人工智能英文文献原文及译文
附件四英文文献原文
Artificial Intelligence
"Artificial intelligence" is a word was originally Dartmouth in 1956 to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence is also expands. Artificial intelligence is a challenging job of science, the person must know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc, on the whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human intelligence. But in different times and different people in the "complex" understanding is different. Such as heavy science and engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now computer can not only complete this calculation, and faster than the human brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this calculation is regarded as "the need to perform complex human intelligence, complex tasks" work is defined as the development of The Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the science of specific target and nature as The Times change and development. On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology to realize the machine is a computer, the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science and technology and the development together. Besides the computer science and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search method, machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge system, natural language processing, computer vision, intelligent robot, automatic program design, etc.
Practical application of machine vision: fingerprint identification,
face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm, expert system, intelligent identification, search, theorem proving game, automatic programming, and aerospace applications.
Artificial intelligence is a subject categories, belong to the door edge discipline of natural science and social science.
Involving scientific philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.
The research category of natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem, perception, pattern recognition, logic design program, soft calculation, inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.
Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory.
Safety problems
Artificial intelligence is currently in the study, but some scholars think that letting computers have IQ is very dangerous, it may be against humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.
The definition of artificial intelligence
Definition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial" or "intelligent". "Artificial" better understanding, also is controversial. Sometimes we will consider what people can make, or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial intelligence, etc. But generally speaking, "artificial system" is usually significance of artificial system.
What is the "smart", with many problems. This involves other such as consciousness, ego, thinking (including the unconscious thoughts etc. People only know of intelligence is one intelligent, this is the universal view of our own. But we are very limited understanding of the intelligence of the intelligent people constitute elements are necessary to find, so it is difficult to define what is "artificial" manufacturing "intelligent". So the artificial intelligence research often involved in the study of intelligent itself. Other about animal or other artificial intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence is currently in the computer field, the more
extensive attention. And in the robot, economic and political decisions, control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also played an indispensable role.
The famous American Stanford university professor nelson artificial intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a definition: "artificial intelligence about the knowledge of the subject is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of scientific knowledge. But another American MIT professor Winston thought: "artificial intelligence is how to make the computer to do what only can do intelligent work." These comments reflect the artificial intelligence discipline basic ideas and basic content. Namely artificial intelligence is the study of human intelligence activities, has certain law, research of artificial intelligence system, how to make the computer to complete before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the 1970s, known as one of the three technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century (genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a system. Its research results are gradually integrated into people's lives, and create more happiness for mankind.
Artificial intelligence is that the computer simulation research of some thinking process and intelligent behavior (such as study, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics, psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the relationship between theory and practice, artificial intelligence is in the mode of thinking science technology application level, is one of its application. From the view of thinking, artificial intelligence is not limited to logical
thinking, want to consider the thinking in image, the inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a variety of basic science, mathematics and language, thought into fields, artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool, mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics into the scope of artificial intelligence discipline, they will promote each other and develop faster.
A brief history of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt's legend, but with 1941, since the development of computer technology has finally can create machine intelligence, "artificial intelligence" is a word in 1956 was first proposed, Dartmouth learned since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and they also affected the development of other technologies. The emergence of AI programs, creating immeasurable wealth for the community, promoting the development of human civilization.
The computer era
1941 an invention that information storage and handling all aspects of the revolution happened. This also appeared in the U.S. and Germany's invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.
The beginning of AI
Although the computer AI provides necessary for technical basis, but until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmental temperature. The importance of the study lies in the feedback loop Wiener:
all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of the simulation of early development of AI.
1955, Simon and end Newell called "a logical experts" program. This program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct conclusion that a problem to solve. "logic" to the public and the AI expert research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in 1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them to Vermont Dartmouth in "artificial intelligence research in summer." since then, this area was named "artificial intelligence" although Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.
After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years. Although the rapid development of field haven't define some of the ideas, meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges. Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of the system, such as "logic" in reducing search; expert There is the establishment of the system can be self learning.
In 1957, "a new program general problem-solving machine" first version was tested. This program is by the same logic "experts" group development. The GPS expanded Wiener feedback principle, can solve many common problem. Two years later, IBM has established a grind investigate group Herbert AI. Gelerneter spent three years to make a geometric theorem of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.
When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of an AI. 1958 McCarthy announced his new fruit: LISP until today still LISP language. In. "" mean" LISP list processing ", it quickly adopted for most AI developers.
