初中英语语法大全——介词和介词短语

初中英语语法大全——介词

和介词短语

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词。介词是唐同不能重读，不能在句子中单独作成分,介词后面一般有名词、代词成相当于名词的其他词、短语或从句充当它的宾语。介词及其宾语构成介词短语，在句中充当状语、表语、补足语或定语等成分。

We went home after the experiment.

I have no money about me.

I am all for going skiing.

We had a long discussion about what to do next.

一、介词的分类

1、根据介词的构成分类

根据介词的构成形式,可将介词分为简单介词、合成介词、双重介词、短语介词四类。

(1)简单介词

简单介词指的是由一个单词构成的介词。

about关于after在....之后before在......前by通过in在.....时like像near在附近under在....下方up在......上to往,通向against逆着，靠着

off从.....脱离since自从....... for对....来说behind在....之后

Michael Jordan is a great American basketball player.He was born in 1963. eg:Stars look quite bright again the dark blue sky.

Whom are you taking the book to?

(2)合成介词

合成介词指的是由两个词合在一起构成的介词。

inside在里边into进....中throughout遍及upon .... 上面within 在....里面

without没有outside在外边towards向，朝;为了onto在..上面

I traveled throughout Europe in my twenties.

The United Nations' work is towards peace.

(3)双重介词

双重介词指的是由两个介词组成的介词。

up to多达out of在....外from behind从....后面at about在大约.... until after直到....之后from among从...中间

I can take up to four people in my car.

The moon finally peeped out from behind the clouds.

(4)短语介词

短语介词由一个或几个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类组合构成，其作用只相当于一个介词。according to根据in charge of主管except for除了for the sake of为了

in case of以防in spite of不管in view of由于;鉴于on behalf of代表instead of替代;而不是in front of在...前面

The teacher in charge of our class is fond of music.

Except for a broken chair, the room is empty.

2.根据介词的意义分类

根据介词的意义,可将介词分为表示时间的介词、表示空间的介词、表示原因的介词、表示让步的介词、表示手段的介词和其他介词。

(1)表示时间的介词

at 在....时on 在...时in 在..后around大约since自从by到...止during在..期间before ....之前for长达....

He goes to school at eight in the morning,他早展8点去上学。

Where shall you go during the summer?

(2)表示空间、地点的介词

around在.....周围on 在....上inside 在....里面under在....正下方in 在....里below在...下方over 在...正上方behind 在....后面near 在....附近

into到....里面beside在...旁边from从towards朝... between 在...中间 by在...旁边above 在...上方

We went into the classroom and began to read the books.

The airplane was flying a few feet above the sea.

(3)表示原因、目的的介词

for 因为from 因为to 为了with 因为because of 因为at因为She told him the truth from a sense of loyalty.

It was because of the job that he had taken the flat

(4)表示让步的介词

in spite of 不管despite尽管for all尽管with all尽管，不顾

Despite the fact that she is short, she is an excellent basketball player.

For all her faults, Tallulah's friends tolerated and even adored her.

(5)表示方式手段的介词

by 借助于in 用with用

They decided to raise the money by subscription.他们决定采取募捐的办法来筹集这笔款项。

They were speaking in Italian. 他们在用意大利语讲话。

(6)其他介词

as像over超过but for要不是in case of万一without没有

except除了.... besides除...之外还有

She is dressed in white like a nurse. 她穿着白衣服,像个护士。

I don't like a house without a bathroom. 我不喜欢没有浴室的房子。

二、介词短语的句法功能

介词和介词宾语起构成介词短语,在句中可以作状语定语、表语、补足语和独立成分。

1. 作状语

Because of the traffic, I was late for class. 由于交通拥堵，我上课迟到了。

Wow! Ten students in our class will celebrate their fourteenth birthdays in October.

2. 作定语

My dream hometown is an amazing place without any pollution.

Trees on both sides of the road are good shade.

3. 作表语

The post office is just across the street.

Your help is of great value to us.

4. 作补足语

We found everything in good condition.

He helped cold man across the street.

5. 作独立成分

By the way, would you please tell me the way to the post office?

In short, he has become one of the greatest direction on China movie stage.

三. 常用介词的用法辨析

1.表示时间的介词

英语中常用来表示时间的介词如下所示:

表示年、月、日、时刻：at, on, in 表示时间的前后：before, after 表示期限：by, until, till 表示期间: for, during. through

表示时间的起点：from, since 表示时间的经过：in, within （1）in, on和during

at表示时间点，通常用于具体的时刻年龄或重大节日前。

We usually begin to work at nine.

