新概念英语第三册笔记第42课上课教案讲解学习

新概念英语第三册笔记第42课上课教案

Lesson 42 Modern cavemen

一、单词讲解 New words and expressions

caveman n 洞穴人（穴居人）

cave n.洞穴（天然的） caveman n. （远古）洞穴人a man living in a cave thousands of years ago

cavern ['k?v(?)n] n. 大洞穴，大山洞 a large cave

cavity ['k?v?t?] n.洞，腔（正式的医学术语）；（龋齿的）洞

pothole ['p?th??l] n.锅穴（冰原），壶穴（河床）（地质）

potholing n.洞穴探险（运动）

potholer n.洞穴探险者

solitude ['s?l?tju:d] n.孤独、寂寞（2.独处）（enjoying being alone, being without companions）六级罕见

live in solitude 独自（居住）生活

isolation n.隔离、孤立（不情愿地，被动）（a feeling of being lonely and unable to meet or speak to other people）

eg. Retirement can often cause feeling of isolation.

seclusion [s?'klu:?(?)n] n. 隔离（主动，隔离室等）；隐居、与世隔绝独处（刻意）

eg. The Emperor lived in seclusion behind the walls of the Forbidden City.

Recluse [r?'klu:s] n.隐士n. 隐士；隐居者 adj. 隐居的

远离【世界】，过着【隔绝】生活，“常常”是【独处】。 - 不一定是【宗·教·信·仰】的原因，不一定是独处（也许是小群体的与世隔绝的生活）；recluse的第2个含义，才是指修行者，和上面hermit同。

reclusive [r?'klu?s?v] adj. 隐居的；隐遁的

强调的是远离【社会】，因【宗·教·信·仰】而【独处】的修行的人。

还有些小的区别：recluse只用于人，而hermit 可指动物的独居习性；

lure [l(j)??] v 引诱，诱惑（n. 诱惑；饵；诱惑物vt. 诱惑；引诱；引怪（游戏术语））potholer n.洞穴探险者

rambler ['r?mbl?] 漫步者，散步者（n. 漫步者，漫谈者；攀缘蔷薇）

stroll [str??l] n.溜达, 散步（= slow walking for pleasure in street or in garden）指不慌不忙地溜达

go for a stroll = go for a walk, take a stroll = take a walk

-- He is strolling along the road.

Stroller n.散步者, 流浪者

Ramble [‘r?mbl] v.海岸、林中的漫步 -- The couple are rambling in the forest. [英]漫步，尤指为消遣而在乡间闲逛

Roam [r??m] v.不安定的漂泊（徜徉；闲逛；漫步to walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction）常指长时间没有目的或方向地游荡。

W an der ['w?nd?] vi.漫步, 徘徊, 流浪, 彷徨, 无目的地移动

1、to walk slowly around or to a place, often without any particular sense of purpose or direction

2、[V] ~ (away, back, to, etc. sth)(of a person's mind or thoughts 人的思想或想法) 走神；神志恍惚；（思想）开小差to stop being directed on sth and to move without much control to other ideas,

3、[V] ~ (away/off) | ~ (from/off sth)偏离（正道）；走失；离散to move away from the place where you ought to be or the people you are with

同义词： stray

undertaking n 任务，工作

undertake v.承担，着手做

、开始做you start doing it and accept responsibility for it

2、承诺做you promise that you will do it.

--He undertook to inform everyone concerned. --We undertake a investigation.

承担，着手做：

start to do sth take off doing sth be engaged in sth（参与，从事于，忙于） set out to do set about doing

undertaking n.事业，工作（正在着手做的事）

Assignment （工作中的）任务，作业 on an assignment 去执行公务 assign 分配，指派

mi ss ion 使命 Mission Impossible 谍中谍

foresight ['f?:sa?t] n 预见，深谋远虑

foresee 预见 forecast 预测，预报 predict预计 expect期望，预计

Fore前缀表示1、前部的（空间），前面的（时间） 2、预先

1、forehead forearm前臂 forefinger食指 foreword前言（写在〔书〕前面的话→前言） Forerunner 先驱，先兆 forefather祖先 foresight 远见