In 1963 MIT from the United States government got a pen is 22millions dollars funding for research funding. The machine auxiliary recognition from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the technological progress on this plan ahead of the Soviet union. Attracted worldwide computer scientists, accelerate the pace of development of AI research.
Large program
After years of program. It appeared a famous called "SHRDLU." SHRDLU "is" the tiny part of the world "project, including the world (for example, only limited quantity of geometrical form of research and programming). In the MIT leadership of Minsky Marvin by researchers found, facing the object, the small computer programs can solve the problem space and logic. Other as in the late 1960's STUDENT", "can solve algebraic problems," SIR "can understand the simple English sentence. These procedures for handling the language understanding and logic.
In the 1970s another expert system. An expert system is a intelligent computer program system, and its internal contains a lot of certain areas of experience and knowledge with expert level, can use the human experts' knowledge and methods to solve the problems to deal with this problem domain. That is, the expert system is a specialized knowledge and experience of the program system. Progress is the expert system could predict under certain conditions, the probability of a solution for the computer already has. Great capacity, expert systems possible from the data of expert system. It is widely used in the market. Ten years, expert system used in stock, advance help doctors diagnose diseases, and determine the position of mineral instructions miners. All of this because of expert system of law and information storage capacity and become possible.
In the 1970s, a new method was used for many developing, famous as AI Minsky tectonic theory put forward David Marr. Another new theory of machine vision square, for example, how a pair of image by shadow, shape, color, texture and basic information border. Through the analysis of these images distinguish letter, can infer what might be the image in the same period. PROLOGE result is another language, in 1972. In the 1980s, the more rapid progress during the AI, and more to go into business. 1986, the AI related software and hardware sales $4.25 billion dollars. Expert system for its utility, especially by demand. Like digital electric company with such company XCON expert system for the VAX mainframe programming. Dupont, general motors and Boeing has lots of dependence of expert system for computer expert. Some production expert system of manufacture software auxiliary, such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp established. In order to find and correct the mistakes, existing expert system and some other experts system was designed，such as teach users learn TVC expert system of the operating system.
From the lab to daily life
People began to feel the computer technique and artificial intelligence. No influence of computer technology belong to a group of researchers in the lab. Personal computers and computer technology to numerous technical magazine now before a people. Like the United States artificial intelligence association foundation. Because of the need to develop, AI had a private company researchers into the boom. More than 150 a DEC (it employs more than 700 employees engaged in AI research) that have spent 10 billion dollars in internal AI team.
Some other AI areas in the 1980s to enter the market. One is the machine vision Marr and achievements of Minsky. Now use the camera and production, quality control computer. Although still very humble, these systems have been able to distinguish the objects and through the different shape. Until 1985 America has more than 100 companies producing machine vision systems, sales were us $8 million.
But the 1980s to AI and industrial all is not a good year for years. 1986-87 AI system requirements, the loss of industry nearly five hundred million dollars. Teknowledge like Intellicorp and two loss of more than $6 million, about one-third of the profits of the huge losses forced many research funding cuts the guide led. Another disappointing is the defense advanced research programme support of so-called "intelligent" this project truck purpose is to develop a can finish the task in many battlefield robot. Since the defects and successful hopeless, Pentagon stopped project funding.
Despite these setbacks, AI is still in development of new technology slowly. In Japan were developed in the United States, such as the fuzzy logic, it can never determine the conditions of decision making, And neural network, regarded as the possible approaches to realizing artificial intelligence. Anyhow, the eighties was introduced into the market, the AI and shows the practical value. Sure, it will be the key to the 21st century. "artificial intelligence technology acceptance inspection in desert storm" action of military intelligence test equipment through war. Artificial intelligence technology is used to display the missile system and warning and other advanced weapons. AI technology has also entered family. Intelligent computer increase attracting public interest. The emergence of network game, enriching people's life.Some of the main Macintosh and IBM for application software such as voice and character recognition has can buy, Using fuzzy logic,
AI technology to simplify the camera equipment. The artificial intelligence technology related to promote greater demand for new progress appear constantly. In a word ，Artificial intelligence has and will continue to inevitably changed our life.
