society. People can learn culture left behind by their ancestors through language, and leave their culture to descendantsthrough language. For example, if we want to know theChinese culture 1000 years ago, we can research the records of that time. Therefore through language, civilization passes over from generation to generation. The society will then make progress step by step.In fact, we can know other cultures by reading books. We don't need to go to go abroad to know about cultures of foreign countries. Language brings us convenience to learn different cultures.C. Culture affects languageFrom the definition of culture, we know that culture includes geography, religion, tradition, custom, value and so on. In fact, culture often affects language through them. Every nation lives and works in a certain natural environment, which is reflected by its language. People from different regions may have different languages. They use different words, metaphors to express their views towards their environment.Nearly every nation has its religion. Religion is an important part in culture. Many daily used words are from religion. For instance: Adam's apple (喉结); my rib(我妻); Judas's kiss(背叛).Every culture has its specific features, which is reflected through language. Chinese people from some regions are accustomed to sleep on a 炕（a heatable bed）. They eat 冰糖葫芦（candied haws on a stick）. Whereas westerners go to motel eat hamburger.People from different cultures have different values. Sometimes, the differences cause misunderstandings. People should pay attention to the different values of different cultures.Culture background determines a man's native language. For example, if a Chineseinfant is adopted by an American couple who live inAmerican, he or she will grow up speaking perfect English.4.How does the perception of communication due to cultural differences affect intercultural communication?Culture strongly influences our subjective reality and there are direct links among culture, perception, and behavior. There are some factors in cultural belief, value, and patterns that might influence both perception and communication.Firstly, belief systems are significant to the study of intercultural communication, because they are at the core of our thoughts and actions. They are our conviction in the truth of something. They tell us how the world operates. Belief systems are important because they are learned and hence subject to cultural interpretation and cultural diversity. We must be able to recognize the fact that cultures have different realities and belief systems. Beliefs are such an influential factor in intercultural communication because they affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which we communicate.Secondly, one of the most important functions of belief system is that they are the basis of our value. Formally, a value may be defined as an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct of end-state of existence is personally of socially preferable to another. An awareness of cultural value also helps us understand our own behavior. Thus, value is another very important factor to affect intercultural communication.Thirdly, cultural patterns can affect intercultural communication; culture is extremely complex and consists of numerous interrelated cultural orientations besides beliefs and value. Cultural patterns refer to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a person perceives and thinksabout the world, and the manner in which they live in that world.These three factors make people have different culture, and also affect both the perception and communication.5.How do you understand functions of non-verbal means used in communication?A. repeating;In the United States, people often use nonverbal messages to repeat a point they are trying to make. We might hold up our hand in the gesture that signifies a person to stop at the same time we actually use the word stop. Or we might point in a certain direction after we have just said, “The new library is south of that building.”The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce one another.B. complementing;Closely related to repeating is complementing. Although messages that repeat can stand alone, complementing generally adds more information to messages. For example, you can tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance, but this message takes on extra meaning if you pat the person on the shoulder at the same time. Physical contact places another layer of meaning on what is being said.C. substituting;We use substitution in nonverbal communication when we perform some action instead of speaking. If you see a very special friend, you are apt to enlarge the size of your smile and throw open your arms to greet him or her, which is a substitute for all thewords it would take to convey the same feeling.D. regulating;We often regulate and manage communication by usingsome form of nonverbal behavior: we nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking; or we remain silent for a moment and let the silence send the message that we are ready to begin our speech. Or we have direct eye contact with someone to let him or her know the channels are open. In short, our nonverbal behavior helps us control the situation.E. contradicting.On some occasions, our nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages. You tell someone you are relaxed and at ease, yet you voice quavers and your hands shake. It also is a contradictory message when you inform your partner that you are glad to see him or her, but at same time you are sulking and breaking eye contact. Because people rely mostly on nonverbal messages when they are receive conflicting data, we need to be aware of the dangers inherent in sending opposing messages.Discussion1.Do you always with people that knowing about the correct choice of grammar and vocabulary of a language can ensure a successful communication between a native and non-native speaker of that language? Why or why not?We live in an increasingly complex world. One element of this complexity is themixing of different cultures, languages and faiths. Knowing the grammar and vocabulary of a language is of course not enough to communicate successfully because different cultures have different communication styles.Take China and America as an example. Because of the collectivistic culture of China, the Chinese people are more atease when speaking as members of group than as individuals. They of ten offer personal opinions by using “we” instead of “I”. This can create great difficulty for Americans in differentiating personal views from collective ones. And they will tend to consider such statement as lack of personal opinion and self-confidence.2.Explain this statement and give examples of it “People are alike, and people are different”.The similarities of humans: All humans around the world are like every other human being. Our commonalities as a species go far beyond the ways in which we share ideas and information. We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs, brain, and the like. We are also literally made of the same components: water, salt, blood and so on. Moreover, emotions like self-respect, admiration, vanity, and so on are common to all cultures. Take the concept of self-respect for example. In Western culture, we may say ego; and in China, we may say face-saving, macho in Mexico, and pride in Japan. The point is, such feelings evoked very much the same.Differences of human beings: since the creation of the world there never were two cases exactly parallel and even the people. Our experience of the world is both internaland unique, therefore we each response to the world differently. Culture, as well as individual, differences keep us apart. Although the philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice, and meaning confront everyone, our resolutions for each issue have their roots deep in culture. For example, Hinduism tells its members that they will be reincarnated when they die. In Islam, death moves people into heaven or hell, depending on how they lived.