2、foresee forecast foretell fore stall阻止（预先制止）

foretell [f?:'tel] v 预言名词的预测一般用prediction prophecy ['pr?f?s?] n. 预言；

a lle gory ['?l?g(?)r?] 寓言（讽寓）

fable ['fe?b(?)l] （n. 寓言；无稽之谈vi. 编寓言；虚构vt. 煞有介事地讲述；虚构）

foretell 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。forecast 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。

predict 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。

foresee 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断

chasm ['k?z(?)m] n.断层，裂缝，陷坑（n. 峡谷；裂口；分歧；深坑）

a rope bridge across the chasm 横跨裂缝的绳索桥

n.分歧，不同，裂痕（a big difference between the opinions, experience, ways of life）

a deep political chasm between these two countries 两个国家间的很大的政治分歧

flaw [fl?:] n.瑕疵，小裂缝，小错，弱点；裂缝，裂纹vt&vi. 使生裂缝，使有裂纹；使无效；使有缺陷

（a mistake, mark or weakness that makes something imperfect）事物表面的裂纹，引申出瑕疵，缺陷

fatal flaw 致命的弱点

cleft [kleft] n.裂缝，裂口（自然形成）（（尤指岩石、地表的）裂缝；额头（或下巴）中间的竖缝；（身体）V字形凹陷）a natural crack in the surface of rocks or the earth etc.

a sharp cleft between rich and poor 贫富之间的巨大差异

cleavage ['kli:v?d?] n.（劈裂的）裂痕，不同意见（n. 劈开，分裂；[晶体] 解理；[胚] 卵裂）a sharp cleavage in the attitudes towards education 关于教育的截然不同的意见

cleave 1、劈开 [文学性] 2、cleave to坚忠于 [正式]

fissure n. 裂缝，（尤指岩石上的）裂沟；分歧v.（使）裂开，分裂（a deep crack，especially in rock or earth）

crack n.（一个）开口，缝隙（1、使…破裂; 破裂2、使…噼啪作响; 发出辟裂声3、撞击4、叩开（壳鸡蛋）5、破解难题，密码等）最普通的用词

eg. She opened the door a crack and slipped in.

crevice ['krev?s] n. （岩石上的）细小裂缝（a narrow crack , especially in rock）

gap n. 间隙；缺口；差距；分歧( between two objects) 强调空间

the generation gap 代沟

eg. There is wide gap in my knowledge of history.我历史知识十分缺乏。

distinguished adj.杰出的、著名的（学术上、领域知名的）

very successful and respected; well known; remarkable

eg. A distinguished scientist won The Nobel Prize.

a tall, distinguished-looking man 一个高个，相貌非凡的男子

unremarkable remarkably remark vt 谈到、说起（正式评论、谈论on/upon） n. 评论、意见about

outstanding（adj.突出的，杰出的，卓越的）-- Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.（n.年轻人, 青少年）

Distinguished（adj. 杰出的, 卓越的, 不同非凡的）(非常成功且令人钦佩的) ~ physicist [‘f?z?s ?st]

Eminent（adj. 显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的, 优良的） [‘em?n?nt] (尤指在某一行业、专业领域中颇有名气的)

Distinguished和eminent是同义词（都是用来修饰严肃领域的人）

-- a distinguished physicist（n.物理学家）, an eminent surgeon（n.外科医生）

-- an eminent judge（n.法官）, a distinguished lawyer（n.律师）

noted adj. 显著的、值得注意的；著名的well-known to receive a lot of public attention

a noted restaurant 一个远近闻名的餐馆

celebrated ['sel?bre?t?d] adj. most-talked about , famous 著名的（非常偏，专业四级）

a celebrated case 人尽皆知的案例 celebrity [s?'lebr?t?] (尤指娱乐界的) 名人，明星illustrious [?'l?str??s] adj.极为杰出的，著名的（一般指人）

(famous and admired because of what you have achieved in the past, greatly distinguished; celebrated)

an illustrious book an illustrious name

?’na?nd] adj.某人或某事/地以其独特的品质、个性而闻名

be ~ (as/for sth)有名的；闻名的；受尊敬的famous and respected

-- Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）

notorious adj.臭名远扬的（famous widely known for sth bad）

a notorious gangster 恶名昭彰的歹徒

infamous adj.身名狼藉的（= Notorious）

Everest: the highest mountain in the Himalayas, on the border between Tibet and Nepal [n??p??l] eg. AIDS researchers have made some progress, but they still have an Everest to climb.

wade [we?d] v 涉水、蹚水（或泥） (vi. 跋涉vt. 涉水；费力行走n. 跋涉；可涉水而过的地方)

介词一般用through或者across

wade through引申出：费时费力地啃读

waterfall 瀑布

downfall垮台 snowfall 暴雪

gear 一套用具

之前学的是档位，挂挡是go into

inflatable [?n'fle?t?b(?)l] 可充气的（膨胀的；引申出“得意的”） pneumatic pneumonia an inflatable rubber dingy an inflatable mattress

inflate v.