附件三英文文献译文
人工智能
“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth在学会上提出来的。从那以后,研究者们研究出了众多的理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之得到了飞速扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能涉及到十分广泛的科学知识，它由不同的领域组成，比如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个重要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但在不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重复杂的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更效率、更准确，因此现代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复杂任务”, 可见复杂工作的定义是随着时代的发展和技术的进步而变化的, 人工智能这门科学的具体目标也自然随着时代的变化而发展。它一方面不断获得新的进展，一方面又转向更有意义、更加困难的目标。目前能够用来研究人工智能的主要物理手段以及能够实现人工智能技术的机器就是计算机, 人工智能的发展历史是和计算机科学与技术的发展史联系在一起的。除了计算机科学以外, 人工智能还涉及信息论、控制论、自动化、仿生学、生物学、心理学、数理逻辑、语言学、医学和哲学等多门学科。人工智能学科研究的主要内容包括：知识表示、自动推理和搜索方法、机器学习和知识获取、知识处理系统、自然语言理解、计算机视觉、智能机器人、自动程序设计等方面。
实际应用--机器视觉:指纹识别，人脸识别，视网膜识别，虹膜识别，掌纹识别，专家系统,智能搜索，定理证明，博弈，自动程序设计，还有航天应用等。
学科范畴--人工智能是一门边沿学科，属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。
涉及学科--哲学和认知科学，数学，神经生理学，心理学，计算机科学，信息论，控制论，不定性论和仿生学。
研究范畴--自然语言处理，知识表现，智能搜索，推理，规划，机器学习，知识获取，组合调度问题，感知问题，模式识别，逻辑程序设计，软计算，不精确和不确定的管理，人工生命，神经网络，复杂系统，遗传算法和人类思维方式。
应用领域--智能控制，机器人学，语言和图像理解，遗传编程和机器人工厂。
安全问题
目前人工智能还在研究中，但有学者认为让计算机拥有智商是很危险的，它
可能会对人类不利。这种隐藏的威胁也在很多部电影中发生过。
人工智能之定义
人工智能的定义可以分为两部分，即“人工”和“智能”。“人工”比较好理解，争议性也不大。有时我们会要考虑到我们人类到底能制造什么，或者人自身的智能程度有没有高到可以创造人工智能的地步，等等。但总的来说，“人工系统”就是通常意义下的人工系统。
关于什么是“智能”，就问题多多了。这涉及到诸多方面比如意识、自我、思维（包括无意识的思维等等问题。人唯一可以了解的智能是人本身的智能，这是普遍认同的观点。但是我们对我们自身智能的理解都非常有限，对构成人的智能的必要元素也了解有限，所以就很难对什么是“人工”制造的“智能”下定义了。因此人工智能的研究往往涉及对人的智能本身的研究。其它关于动物或其它人造系统的智能也普遍被认为是人工智能相关的研究课题。
人工智能目前在计算机领域内，得到了愈加广泛的重视。并在机器人，经济政治决策，控制系统，仿真系统中得到应用。在其它的领域，它也扮演了不可或缺的角色。
著名的美国斯坦福大学人工智能研究中心尼尔逊教授对人工智能下了这样一个定义：“人工智能是关于知识的学科――怎样表示知识以及怎样获得知识并使用知识的科学。”而另一个美国麻省理工学院的温斯顿教授认为：“人工智能就是研究如何使计算机去做过去只有人才能做的智能工作。”这些说法反映了人工智能学科的基本思想和基本内容。即人工智能是研究人类智能活动的规律，构造具有一定智能的人工系统，研究如何让计算机去完成以往需要人的智力才能胜任的工作，也就是研究如何应用计算机的软硬件来模拟人类某些智能行为的基本理论、方法和技术。