In the United States , 27% of people at the age of 18-34 live with their parents.

in强调时间段，即在较长的一段时间内，后多接表示年代、月份、四季等的名词或泛指某一天的上午、下午或晚上前。in还可表示在将来。

--- Jim, when were you born? --- I was born in October, 1998.

I can be ready in half an hour.

It’s the only letter I’ve had in 10 days.

The street in the early morning is very quiet except for a few cars.

③ on主要用于星期儿、具体的某天或某一天的上午、下午或为上前，也可用于节日前。

Those plane tickets on Tuesday are so expensive.

The students will have a party on the evening of June 18th.

④during意为.“在...期间”,强调时间的延续。表示动作可以贯穿这段时间的始终，也可以表示发生在这段时间中的某个时刻或某一个时段。

During holidays there are too many people in the places of interest.

We camped here during that summer.

Switzerland was neural during the war.

(2) in, after

①"in+时间段”表示“在....之后”,常是以说话时间为基准来计算时间的。表示需要多长时间后动作才能发生,谓语动词常用一般将来时。

It's five o'clock, I will come back in an hour.

My uncle has gone to Singapore. He will be back in a week.

② "after时间点或时间段”中的after是以除现在以外的一个具体时间为基准，动作在那个基准点之后发生。后接时间段常用于一般过去时,后接一个具体的时间点常用于一般过去时成般将来时.

After two weeks his car stopped working, so he started walking.

The meeting will end after 3:00 p.m.

(3)for, since

① for后接表示段时间的词语，表示动作延续或持续的时间长度，意为“共...时间，用...时间" ,但没有指明具体(发生的)时间。

I have lived in this city for more than ten years.

(4)by, before, until/till

① by含有“最晚不迟于.....，到....为止”的意思。如果by之后是将来的时间，则与将来时连用如果是过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。

The lunch will be ready by 11:00.

This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end.

② before意为“在...之前”，指的是动作具体发生的时间，而不是动作延续的时间，也不是动作最迟的时间限制。

I will be back before supper.

Please come before nine o'clock.

Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully.

③ until/ till用在肯定向中，意为“直到...为止”，谓语动词为延续性动词；用在否定句中，意为”直到.....才”，谓语动词为非延续性动词。在非延续性动词的否定式中，二者可通用，但位于句首

成在强调结构中只用until。

I will work here until/ till six o'clock.

I didn’t leave the boy until/ till his mother turned up.

They didn't leave until/ till it was late.

（5）时间状语不用介词的情况

①在this, that, these等构成的时间状语前不用介词。

We are in Grade Two this year.

Tom's trouble is very common to boys these days.

②由next, last构成的时间状语前不用介词。

The next day she got up early and went to school without breakfast.

When did you go to bed last night?

③由tomorrow, yesterday构成的时间状语前不用介词。

Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning?

④在含有a, one, every, some, all等构成的时间状语前不用介同。

I hope to go to the moon some day.

It has no face or legs, but it can go all day and all night.

2. 表示地点、方位的介词

(1 ) above, below, over, under, on

①above意为“在...上方"，指离开物体表面而在其上方，但并不一定垂直向上。其反义词是below。The sun has risen above the horizon.

The plane is flying above the clouds.

②over意为“在...上方"，一般强调在正上方。

The bridge over the river has a long history.

Mr.King put a coat over the sleeping girl to keep her warm.

②on指与物体表面接触，在某物体的表面上。

Look at the wall.There are some pictures on it.

There are about two hundred students playing on the playground.

(2) in, on, to

这三个词都可用于表示两者之间的方位关系。

①in表示在某范围之内。

Shandong province is in the east of China.

②on表示“接壤”,却互不管辖。

Hebei province is on the north of Henan province.

③to表示在某范围之外，互不接壤，互不管辖。

Jinzhou is to the west of Shenyang.

(3) in, on, at

①in表示“在....里”。表示“在...上时”,暗示占去了某物的一部分。表示地点时,多指较大的地方。She got in her car and drove off.

There are two windows in the wall.

Einstein was born in a city in southern Germany.

②on意为“在...上面”，强调表面有接触,指在一个平面上。

He put his bag on the bed.

The teacher drew a dog on the blackboard.

③at表示地点时.多指较小的地方或某一点的具体位置。它只是把处所看作是一个没有范围限制的点或者地点，而不是强调“在....内”或“在....上”.