1) to fill sth with air 充气 V-T/V-I 使充气；充气

inflate a rubber dinghy

2) to fill with pride 得意洋洋，骄傲的（人，膨胀）

eg. Our egos were inflated by success.

我们因为胜利而变的骄傲自满了。

3) to make prices increase 涨价，上涨 vt&vi抬高 (物价); 涨高

eg. The influx of immigrants has inflated house prices.大量移民的涌入使得房价上涨。

4) 夸大vt If someone inflates the amount or effect of something, they say it is bigger, better, or more important than it really is, usually so that they can profit from it. eg:夸大损失，夸大收获等等

inflation（通货膨胀）--- deflation （银根紧缩）

bubble economy 泡沫经济

deflate vt. 放气，排气；使缩小；紧缩通货；打击；使泄气 vi. 缩小；物价下降

rubble['r?b(?)l] n.碎石，瓦砾（毁坏后的房屋，或者是铺设在地面最下一层的碎石）boulder ['b??ld?

] n.大石块（a large stone or piece of rock）（卵石，大圆石（圆形巨石）；巨砾）

pebble ['peb(?)l] n.小卵石，小石子 (a small smooth stone found on the beach or on the bottom of river)

eg. You are not the only pebble on the beach!

（used to say that you are not the only person who has to be considered or deserves attention）eg. You are not the only fish in the sea.

cobble ['k?b(?)l] n. for paving the road 大石子（大卵石，中砾）

insistent [?n's?st(?)nt] 连续的，不断的（1、坚持的; 坚决的2、(声音、节奏等) 持续的）insist 1、坚持认为; 执意要求V-T/V-I insist that insist on sth/doing坚持说insist that

注意一些特殊的用法，或者特殊的词意，比如之前steadily，本意是稳定的，也可以翻译为“连续的”

Persistent stubborn abstinately

boom [bu:m] v./n. 轰响bomb [b?m] n 炸弹 vt&vi 轰炸

1) a deep loud sound that you can hear 轰鸣声

the boom of the cannons

2) a rapid increase of business activity 经济增长（经济繁荣，急速发展，激增）

eg. After the boom, everything is gloom.

boom town 新兴的工业城市

a town or city that suddenly becomes very successful because there is a lot of new industry

baby boom：婴儿潮 a period when a lot of babies were born esp. between 1946 and 1964

eg. Bill Clinton is a baby boomer who was born in 1946.

prosp e rous adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的[‘pr?sp?r?s]

-- our finance is prosperous 我们的经济非常的繁荣。（Finance n.财政, 金融）

thriving adj.昌盛的，兴旺的 -- thriving business [θra?v??] thriv e兴盛，兴隆；长得健壮booming adj.蓬勃的，景气的 -- a booming market繁荣的市场本意：急速发展的 boom v 激增

flourishing adj.繁茂的，健康的，繁荣的 ['fl?:????] flourish [‘fl?r??] 茂盛，繁荣; 活跃，蓬勃

-- Those plants are flourishing. 那些植物长得茂盛。

waterspout ['w?:t?spa?t] n 强大的水柱（水龙卷）

spout 1、vt&vi喷射 (液体、火); (液体、火) 喷射出 2、(容器的) 嘴; 口 3、跌跌不休地说 [表不满]

cleft [kleft] n.裂缝，开口（裂口（自然形成）（（尤指岩石、地表的）裂缝；额头（或下巴）中间的竖缝；（身体）V字形凹陷）a natural crack in the surface of rocks or the earth etc.）

a sharp cleft between rich and poor 贫富之间的巨大差异

cavern ['k?v(?)n] n. 大洞穴，大山洞 a large cave

stalagmite ['st?l?gm a?t] n 石笋

sticks up from the floor of a cave. Stalagmites are formed by the slow dropping of water containing the mineral lime. ['m?n(?)r(?)l] n. 矿物；（英）矿泉水；无机物；adj. 矿物的；矿质的

stalactite ['st?l?kta?t] n. [地质] 钟乳石

a long piece of rock which hangs down from the roof of a cave. Stalactites are formed by the slow dropping of water containing the mineral lime.