人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，二十世纪七十年代以来被称为世界三大尖端技术之一（空间技术、能源技术、人工智能）。也被认为是二十一世纪（基因工程、纳米科学、人工智能）三大尖端技术之一。这是因为近三十年来它获得了迅速的发展，在很多学科领域都获得了广泛的应用，并取得了丰硕的成果，人工智能已逐步成为一个独立的分支，无论在理论和实践上都已自成一个系统。它的研究成果正在逐渐融合到人们的生活中，为人类创造更多的幸福。
人工智能是研究使计算机来模拟人的某些思维过程和智能行为（如学习、推理、思考、规划等）的学科，主要包括计算机实现智能的原理、制造类似于人脑智能的计算机，使计算机能实现更高层次的应用。人工智能将涉及到计算机科学、心理学、哲学和语言学等学科。可以说几乎是自然科学和社会科学的所有学科，其范围已远远超出了计算机科学的范畴，人工智能与思维科学的关系是实践和理论的关系，人工智能是处于思维科学的技术应用层次，是它的一个应用分支。从思维观点看，人工智能不仅限于逻辑思维，要考虑形象思维、灵感思维才能促进人工智能的突破性的发展，数学常被认为是多种学科的基础科学，数学也进入语言、思维领域，人工智能学科也必须借用数学工具，数学不仅在标准逻辑、模糊
数学等范围发挥作用，数学进入人工智能学科，它们将互相促进而更快地发展。
人工智能之简史
人工智能的传说可以追溯到古埃及，但随着1941年以来电子计算机技术的发展，人们已最终可以创造出机器智能，而“人工智能”一词最初是在1956年达斯茅斯学会上提出的，从那以后,研究者们发展了众多的理论和原理，人工智能的概念也随之得到了扩展，在它还不长的历史中，人工智能的发展远比预想的要慢，但一直在前进，从40年前的出现到现在，已经出现了许多AI程序，并且它们也影响到了其它技术的发展.这些AI程序的出现，为社会创造了不可估量的财富，推动了人类文明的发展。
计算机时代
1941年的一项发明使信息存储和处理的各个方面都发生了改变.这成就同时在美国和德国出现的,这发明就是电子计算机.第一台计算机要占用几间装空调的大房间,对程序员来说是场恶梦:仅仅为运行一个程序就要设置成千的线路.1949年经过改进后的能存储程序的计算机使得输入程序变得简单些,而且计算机理论的发展诞生了计算机科学,并最终促使了人工智能的出现.计算机这个用电子方式处理数据的发明, 为人工智能的可能实现提供了一种媒介。
AI的开端
虽然计算机为AI提供了必要的技术基础,但直到50年代初期人们才注意到人类智能与机器之间的联系. Norbert Wiener是最早研究反馈理论的美国人之一.最熟悉的反馈控制的例子就是自动调温器.它将收集到的房间温度与希望的温度作比较,并做出反应将加热器开大或关小,从而控制环境温度.这项对反馈回路的研究重要性在于: Wiener从理论上指出,所有的智能活动都是反馈机制的结果.而反馈机制是有可能用机器模拟的.这项发现对早期AI的发展影响很大。
1955年末期,Newell和Simon做了一个名为"逻辑专家"的程序。这个程序被许多人认为是第一个AI程序.它将每个问题都表示成一个树形模型,然后选择最可能得到正确结论的那一枝来求解问题."逻辑专家"对公众和AI研究领域产生的影响使它成为AI发展中一个重要的里程碑.1956年,被认为是人工智能之父的John McCarthy组织了一次学会,将许多对机器智能感兴趣的专家学者聚集在一起进行了一个月的讨论.他请他们到 Vermont参加 " Dartmouth人工智能夏季研究会".从那时起,这个领域被命名为 "人工智能".虽然 Dartmouth学会不是非常成功,但它确实集中了AI的创立者们,并为以后的AI研究奠定了基础。
在Dartmouth会议后的7年里,AI研究开始快速发展.虽然这个领域还没有明确的定义,而会议中的一些思想已被重新考虑和使用了. Carnegie Mellon大学和MIT开始组建AI研究中心.研究人员面临着新的挑战: 下一步需要建立能够更有效地解决问题的系统,例如在"逻辑专家"中减少搜索;还有就是建立可以自我学习的系统。
1957年出现了一个新程序--通用解题机，且它的第一个版本进行了测试.这个程序是由制作"逻辑专家"的同一个组的人员开发的.GPS扩展了Wiener的反馈
原理,可以解决很多常识性的问题.两年以后,IBM成立了一个AI研究组.Herbert Gelerneter花3年时间制作了一个解几何定理的程序。这一成就曾经轰动一时。
当越来越多的应用程序出现时,McCarthy正忙于一个AI历史上的突破.1958年McCarthy宣布了他的新成果: LISP语言. LISP到今天还在被用着."LISP"的意思是"表处理",它很快就被大多数AI开发人员采纳使用。
