大一英语教案Verb and verb phrase

Lesson 10 Verb and verb phrase教学重点及难点：1. The difference between finite and non-finite verb;2. The classifications and usage of some phrasal verbs教学基本内容. Classification of verbs. According to different standards, verbs and verb phrases may falls into six types grammatically, semantically: Main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbs, dynamic verbs and stative verbs, single-word verbs and phrasal verbs, finite and non-finite verbs, regular and irregular verbs;2. A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood: tense and aspect, active and passive voice, finite and non-finite phrases.3. The classifications and usage of some phrasal verbs: V. + Prep, V. + adverb particle, V. + adverb particle + prep. The usage of phrasal verbs as pride oneself on, take pride in and be proud of, etc.Lecture 10Verb and Verb PhraseTeaching Contents10.1 Classification of verbs (I)10.2 Classification of verbs (II)10.3 A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood10.1 Classification of verbs (I)1) Main verbs and auxiliariesAccording to different roles played in the formation of verb phrases verbs are divided into two classes: main verbs and auxiliaries. As we know, a verb phrase may consist of a main verb only; this is called a simple verb phrase.A verb phrase may also take the form of a verb preceded by one or more auxiliaries; this is called a complex verb phrase.Main verbs are also called notional verbs functioning as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase.Auxiliaries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.a) Primary auxiliaries: be, do, have. Without lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings.Be is usually used to help the main verb to form the progressive aspect or the expressive voice.Auxiliary do is used to help the main verb to express negative meanings or to form question, and sometimes to help express the emphatic affirmative. The function of auxiliary have is to help the main verb to form the perfective or the perfective progressive aspect.b) Modal auxiliaries: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.They express modal meanings. In a finite verb phrase, we can use only one modal auxiliary which is invariably followed by the bare infinitive or the base form.c) Semi-auxiliaries: have to, seem to. They can help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and express the modal meaning on the one hand, and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the other.2) Transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbsVerbs are divided in accordance with whether or not they must be followed by obligatory elements functioning as complementation and what kind of elements that must follow.a) Transitive verbs must be followed by an object. Some are followed by two objects, i.e. indirect object and direct object;.some by an object and an object complement; some by an object and an obligatory adverbialb) Intransitive verbs do not require an object.c) Linking verbs are followed by a subject complement.3) Dynamic and stative verbsa) Dynamic verbs refer to actions. They can be subclassified into three categories:durative verbs, transitional verbs and momentary verbs.b) Stative verbs refer to present or past states, i.e. to a relatively stable state of affairs. They are normally incompatible with the progressive except in certain cases where there is a transfer of meaning. They can be classified into four categories.The first includes main verbs “be” and “have”.The second includes verbs that include, as part of their meaning, the notion of being and having, such as apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh, measure.The third includes verbs that refer to a sense perception, such as hear, see, feel, taste, smell.The fourth subclass includes verbs that refer to a feeling, a state of mind or an opinion, such as assume, believe, consider, detest, wish.Stative verbs are not used in progressive aspect, otherwise, they will be changed into dynamic verbs, such as be, have.e.g. He is being foolish (=is acting foolishly).We’re having a wonderful time (= are enjoying ourselves).The ver bs resemble and cost are stative verbs when they are used to mean respectively “be like” and “be worth”, but when used in other meanings, these two verbs just like dynamic verbs can occur in the progressive.e.g. He resembles his father.He is resembling his father (= is becoming more and more like his father) as the years go by.Perception verbs when used in a non-volitional sense are stative verb, but when used in a volitional sense are dynamic verbs.e.g. I can taste pepper in it.I’m tasting this soup.Attitudinal verbs such as think, imagine, understand are stative verbs, but they can occasionally be used dynamically to express different meanings, e.g.Be quiet. I’m thinking (= giving thought to a problem).There are also cases of a special polite use of the progressive with verbs like want, hope, wonder.e.g. Were you wanting to see me?10.2 Classification of verbs (II)According to word formation and grammatical form, English verb may be divided into single-verbs and phrasal verbs, finite verbs and non-finite verb, regular verbs and irregular verbs.4) Single-word verbs and phrasal verbsA phrasal verb is a verb that is composed of two or more words. They can be classified into three categories:a) Verb + preposition e.g. The police are looking into the case.b) Verb + adverb particle e.g. The meeting has been called off.c) Verb + adverb particle + preposition e.g. I don’t want to come down with the flu again.Phrasal verbs are verbal idioms which are equivalent to single-word verbs, transitive or intransitive, and which are different from simple verbal combination where the meanings are easily guessed from the parts. Some constructions such as verb + noun + preposition and verb + noun are also grouped under the category of phrasal verbse.g. She soon realized that she was being made fun of .5) Finite and non-finite verbsFinite main verbs have tow finite forms and three non-finite forms. The two are the present tense and the past tense; the three are the infinitive, the –ing participle and the –ed participle. Finite verbs are marked for tense, and non-finite verbs have no tense distinctions.Most auxiliaries have the present and past tense forms but not all the three non-finite forms except for the primary auxiliary be. The modals do not have the non-finite forms or the base.6) Regular and irregular verbsVerbs whose past tense and –ed participle forms are derived by adding –ed are regular verbs, and otherwise they are irregular verbs.10.3 A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood1) Tense and aspectTense is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the distinctions of time; that is, tense and time are related and different. Time is a universal concept with three divisions: past, present and future times.The notion of time is common to all mankind, when expressed linguistically, it is tense. Chinese is not an inflectional language and has its own ways to express tense.Aspect is also a kind of verb form which represents the action or the process expressed by the verb as something going on or completed at a given time. English has two aspects: the progressive and the perfective aspects.The uses of tense and aspectTense: present pastAspect: progressive perfective1.A tense can be used independently:1) simple present, 2) simple past2.A tense can be combined with an aspect:3) present progressive, 4) past progressive5) present perfective, 6) past perfective3. A tense can be combined with two aspects:7) Present perfective progressive8) Past perfective progressive2) Active voice and passive voiceVoice is a grammatical category, showing whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acted on. English has two voices: the active and passive voices. When the subject is the agent or doer of an action, the verb takes the active voice; if the subject is the recipient of the action, the verb takes the passive voice and the sentence is called passive sentence.The passive voice is formed by the auxiliary be + -ed participle of the transitive verb. Since be can take different forms of tense and aspect, we have six passive forms: the simple present, the simple past, the present progressive, the past progressive, the present perfective and the past perfective. Of the three non-finite form, the infinitive and the –ing participle can occur in the passive, simple and perfective.“Modal auxiliary / semi-auxiliary + infinitive” are made passive by using a passive infinitive, which may occur in the simple or in the perfective form. When the passive is formed by get + -ed participle, it is called get-passive, distinguished from be-passive. But get isn’t an auxiliary and cannot be used as operator in a negative statement or in a question.Get-passive usually used to denote sudden and unexpected happenings in contexts initiated by such expressions as “in the end, eventually, at last”.3) Indicative, imperative and subjunctive moodMood, as a grammatical category, is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact (indicative mood), a command or request (imperative mood), or a non-fact and hypothesis (subjunctive mood)4) Finite and non-finite verb phrasesDepending on whether the first element in a verb phrase is finite or non-finite, a distinction is made between finite verb phrases and non-finite verb phrases.。