Plaster ['plɑ:st?] n.熟石膏(灰泥;熟石膏;膏药;创可贴;护创胶布;) (v.抹灰;用灰泥抹(墙等); 用…涂抹)

gypsum ['d??ps?m] 是生石膏（简称石膏），自然界的矿物质（晶体）,他指代就是

CaSO4·2H2O，纯的。

Plaster 是灰泥（好像俗称石膏），人工的建筑材料（主要成分是gypsum生石膏加热去水后变成的熟石膏人工研磨成的白色粉末），主要成分是熟石膏 CaSO4·1/2H2O，其他成分杂七杂八的杂质什么就多了去了我也不是很清楚。种类很多：gypsum plaster石膏灰泥, lime plaster石灰泥, cement plaster 水泥灰泥.

总之你就想：gypsum就是高中化学实验室放在瓶子里的做实验的纯石膏。plaster是建筑工地一大包一大包的盖房子用的所谓的“石膏”

lime [la?m] 石灰，青柠，酸橙

limestone石灰石

glisten ['gl?s(?)n] v 闪烁（vi. 闪光，闪亮n. 闪光，闪耀）（it shines, usually because it is wet or oily. (因有水或有油而) 发光）

glint glim flash flicker

eerie ['??r?] adj. 引起恐惧的(“令人”)，可怕的 (strange and frightening causing a feeling of mystery and fear)

the eerie sound of an owl hoots in the forest at night 夜晚猫头鹰在森林里发出令人恐怖的叫声。in the eerie silence 令人恐怖的寂静之中

eerily ADV 怪异地; 可怕地

dome [d??m] n.穹隆，圆顶（圆屋顶）（a round roof 圆顶）

the blue dome of sky 苍穹 under the dome穹顶之下柴静，雾霾

doom [du:m] v./n. to make sb certain to fail, die 命里注定（会怎样），在劫难逃常用被动 be doomed to do

（n. 厄运；死亡；判决；世界末日vt. 注定；判决；使失败） vt doom sth to sth注定使什么怎样

（If a fact or event dooms someone or something to a particular fate, it makes certain that they are going to suffer in some way. 注定） destiny 命运

eg. Their marriage was doomed to failure.

doom s day 世纪末日

二、课文讲解

Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.

as it has come to be known…as 引导方式状语从句“正如人们已开始知道的那样。”

Come to变成某种状态，有一个方向性，结合现在完成时又有了时间性，“从过去到现在，逐渐地”

Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt.

eg. Bumjee jumping, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.

上节课学到了or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city everyday to go to work （go to work也有一个方向性，考试一般不会考，阅读中也不太重要，但是表达上要准确）

relatively ['rel?t?vl?] adv.相对地，比较地

Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.

It is the desire for solitude…that lures people…（强调句）

eg. It is the wish for knowledge that lures me into the book world.

注意介词的使用，desire for chance of==chance to do

以及副词down表示方向后紧跟的to介词，表目的对象 eg：back to

注意depth除了深度以外，depths（复数形式）表示深处、深渊

It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer’s motives.

eg. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a murder’s motives.

Active adj. 积极的；活跃的；主动的；有效的；现役的 n. 主动语态；积极分子

Activate vt. [usu passive] 刺激；使活动；使活泼；使产生放射性 vi. 激活；有活力

Initiate vt. 启动，开始，创始；发起；使初步了解（传授） n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者

Motive n. 动机，目的；主题 adj. 发动的；成为动机的 vt. 使产生动机，激起

Motivate v. 刺激，使有动机，激励/激发…的积极性；成为……的动机；（激起某种行为）

For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. 注意对比的用法，fascination for

eg. What a high mountain is to a climber that a cave is to a pot-holer.

eg. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history. 正如达尔文发现有机自然界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类的发展规律。

They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood.

arouse vt 引起，激起，激发

arise vi. 出现；上升；起立

instinct n. 本能 language instinct 语感 instinct for self-preservation 自卫本能介词用for

intuition [?ntj?'??(?)n] 直觉（注意同位语从句的使用）The Sixth Sense 第六感

eg. I had an intuition that it would rain.

eg. I feel in my bone that there may be a chance in a million that I was right.

tuition n.学费；授课（指导）英国英语

dim 暗淡的，希望渺茫的，可能性小的

Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.