1963年MIT从美国政府那里得到一笔220万美元的资助,用于研究机器辅助识别.这笔资助来自国防部的高级研究计划署,已保证美国在技术进步上领先于苏联.这个计划吸引了来自全世界的计算机科学家, 加快了AI研究的发展步伐。
大量的程序
在以后几年里出现了大量程序.其中一个著名的叫"SHRDLU"."SHRDLU"是"微型世界"项目的一部分,包括在微型世界(例如只有有限数量的几何形体)中的研究与编程.在MIT由Marvin Minsky领导的研究人员发现, 面对小规模的对象,计算机程序可以解决空间和逻辑问题.其它如在60年代末出现的"STUDENT"可以解决代数问题,"SIR"可以理解简单的英语句子.这些程序的结果对处理语言理解和逻辑有很大的帮助。
70年代出现了另外一个发明--专家系统.专家系统是一个智能计算机程序系统，其内部含有大量的某个领域专家水平的知识与经验，能够利用人类专家的知识和解决问题的方法来处理该领域问题。也就是说，专家系统是一个具有大量的专门知识与经验的程序系统。专家系统可以预测在一定条件下某种解的概率.由于当时计算机已具有巨大的容量,专家系统有可能从数据中得出规律.专家系统的市场应用范围很广.在其后的十年里,专家系统被用于股市预测,帮助医生诊断疾病,以及指示矿工确定矿藏位置等.这一切都是因为专家系统拥有存储规律和信息处理的能力而成为了可能。
70年代许多新方法被用于AI开发,比如著名的Minsky的构造理论.另外David Marr提出了机器视觉方面的新理论,例如,如何通过一副图像的阴影,形状,颜色,边界和纹理等基本信息辨别图像.通过分析这些信息,可以推断出图像可能是什么.同时期另一项成果是PROLOGE语言,于1972年提出. 80年代期间,AI前进更为迅速,并更多地进入商业领域.1986年,美国AI相关软硬件销售高达4.25亿美元.专家系统因其效用很受需求.象数字电气公司这样的公司用XCON专家系统为VAX大型机编程.杜邦,通用汽车公司和波音公司也大量依赖专家系统.为满足计算机专家的需要,一些生产专家系统辅助制作软件的公司应运而生,如Teknowledge和Intellicorp公司的成立。为了查找和改正现有专家系统中的错误,又有另外一些专家系统被设计出来，比如教导使用者学习操作系统之TVC专家系统。
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人们开始感受到计算机和人工智能技术所带来的影响.计算机技术不再只属于实验室中的一小部分研究人员.个人电脑和众多技术杂志使计算机技术不再只
能是部分人拥有，它展现在人们面前.有了象美国人工智能协会这样的基金会.因为AI开发的需要,还出现了一些研究人员进入私人公司的热潮。150多所像DEC(它雇了700多员工从事AI研究)这样的公司共花了10亿美元在内部的AI 开发组上。
其它一些AI领域也在80年代进入市场.其中有一项就是机器视觉. Minsky 和Marr的成果现在用到了生产线上的相机和计算机中,进行质量控制.尽管还很简陋,这些系统已能够通过黑白区别分辨出物件形状的不同.到1985年美国有一百多个公司生产机器视觉系统,销售额共达8千万美元。
但80年代对AI工业来说也不全是好年景.86-87年市场对AI系统的需求下降,业界损失了近5亿美元.象 Teknowledge和Intellicorp两家共损失超过6百万美元,大约占利润的三分之一巨大的损失迫使许多研究领导者削减这方面的研究经费.另一个令人失望的是国防部高级研究计划署支持的所谓"智能卡车".这个项目目的是研制一种能完成许多战地任务的机器人。由于项目缺陷和成功无望,Pentagon停止了提供项目经费。
虽然经历了这些令人受挫的事件,但是AI仍在慢慢地恢复发展.与之相关的新技术在日本被开发出来,如在美国首创的模糊逻辑,它可以从不确定的条件作出决策;还有神经网络,被视为实现人工智能的可能途径.总之,80年代AI被引入了市场,并显示出实用价值.可以确信,它将是通向21世纪之匙. 人工智能技术接受检验在"沙漠风暴"行动中军方的智能设备经受了战争的检验.人工智能技术被用于导弹系统和预警显示以及其它先进武器.AI技术也进入了家庭.智能电脑的增加吸引了公众兴趣,网络游戏的出现丰富了人们的生活.一些面向苹果机和IBM兼容机的应用软件例如语音和文字识别已可买到;使用模糊逻辑,AI技术简化了摄像设备.对人工智能相关技术更大的需求促使新的进步不断出现、不断发展.总之一句话，人工智能已经并且将继续不可避免地改变我们的生活。
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