We met at the corner of the street.

We live at No. 87 Bejing Road.我们住在北京路87号。

(4) between, among

① between用于两者之间或者多者以上的两两之间,强调两者之同的关系。between在接三者或三者以上的物体时，是把这些物体分别看待，指每两者之间。

Would you come between eight and nine o'clock?

--- What do you often do between classes to relax yourselves?

--- We often do eye exercises, listen to music or do some running round the school.

The basketball game will be held between France, Germany, Australia and America.

② among用于三者或三者以上之间,其所在范围的人或物通常视为一个整体。

--- Did you go to Kenli during the Peach Blossom Festival?

--- Yes. The flowers were beautiful Bees were flying among them.

He hes always been popular among his classmates.

(5) front of, in the front of

①in front of表示在某一空间外部的前面,表示建筑物或者无生命的具体位置时更常用in front of。其反义词是behind。

There is a bank in front of the hotel.

An old wooden desk stood in front of the window.

②in the front of表示在某一空间内部的前面。与in front of的区别是弄清楚是在某一个空间的内部还是外部。

He satin the front of the car.他坐在汽车(内)的前部。

There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室前面有一块黑板。

（6）across,，through, past

① across强调横越一个平面，表示从一边到另一边，动作是在某物体的表面进行的。

She went across the street to do some shopping.

We will soon be across the Pacific.

② through强调动作在某一物体的内部进行。通常指通过中心的东西(如管道等),或者是立体的空间或物体(如树林、人群等)。through也可用来表示穿越一个障码物(如门、窗等)。

The moonlight goes through the window and makes the room bright.

The signals can go through glass doors and walls.

③past强调从某一物体的旁边经过，常与动态动词连用。

They drove past a big supermarket.

Someone has just gone past the window.

（7）into, onto, out of和off的用法

into 表示进入; onto表示到另一个平面上; out of表示“从...出来”; off表示脱离某一地方。

The girl threw a stone into the river.

I saw Lucy run into the hall and very soon come out of it.

Wendy, don't jump onto the desk, will you?

He took his feet off the desk.

3.其他常考介词的用法

(1) except, besides, except for, but

①except表示“....之外(其余都)”，,其后的宾语被排除在外。所排除的与所谈论的应为同类的人或者物，指从整体中除去一部分。

Tom failed in the exam. Expect him, all the others succeeded.

I looked everywhere except in the bedroom.

② besides意为“除...之外（还）...”，其宾语是被包含在整体之内的部分。

There are in China over fifty minorities besides the Han nationality.

We need fifteen more people besides our team to do the job.

③ except for也表示排除但被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的，指从整体中除去一个细节，一个方面。

He is a god man except for hot temper.

Your composition is good except fora few spelling mistakes.

④but表示除...之外，常与具有否定意义的词连用，当but前有动词do的某种形式时，but后接动词原形。

We can do nothing but sit and wait.

She can do everything but cook.

He has no choice but to wait.

(2) 表示方式手段的by, with, in。

①by表示用某种方式或手段、途径等.后接名词代词或动名词，也可和表示交通工具的名词连用。

I study English by listening to tapes.

It takes less time to go there by underground than by bus.

② with表示"....工具,手段”，一般接具体的工具或手段。也可表示伴随动作的态度表情、心境等。People want to throw away heavy schoolbags and read with small, light e-readers.

The child can write with his left hand.

The girl opened the box with curiously.

③in某种材料波语言声音等或者表示心理活动(如情绪、心情态度等)。

Don’t write it in English. Write it in ink, please.

He can say it in English.

The student marched the farm in the high spirits.

(3)表示材料的of, from和out of

of, from, out of都可与make, be made, build等连用,表示构成某物的原料或者组成部分。

①be made of的主要构成材料通常为一种,该材料通常没有发生质地上的变化，是可分辨或者辨认的。The dink is mostly made of ice.

The kite is made of paper.

②be made from的主要构成材料通常为一种,该材料通常因为被加工使质地或者外观发生了变化,因而不易辨认。

The paper is made from wood.

Butter is made from milk.

③be made out of常用于口语中,可用来替代be made of或者be made from。

Flour is made out of wheat.

Bricks are made out of clay.

(5)表示原因、、动机的介词(短语)

for 通常用于表示感情上的或心理上的原因。

of常用于“动词形容词+of名词”结构。

from常用于“动词+from+名词“结构。

with将感情(满足厌烦等)和现在的状态相结合。

at指感情或感觉上的内部原因。

He says he is really sorry for being late.