注意总结表达“困难”的几种方式

it’s difficult for sb to do sth最直白

doing sth is not a task for sb

sb attempting to do sth is always faced with a difficult task

sb has a hard time doing sth 虽然简单也比较直接，但是表示的意思更加婉转

Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.

of military operations 军事行动般的注意这个所有格of，表达的意思是军事行动的远见，“般的”

用来修饰 the precise planning and foresight

It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.

It can take as long as … rig up…

it c an take as long as …it 是形式主语，to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases 是逻辑主语

as long as 只要，就；长达 as long ago as早在（14课）

rig up v. 装备，装配；（用身边的工具）草草搭起/做成(to make equipment, furniture etc. quickly from objects that you find around you)

rig [r?g] 本意是给(船、桅等)装配帆、锁具等 [nautical]

（v. 操纵；装配；装扮；装上索具；为…提供服装n. 装备；钻探设备；服装；帆装；重型铰接式开车）

eg. Soldiers rigged up tents for the night. 士兵搭起了过夜的帐篷。

eg. We rigged up a simple shower at the back of the cabin.我们在小屋的后面临时装上了一个简易热水器。

It can take as long as…rig up… a descent can be made into…

make a descent into

eg. They discovered the crater and made a descent into the volcano.他们发现了火山口，并进入了火山。

descent [d?'sent] 六级名词1、下降、下坡 2、沉沦; 没落 [强调] 3、出身 [正式]

descend on descend into descend to sth/doing sth ascend反义词，上升

1) family origins 后代 eg. We are Chinese by descent.

2) a gradual change towards behavior that is wrong 堕落，品格下降

Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.

precaution n. 预防措施 (pre→caution) take precaution

（sth that you do in advance in order to prevent sth dangerous or unpleasant from happening）eg. We have to save our work often as a precaution against computer failure.要经常存盘，以免计算机失误而丢失文档。

eg. I take all the precautions of insuring my car. 我采取预防措施给车子上了保险。

take preventive measures 采取预防措施==take steps==take actions

eg. The government took effective steps to hold back the increasing inflation. 抑制了持续增长的通货膨胀。

…the exact nature of…will confront the pot-holer.

nature n.本质，本性，性质 human nature人性

the nature of 属…性质（类）

eg. His request was virtually in the nature of a command.

let the nature take its course 顺其自然

eg. What will be will be. Let the nature take its course.

call of the nature 大小便急（委婉语）

…the exact nature of…will confront the pot-holer.

confront v.面对，遭遇（to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way）

在这里要注意其主语，一般而言用的是人做主语，但是反过来，拟人的非灵主语，把困难作为主语

confront sb with sth 特化为(以某事物) 与 (某人) 对质

eg. On my first day at work I was confronted with the task of chairing a meeting. be faced with The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunneled a course through a flaw in the rocks.

known过去分词直接做前置定语

extend深达，也可以长达

be formed by以什么形成

tunnel隧道，在这里是动词，形成隧道，挖掘隧道，挖掘，冲刷出隧道的形状

The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphine Alps. ['d??fi?n]王妃多芬阿尔卑斯山脉

the entrance to …的入口处

entrance examination

the gateway to ['ge?twe?] 大门入口，门户；途径；网关

eg. For immigrants from Asia, the gateway to USA is San Francisco.

plateau ['pl?t??] 高原

As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might have never been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.

might have done sth 虚拟语气结构

正常结构为if the entrance had not been spotted by…

非真实性条件状语从句，if的省略多用于较正式的文体之中。把“如果”两字在字面上就去掉eg. Had I realized what you intended I should not have wasted my time. if I have realized what you intended…

Since its discovery, it has become a sort of pot-holers’ Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.

much of it still remains to be explored 有待于进一步勘探

注意里面概念的转换，让步状从的主语是a number of descents探险者的进洞探索，“每次探险”意味着都会有一些新的发现，主句是much of it变成了洞穴本身，但整体仍然说的还是洞穴的未知和神秘。

remain a lot to be seen

remain a lot to be desired

remain a lot to be improved

eg. It remains to be seen whether or not the operation was successful. 这次行动是否成功还是有待观察。

本课裂缝深坑不同的表达

After entering the narrow gap on…

This immense chasm has been…

T entrance to the cave is…

A team of pot-holers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor.