(In a word, it is inappropriate to say that we are more alike or we are more different, because people are more alike than they are different. Our society is dynamic, we want to live and have to adapt to our dynamic society. The economic development level, political system and educational ideals are different in different periods so that we have common ideas and concepts in sometime but in other times may not. All of these will have influence on our values, thought, and communication. Therefore, it is always the theme that a successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.)3.How have you ever used non-verbal means to facilitate your daily communication? Describe some of the occasions.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.In my daily life, there are many occasions that I used nonverbal means to facilitate my daily communication. For example, frowning and making someone believe I am mad...4.In what way can cultural differences influence international business negotiation?There is a joke about an American and a Japanese sitting on a park bench in Tokyo. Both are businessmen. The American says, “Well, you know I’ve been in Japan for my company for forty years. Forty years! And now they are sending me back home to the States in just a few days.” The Japanese replies, “That’s the problem with you Americans: here today and gone tomorr ow.”This witticism clearly illustrates a major difference in cross-cultural negotiation—the pace at which negotiations are conducted. North American, Australian, Swiss, British, andSingapore negotiators value rapid negotiations, whereas other cultures such as China, Japan, much of Latin America, and Africa prefer slower negotiations. Direct versus indirect is often problematic in business dealings as well. In negotiations with many cultures, a “yes” really means “no”./doc/2e6898362.html,pare and contrast the view to causes of illness and the treatment model between people from different cultural backgrounds in the health-care setting. Causes of illnessMany people of Asian origin(Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, and Southeast Asians) may view illness as a result of an imbalance between yin and yang. Yin is the feminine, passive principle that is manifested in darkness, cold, or wetness. Yang is the masculine, active principle that is exhibited by light, heat, or dryness. Yin and yang combine to produce every occurrence in life. An imbalance in this combination is believed to cause illness.Even in the United States, where high technology and science are primarily relied on to diagnose illness, many Americans believe that their illness is a reminder from God that they have had a behavioral lapse such as neglecting to go to church regularly, not saying one’s prayers, or not thanking God daily for blessings.In the Indian culture, where people hold strong beliefs about fate, reasons for becoming ill often are even questioned.For them, ill health and even death itself are accepted as part of the process of birth and rebirth. Just like an Indian proverb summarizes: “That which blossoms must also decay.”Treatment modelThe Chinese may rely on fortune-tellers to determine auspicious times to perform scheduled surgeries or procedures.The Chinese have other methods for treating illness. As Dresser notes: T o restore the balance of yin and yang, specialist may use acupuncture(metal needles inserted into skin at precise points) and moxibustion (heating crushed wormwood or other herbs directly on the skin). Herbalists, easily found in Chinatown shops, act as health consultants, prescribing and creating herbal remedies.Many Asian groups use “cupping” to cure illness. “Cupping” involves placing heated glasses upside down on the chest or back of the sick person and pulling them off after they have cooled. This practice, believed to “rub out” evil winds and spirits.Many people from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil believe in Santeria(a type of religion).Within the United States, some groups, particularly African Americans, rely on pica—a craving for nonfood substances—to treat illness. For example, an individual may eat laundry starch to “build up the blood” after an auto accident.。

跨文化交际复习

Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。

文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。

Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。

Culture(from sociological perspective):从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。

Culture(from intercultural communication perspective):从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。

Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。

Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。

Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。

Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。

Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。

跨文化交际复习参考

(Greek) Women have but two residences - the house and the
tomb. (Algerian) He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own.
(Swedish) Order is half of life. (German)
• Debate (Page 12) pro: people are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other… con: people are shaped by different environments they are in; therefore, the difference overrides.
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So What is Intercultural/Crosscultural Communication?
• a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural backgrounds endeavor to communicate.
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• What is culture?
Five Dimensions of Culture ➢ Products ➢ Perspectives ➢ Practices ➢ Communities ➢ Persons
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➢ Products --- tangible (tools, clothing, written documents) & intangible (education, economy, politics…)

跨文化交际期末复习资料

Components of large C Culture :Social institutions and organizations.Language and other communication systems.Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.Culture OnionDutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols ofa deeper level of culture.b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factorsc) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense "culture is anything but nature ." Characteristics of Culture1. Culture is transmissible2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture.3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.4.Culture is symbolic.5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.Key termsEnculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。

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