中山大学语言学概论历年考研试题
《中山大学612语言学概论2005-2018年考研真题及答案解析》
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (12)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (16)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (20)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (23)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (26)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (28)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (30)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (32)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (35)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (37)中山大学2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (39)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (41)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (42)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (42)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (53)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (65)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (75)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (84)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (91)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (99)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (106)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (111)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (118)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (127)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (133)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (139)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：612科目名称：语言学概论考生须知：全部答案一律写在答题纸上。
2012年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
2012年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题(总分-5, 做题时间180分钟)分析应用题下列是某一语言的一组词，其中[t]、[s]和[z]分别与[ch]、[sh]和[zh]互补分布（释义省略）：请对以上出现的[t]、[s]、[z]和[ch]、[sh]、[zh]六个音素进行音位归纳。
SSS_TEXT_QUSTI描写[t，s，z]和[ch、sh、zh]的分布情况。
该问题分值: -3答案:归纳音位[t、s、z]多出现在元音[o]、[a]、[u]、[e]之前，[z]还可以出现在[w]之前。
[ch、sh、zh]都是出现在元音[i]之前。
SSS_TEXT_QUSTI一个音位下有几个音位变体，应该以哪个音素作为音位的代表音素？为什么？该问题分值: 0答案:音位变体中的代表音素：①一个音位往往包含一些不同的音，这些音就是这个音位的音位变体。
每个音位下有多少个音位变体是和该音位在语音环境中的具体运用有关的。
②音位变体是音位的具体表现形式，音位则是从音位变体中概括归纳出来的。
音位与音位变体的关系是类别与成员的关系，也可以说是一般和个别的关系。
代表音素也是从具体的音位变体中概括出来的，标写它的时候，通常从各音位变体中选用典型变体的符号，同时还要找一个常见、好认、便于印刷的符号作代表，加上//，表示它是音位，不加//表示它是音位变体。
例如，北京话的音位／a／是一个音的类别，它至少包含[a]、[ɑ]两个成员，也就是／a／至少包含两个变体。
其符合音位归纳提取的原则，成为该音位的代表音素。
SSS_TEXT_QUSTI以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件。
该问题分值: 0答案:以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件音位音位变体出现条件/t/[t] 出现在[o]或[a]之前[ch] 出现在[i]之前/s/[s] 出现在[o]或[u]或[a]之前[sh] 出现在[i]之前/z/[z] 出现在[e]或[u]或[w]之前[zh] 出现在[i]之前比较现代汉语“狗”与英语dog的词义（本义、引申义），分析词义的民族性。
(NEW)中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论历年考研真题及详解
目 录2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2011年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2011年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2012年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2012年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2013年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2013年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2014年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2014年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2015年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2015年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2016年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2016年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1．以下不属于中国“小学”范畴的是（ ）。
A．文字B．音韵C．语法D．训诂2．下列说法正确的是（ ）。
A．词义的模糊性说明词义是具有社会性的。
B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁”。
C．“grass”本义是“玻璃”，派生义是“玻璃杯”，这是词义的隐喻扩展。
D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可用来突出对立面。
3．方言形成的语言内部原因是（ ）。
A．语言变化的不平衡性。
B．形式和意义对应关系的复杂性。
C．语言符号的任意性D．语言变化的类推作用4．在[p]、[b]、[v]、[h]、[g]、[k]、[d]、[t]、[s]、[f]中，擦音有（ ）。
A．3个。
中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2011,2013)【圣才出品】
11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。
2010年中山大学语言学概论C考研真题答案解析
