认知语言学语义中心观对英语学习的启示

认知语言学语义中心观对英语学习的启示
认知语言学语义中心观对英语学习的启示

第40卷第2期2019年2月

湖南科技学院学报

Journal of Hunan University of Science and Engineering

Vol.40No.2

Feb.2019

认知语言学语义中心观对英语学习的启示

郭青

(中国石油大学克拉玛依校区文理学院外语系,新疆克拉玛依834000)摘要:认知语言学认为语义是认知的表现,在解释世界的过程中,具有主观性,反映了主导的文化内涵、具体文化之间的碰撞以及世界餉特征,贯穿认知语言学的始终.意义是语言中最主要的一种现象.语义为中心的语言观对英语教学具有重要丝启示.表现为语言学习者可以通过了解掌握意义与意义之间、形式与意义之间的关系,强化信息的记忆,从而极大程度地促进语言学习.

关键词:认知语言学;语义中心;英语学习

中图分类号:H313文献标识码:A文章编号:1673-2219(2019)02-0122-03

认知语言学是语言学中的一种,它以语义为中心。语义是人在大脑里激活的概念。认知语言学的意义是强调概念化主体的主观识解因素和意义的动态化特征,强调人的创造性和想像力,突出意义的动态观,强调语义存在于个体对世界的识解中。语义的中心地位说明语言无论是结构形式还是意义本身都具有理据性。随着认知语言学理论研究的深入和成熟,其研究成果不断地被应用到外语教学当中。本文首先阐述认知语言学的语义中心观,然后探讨语义为中心语言观对英语学习的启示。

-语义中心观

认知语言学的一个基本特征是语义具有中心地位,所有符号单位都有意义(包括语法单位)o“对认知语言学家来讲,所有语言结构都是符号工具,不管是从最小的词素还是到复杂的结构,都可用来传达意义。”(王德春、张辉,2001:7)“意义问题是当今人文科学研究的核心问题。对人类而言,人类世界从本质上讲就是意义的世界。一个没有意义的世界,绝对不是一个'人'的世界。语言是人类认知能力的一种体现,语义是认知语言学研究的焦点,这已成为认知语言学家的共识。”(文旭,2007:35)认知语言学以语言所传达的语义为起点,并以语义贯穿始终。认知语言学之所以将语义放在重中之重的位置,是因为它认为,如果语言的主要功能是范畴化,那么意义必将是最主要的语言现象。

(一)概念、概念化、概念结构

认知语言学认为语言的意义来自于人的概念化的过程。意义就是概念的形成。“概念就是我们头脑中形成的对客观事物的想法和信念,是头脑中对客观事物的知识系统,包括

收稿日期:2018—12—20

作者简介:郭青(1970—),女,山东青岛人,中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区文理学院外语系副教授。

122人类概念系统中概念的组织方式等。”(李福印,2005:77)概念化既指人们头脑中已经约定俗成的概念,也包括即时形成的概念,也就是说,概念化既是结果又是过程。Langacker (1990)把概念结构等同于概念化,概念化由语义内容和识解能力这两部分组成。概念结构是指我们在头脑中存在的对客观事物的相对稳固的知识体系。认知语言学的研究认为,概念结构有很多模式:语域、认知模式、意象图式、映射、心理空间等。语言的意义是语言表达式向认知或心理实体的映射。语义结构即概念结构,语言指向是心理中的概念而不是外部世界中的物体,即语言单位的意义等同于概念结构。

(―)语义是概念化

语义是概念化的,是人们关于世界的经验和认识事物的反映,是与人认识事物的方式和规律相吻合的。语言的意义不限于语言内部,而是根植于人与客观世界的互动的认知,根植于使用者对世界的理解和信念。语义还跟人的概念结构及其形成过程有直接的关系。例如,“最后一棵稻草”和“last straw",指同一事物,但在不同文化中不同的心理意象,也就形成两个不同的概念。

在认知语言学看来,概念化是广泛的,既包括抽象的概念,也包括一个人对外部的、社会的、语言的环境的意识,概念化实际上就是认知处理。概念化还包括知觉,感情和动觉以及人们对语言事件的理解,对社会的和语言情景的认识。“将意义等同于概念化,比起将意义视为概念来说,意在强调概念化主体的主观识解因素和意义的动态化特征,抛弃了客观主义理论的镜像观、静态观,强调了人的创造性和想像力,突出了意义的动态观。意义就是概念化的过程和结果。”(王寅,2005:115)

(三)语义决定句法

认知语言学的一个最基本理论主张是,语义和句法之间存在着一对一的映射关系。这一论断有两层意思:其一,任何两个同素不同构的语法格式必然有不同的语义值,任何不

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