We put off our meeting because of the bad weather.

Many of her problems come from expecting too much.

I was trembling with horror.

We were surprised at the result of the election.

(5)表示相像的as和like

①as意为“相像时是介词或连词,常与act , serve, work等动词连用。

The stone may serve as a seat.

②like常表示在内容、表面外观等方面的相似。常与look, feel等系动词连用。

The girl is like her mother in looks.

From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe.

四、介词的固定搭配

出题点:需用的介词的固定搭配介词与名词的措配

1. 介词与名词的搭配

in the daytime/ day在白天at night在夜间to one's surprises令某人惊讶的是

at he moment此刻in danger在危险中in trouble处于困境

on the way在路上on foot步行on display/ show展览

in this way用这种方法式in the end最后in fact事实上

on the right在右边at present目前at noon在中午

in time及时

To his surprise, this phone call changed his life.

I usually study at night because I work during the day.

Only two of her paintings were finished in time for the exhibition.

2. 介词与动词的搭配

laugh at嘲笑worry about担心hear from收到....的来信agree with同意pay for支付look after照看listen to听wait for等候write to给....写信do/deal with处理think of想起talk about谈论arrive in/at到达ask for要求,请求look at看get to到达

Don't laugh at a person who is in trouble.

He heard from his uncle last week.

We arrived in Boston a week ago.

3. 介词与形容词或分词的搭配

be good at擅长be full of充满be strict with sb.对某人要求严格

be late for迟到be amazed at对...感到惊奇的be filled with装满

be made from 由....制成的be born in生于be good for 对....有好处

be famous for ....而出名be proud of对...感到骄傲be different from ....不同

be /get interested 对....感兴趣的be tired of对....疲倦的

--- Not only the young but also the old are getting interested in WeChat(微信).

---They can communicate more freely

My brother is good at swimming. 我弟弟擅长游泳。

例题解析

1. My cousin had an accident ________ a cold winter morning.

A. in

B. at

C. on

D. for

解析：C “in+时间段”表示将来的某一个时间; on常用于表示在具体的某一天; at多用于具体的钟点或时刻前。由此可知选C项。

2. The singer 's sweet voice comes in our classroom _________ the window; all of us stop to listen.

A. in

B. over

C. across

D. through

解析：D through强调从某物的内部穿过。across强调从某一平面内穿过; over意为“在....正上方"，可以垂直在上。由此可知选语D项。

3. ---What do you often do __________ classes to relax yourself ? --- Listen to music.

A. over

B. among

C. between

D. through

解析：C “课与课之间”是两者之间的关系，故用between。among表示“三者或三者以

上之间”。部分同学会认为一天不止有两节课，而误选among。但是between表示两者之

间或者两者以上的两两之间”。

4. The suit fitted him well________ the brighter color.

A. except for

B. except that

C. beside

D. besides

解析：A except for后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的,指从整体中除去一个细

节、一个方面。

5. --- How are you going to the Summer Palace? ---We're going there_______ bike.

A. in

B. at

C. on

D. by

解析：D “by+交通工具”表示某种交通方式，by bike意为“骑自行车”。

6. A little monkey is playing ________ a tree and there are a lot of bananas_______ it.

A. on; on

B. in; on

C. on;in

D. in; in

解析：B 树上结出的果实用on the tree；而其他外来之物在树上要用in。

7.Remember to spend some time ________ your loved ones, because they’re not going to be around forever.

A. from

B. with

C. in

D. on

解析：B 由句意可知，此处应用with“和在一起”。spend后可接介词in或on,构成spend......

on/in doing sth结构，但该结构意为“在....上花费...”，与题干所表示的含义不符。

8. --- What a beautiful kite! What's it made ________ ? --- Paper, and it is made ______ Wuhan.

A. from; in

B. of; in

C. from; on

D. of; on

解析：B当制成品的原材料能被看出来时，用be made of；当原材料看不出来时，用be made from,故第一空用介词of；表示生产地会用be made in。

9. Rose was wild with joy________ the result of the examination.

A. to

B. at

C. by

D. as

解析：B at可表示原因，意为“一听(看)到就....”。本题易受as a result of的影响，而误选D项。

10. These coats are different ________ size.

A. from

B. of

C. to

D. in

解析：D be different in意为“在....方面不同的”。be different from意为"和....不同的”，侧重两者之间的比较。