中山大学语言学概论C 2010年考研真题答案解析Ⅰ.音标题Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)1. advantageous [ædvən'teɪdʒəs]2. cushions ['kʊʃən]3. paradigm ['pærədaɪm]4. propagate ['prɒpəgeɪt]5. synonymy [sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ]6. kernel ['kɜːn(ə)l]7. cohesion [kə(ʊ)'hiːʒ(ə)n]8. tagmemics [tæg'miːmɪks]9. immobile [ɪ'məʊbaɪl]10. prefix ['priːfɪks]II. 填空题 Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels ha sits own principles of organization.2. The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dictionaries and textbooks through the world. The lattested version was revised in 1993 and updated in twice in 1996 and 2005.3. Folk etymology refers to the change of the form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular notion of4. The development of modern linguistic science has helped push the study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. More linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in the paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of text linguistics and discourse analysis.5. Predicate logic, also called propositional calculus, studies the internal structure of simple propositions. In this logical system, propositions like Socrates is a man will be analyzed into two parts: _argument_ and a predicate.6. Cognitive linguistics seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring inlanguage.7. when Hyme’s theory of communicative competence was introduced into the fieldas an antagonism to the traditional philosophy in language teaching, language teachers began to pay more attention to the question of how their students as active and successful language users in real language context.8. Levinson presents his three heuristics, which are derived from Conversational Implicature.9. The form thou in Early Modern English, the second person singular pronoun equivalent to the French form tu, was used to signal intimacy/respect.10. Computational linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language, includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and text processing and communication between people and compuetrs.11. Nunan （1983：3）suggests that a curriculum is concerned with making general statements about language learning, learning purpose, and experience, and the relationship between teachers and learners, whereas a syllabus is more localized and is based on the accounts and records of what actually happens at the classroom level as teachers and students apply a curriculum to their situation.12. Saussure’s ideas we re developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology, and psychology.13. The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.14. In SFG, Mental process express such mental phenomena as “perception”, reaction and cognition.15. Bloomfield’s language(1993) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and greatest work in linguistics on both sides of the Atlantic in the 20th century.III. 名词解释Define the following terms. (50 points)1. Macrolinguistics【考察知识点+解题思路】本题考查的知识点是宏观语言学的定义。
2014年中山大学语言学概论考研真题
2014年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、分析题(总题数：5，分数：50.00)1.下面是一些日本人名，使用的是标准的罗马字拼写方法，其中f表示[Φ]，sh表示[S]，ch则表示[t∫] 请列出里面所有的辅音和元音，并指出哪些辅音是互补的。
数：10.00）___________________________________________________________ _______________________________正确答案：(（1）辅音：f、s、t、m、h、sh、ch、n、ts；元音：u、a、e、 i、o。
（2）h与f互补，h跟a、e、i、o可以在一起用，f只能跟u连用；ts与t 互补，ts只出现在u前，t不出现在u前；s、sh互补，s跟a、e、o、u连用，sh只跟i连用；s、ch互补，s跟a、e、o、u连用，ch只跟i连用。
)解析：2.下面是几组壮语词及汉语释义，请说明：（1）这些词在构词法上属于什么结构形式？（2）与汉语相比该构词法有何特点？（3）指出每组词的中心语素，并解释它的意思。
（分数：10.00）___________________________________________________________ _______________________________正确答案：(（1）这种构词形式是合成词当中的附加式构词法。
判断依据是，每一组词语中表示共同义素的词中都有一个语素不变，只有另一个语素部分发生变化，我们可以推断不变的语素是附着在表示区别性特征的语素上的附加语素；变化的是其区别性语素，是该词的中心语素。
共同语素附加在中心语素之上的构词形式是附加式。
（2）汉语主要使用词根和词根复合构词的方法。
这种附加式的构词方法，相当于汉语中“词缀＋词根”的前缀型附加式构词方法。
汉语中附加式构词法的中心语素是区别意义的主要成分，词缀虚化程度较高；而壮语中该构词方式更像是名词大类＋具体名称，先提出该事物所属类别“叶子”“米”“水果”再详细解释其具体类别。
2012中山大学语言学考研真题--语言学概论部分
中山大学语言学及应用语言学2012年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试语言学概论部分（150分）一、分析应用题（每题10分，共50分）1.下列是某一语言的一组词，其中[t]、[s]和[z] 分别与[č]、[š]和[ž]互补分布（释义省略）：tobola čina kesoka nkoši zengažima kasu čiba nselele lolonžizevo ažimola nzwetu kunezulu tanu请对以上出现的[t]、[s]、[z] 和[č]、[š]、[ž]六个音素进行因为归纳：（1）描写[t]、[s]、[z] 和[č]、[š]、[ž]的分布情况；（2）一个音位下有几个音位变体，应该以哪个音素作为音位的代表音素？为什么？（3）以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件。
2.比较现代汉语“狗”与英语dog的词义（本义、引申义），分析词义的民族性。
3.通过变换来分析下列两组句子中a与b不同的语义关系：（1）a.他喝醉了酒。
/ b.他喝完了酒。
（2）a.三个人吃一锅饭。
/b.一锅饭吃三个人。
4.下面是某一语言的四句话及普通话译文：（1）分析该语言属于哪种语法结构类型的语言？（2）分析上面四句话所体现的语法范畴。
5.清代学者陈澧说：“声不能传于异地，留于异时，于是乎书之为文字。
文字者，所以为意与声之迹也。
”试对这段话进行评述。
二、论述题（每题20分，共100分）1.索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中说：“By distinguishing between the language itself andspeech, we distinguish at the same time:(1)what is social from what is individual, and (2)what is essential from what is ancillary and more or less accidental.”请翻译这段话，并谈谈区分语言和言语的意义。
2005年中山大学外国语学院453语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】