steep [sti:p] adj.峻峭的, 陡峭的；急剧（升降）的

precipitous [pr?'s?p?t?s] adj. （very steep and often dangerous）险峻，几乎垂直的；居然的，急剧的

abrupt adj. 突兀的（骤然的，突然的；唐突的）

precipice ['pres?p?s] n.峭壁（n. 悬崖；绝壁；险境）

cliff n.悬崖（(尤其指靠海的) 悬崖）

corridor ['k?r?d?:] 走廊（英国英语）；走廊地带 (与另一国家相连或穿越另一国取得出海通道的狭长地带)

the Hexi [Gansu] Corridor 河西走廊

passage走廊 gallery画廊 hall (楼里的) 过道 [美国英语]

They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools.

edge one's way along…侧身缓缓的向前移动

edge [ed?] n. 边缘；优势；刀刃；锋利vt. 使锐利；将…开刃；给…加上边vi. 缓缓移动；侧着移动

极限运动，在高楼顶层的边缘走。

现在分词做伴随状语wade across涉水

squeeze through 从中挤身过去

elbow/shoulder one’s way==squeeze one’s way挤出一条路

Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave.

come to来到了

at the bottom of

They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side.

current水流

carry非灵主语的使用

plunge v.投入，跳入[pl?nd?]（= jump or rush suddenly and wildly）以下都可以用plunge (sth) in/ into sth

1、Vi （尤指向水中）纵身投入，一头进入；突然前冲（或下落）

2、Vt 将…投入；将…插入；将…刺进

3、[V] (of prices, temperatures, etc. 价格、温度等) 暴跌；骤降；突降

4、（使）投身；（使）突然开始从事

5、使（突然）陷入（不好的状态） the room was plunged into darkness

-- He got so angry that he plunge into the water.

-- When the ship Titanic sank in the ocean, a large number of people plunged into...

jump（侧重强调快速地跳） -- The boy is jumping up and down.

Leap vt. 跳跃, 跳越（-- He leapt out of the sleeping bad.）

Dive vi.潜水, 跳水, 下潜, 俯冲

To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water.

icy water刺骨的冷水地下水的温度很低（水空调）山涧

at the far end 在…尽头1、注意意思 2、注意介词at

eg. I was at the far end of my patience.我忍无可忍了。

wash up这里的up单纯表示方向，冲刷上岸 wash up整体而言可以表示“洗餐具；洗手洗脸”come to来到了，但是对象并不是地点，而是碎石，是由碎石指代“一堆堆碎石的地方”这里可以翻译为“见到了，看到了”

In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small water-spout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.

…an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small water-spout shooting down…they found 为插入语

常见的插入语：I think, hop, guess, believe, suppose, wonder , see , know

eg. You may, I suppose, take advantage of this good opportunity.

注意水的几种滴法

water---drip waterspout---shoot waterfall---drop

Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall.

the size of…名词性同位语，解释说明前面的cavern

After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites—some of them over forty feet high--rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof.

switch转变，转换

n. 开关；转变；（铁道的）转辙器，道岔； v. 改变（立场、方向等）；替换；转换；调换；调（班）；

switch on 接通，开启 switch off （用开关）关掉；切断（电源） switch in 接通；合闸control switch 控制开关 power switch 电源开关

some of them over…独立主格结构

rising up like 现在分词短语做了stalagmites 的补足语

suspended 过去分词的形式做了stalactites 的后置定语

to meet与什么相接，满足什么要求，金额

Round about, piles of lime-stone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow.

round about: adv 周围；大约；迂回地

in all the colors of the rainbow像彩虹一样闪闪发光“尽显五光十色”

in the color of 以什么样的颜色

In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them.

in the silence of处于寂静的状态

drip v. 滴下，使滴下；（液体）滴下，漏下；充满；溢出n. 水滴；滴水声；滴注器，静脉滴注；滴水槽；

[过去式dripped 或dript 过去分词dripped 或dript 现在分词dripping 复数drips 第三人称单数drips ]

saliva [s?'la?v?] 口水，唾液

Lesson 42 1d 2a 3b 4c 5c 6b 7d 8b 9c 10a 11d 12b

3, light的过去式和过去分词有两种形式lighted和lit

10. fault 错误，故障；断层（地质）active fault 活断层 ; 活动断裂 ; [地质] 活动断层

11. cautious小心的，谨慎的 file文件，vi 列队行走 sidle侧身而行；悄然贴近

12. frozen冻上的 freezing 极冷的；（雾、雨）冻的 chilly 阴冷的，寒冷的 iced冰镇的（用冰，动词）