2005年中山大学外国语学院453语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10%) Example:life—//respect—//1.allergic2.bathed3.bazzar4.chauvinist5.dinosaur6.ecstasy7.gasoline8.immature9.Kuwaiti10.oarII.Fill in the following blanks(15%)1.Our language can be used to talk about itself This is the______function of language2.Received Pronunciation(RP)originates historically in the southeast of______and is spoken by the upper-middle and upper classes.3.The difference between tense and aspect is that the former is______,i.e indicating time relative to the time of utterance;while the latter is not,the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance,but relative to the time of another event described or implied,in the narrative.4.In1979,Chomsky delivered a series of lectures Pisa,Italy,which were revised later and published under the title of______.5.Benjamin Lee Whorf attended some linguistic courses given by Sapir at______University and ‘found particular resonance between his own ideas and those of Sapir’.6.Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using______in language study.7.Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP)is a theory of linguistic analysis which describes how ______is distributed in sentences.8.Bloomfield's Language started American______as a school of thought.9.Case grammar is a type of generative grammar developed by______in the late1960s.10.______is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers,whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.It is the minimum free from.11.A______foot contains two syllables.A stressed syllable comes first,following by anunstressed syllable.12.Hymes’theory leads to nation/function-based syllables,and a step further,______syllabuses.13.A______view of language argues that language(or any knowledge)is socially constructed.Learners learn language by cooperating,negotiating and performing all kinds of tasks.14.The term______was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle ofPsychology(1890)to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind.It was later15.______refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound. III.Define the following terns.(50%)ngue2.suprasegmental features3.determiners4.Ferdinand de Saussure5.linguistic sexism6.register7.syllabus8.The London School of Linguisticsnguage Acquisition Device10.ditransitive structureIV.Explain the following statements with example.(30%)1.Discourse serves as a context,affecting sentence and work-level interpretation,tipping the interpretation of what would otherwise be ambiguous words or phrases in a certain direction.2.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning,or言外之意in3.In Halliday’s Systemic Grammar,the whole of language is conceived as a“system of systems”. V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45%)1.In what ways can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?2.Read the following quote from Chomsky.What do you think about Chomsky’s criticism and the revival of corpus linguistics?It seems clear that the description which is of greatest psychological relevance is the account of competence,not that of performance,...For anyone concerned with intellectual processes,or any question that goes beyond mere data arranging,it is the question of competence that is fundamental....These rather obvious comments apply directly to study of language,child or adult.This it is absurd to attempt to construct a grammar that describes observed linguistic behaviour directly,...a direct record－an actual corpus－is almost useless as it stands,for linguistic analysis of any but the most superficial kind....(Chomsky1964,”Formal discussion the development of grammar in child language”)3.How does Halliday relate the functions performed by language to its structures?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10%)1.allergic//2.bathed//3.bazzar/bə´za:r/4.chauvinist//5.dinosaur//6.ecstasy//7.gasoline//8.immature//9.Kuwaiti//10.oar//II.Fill in the following blanks(15%)1.metalingual2.England3.deictic4.Lectures on Government and Binding5.Yale6.corporarmation8.structuralism9.C.J.Fillmore10.word11.trocheemunicative13.constructivist14.stream of consciousness15.assimilationIII.Define the following terms.(50%)ngue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech ngue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide2.Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone and intonation.3.Determiner is a word which is used with a noun,and which limits the meaning of the noun in some way.For example,in English,the determiner can be realized by a,this,her,some,etc.4.Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as“father of modern linguistics”.The great work,Course in General Linguistics,which was based on his lecture notes, marked the beginning of modern linguistics.Saussure’s idea on the arbitrary nature of sign, one the relational nature of linguistic units,on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics,etc.pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.5.linguistic sexism:It refers to a phenomenon that there are many differences between me and women in language use,which are suggested to be brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.For example,it has been found that women use more tag questions and statement questions than men.6.register:It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people,usually sharing the same occupation or the same interests.A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by having a number of distinctive words,by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions.For example,there is the register of military language,register of political language,and so on.（见上海交大05年I.6）7.Syllabus is the planning of a course of instruction.It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experiences.8.The London School of Linguistics:The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England.The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R.Firth.nguage Acquisition Device:LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which children are born.It is posited by Chomsky,who argues that LAD probably consists of three elements:a hypothesis-maker,linguistic universal,and an evaluation procedure.10.Distransitive structure is a verbal group or a sentence in which the verb takes both an indirectand a direct object.For example,the verbal phrase“give the book to me”is such a kind of structure.IV.Explain the following statements with example.(30%)1.Discourse serves as a context,affecting sentence and work-level interpretation,tipping the interpretation of what would otherwise be ambiguous words or phrases in a certain direction. Key:Discourse serves as a context,affecting sentences and word-level interpretation,tipping the interpretation of what would otherwise be ambiguous words or phrases in a certain direction.For example,some sentences can be interpreted literally(according to standard usage of the words)or figuratively(by deviating from what we understand to be the standards significance of the words for some special meaning or effect).Context can prompt readers to engage in one or the other.When we are trying to understand a sentence,we often make use of information that is not contained directly within the sentence itself.This is known as contextual information,and we can distinguish between two kinds of context:general vs specific.General context effects occur when our general knowledge about the world influencesparts of a discourse.General context effects occur all the time,because a crucial aspect of language comprehension involves making use of any relevant general knowledge that we possess.Specific context can operate in similar fashions well.2.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in thatthey are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning,or言外之意in Chinese. Key:We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning.It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener.Illocutionary force,on other hand,refers to speaker’s meaning,contextual meaning,or extra meaning,that is,the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context.By an illocutionary force,we can say“What does he mean by saying that?”In this sense,implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech acttheory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning,or言外之意in Chinese.3.In Halliday’s Systemic Grammar,the whole of language is conceived as a“system of systems”. Key:In systemic grammar,the whole of langue is conceived as a“system of systems”,that is,a system embracing a set of sub-systems which in turn have their own sub-sets.The notion of “system”reveals the fact that language is a matter of making choices among a contrasting set of alternatives.For example,to pose a question,one is choosing demanding(as opposed to giving),and information(as opposed to services&goods).The notion of“System of systems”could be well illustrated by the three levels of the language system,namely semantics, grammar,and phonology.According to Halldiay,each level is a system itself,consisting a set of options.For example,in the grammatical level,there are alternative processes to realize the ideational function,such as material process,relational process,and mental process.Going further,each process type provides an entry condition for choice making,that is,each constitutes a system itself.Taking relational process as an example,there could be attributive ones or identifying ones.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45%)1.In what ways can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?Key:There is a branch of linguistics called applied linguistics,which studies the application of linguistics in the reality,such as in language teaching and learning.Applied Linguistics serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner.It is conducive to foreign language teaching in two major aspects:Firstly,applied linguistics extends theoretical linguistics in the direction of language learning and teaching,so that the teacher is enabled to make better decisions on the goal and content of the teaching.Applied linguistics provides the teacher with a formal knowledge of the nature of language and language system,and thus increases his understanding of the nature of language teaching.As a result,the teacher can make more informed decisions on what approach to take,hence what to teach.Secondly,applied linguistics states the insights and implications that linguistic theoriessettled,the teacher has to consider questions of how to teach.Should the teaching learning process be teacher-centered,textbook-centered,or learner-centered?How should the learner’s errors be treated?What techniques should be adopted in the classroom?Since applied linguistics defines the nature of language learning in connection with various linguistic theories,it helps the teacher to choose teaching methods and techniques.2.Read the following quote from Chomsky.What do you think about Chomsky’s criticism and the revival of corpus linguistics?It seems clear that the description which is of greatest psychological relevance is the account of competence,not that of performance,...For anyone concerned with intellectual processes,or any question that goes beyond mere data arranging,it is the question of competence that is fundamental....These rather obvious comments apply directly to study of language,child or adult.This it is absurd to attempt to construct a grammar that describes observed linguistic behaviour directly,...a direct record－an actual corpus－is almost useless as it stands,for linguistic analysis of any but the most superficial kind....(Chomsky1964,”Formal discussion the development of grammar in child language”)Key:Regarding linguistics as a branch of psychology,Chomsky insisted that what should be studied is linguistic competence,not performance.As he has claimed,the description of language performance only tells what is there,and is very inadequate in telling why language performs in the way as it does,or rather,how the intellectual processes affects it.What’s more, language performance is more than often degenerated;there are false statements,hesitations, and so on.Therefore,the corpus linguistics which is based on the language performance is somewhat distorted from the goal of linguistics.Because,according to Chomsky,what linguistics is aimed for,should be the discovering of the constants,the general principle which all languages are constructed and operated as systems of communication in societies in which they are used.Therefore,he suggested the construction of universal grammar,which is the ideal knowledge of language,is what linguists should be concerned with,and the postulation of grammar based on the observed behavior is also a distortion.3.How does Halliday relate the functions performed by language to its structures?Key:According to Halliday,structure is the outward form of the system,which lies behind the former.Structure,therefore,is less abstract,and closer to the“surface”.By studying the constituency structure of grammar,it is assumed that the semantic system above it could become plausible.In the constituency structure,elements are recognized with reference to their functions in relation to the whole.Therefore,in“The huge tiger climbed a tree”,only elements like“the huge tiger”not“the”or“the huge”could be recognized,since it is the whole sequence that plays a role in the clause,and in this sentence,the role is Subject.This is the way of bracketing used in Systemic-Functional Grammar.This step is followed by labeling,which is to reveal the specific function of that element in relation to the whole.For example,by labeling“the huge tiger”a functional label:“Subject”, we get to know the interpersonal function that element plays.It is through these two steps the structures are related to the functions performed by language.。
2019中山大学语言学及应用语言学考研 612语言学概论与805汉语语言学基础考试真题试卷与真题答案
2019中山大学语言学及应用语言学考研 612语言学概论与805汉语语言学基础考试真题试卷与真题答案本复习全析是由逸仙中大考研网依托多年丰富的教学与辅导经验，组织逸仙教学研发团队与高分研究生共同整理编写而成。
全书内容紧凑权威细致，编排结构科学合理，是参加2019中山大学考研的考生在初试复习的全程必备专业课资料。
该书通过总结梳理《语言学纲要（修订版）（叶蜚声、徐通锵）》这本教材各章节复习和考试的重难点，浓缩精华内容，且根据各章节复习和考试的重难点配备相关的名校真题与典型题，再对中大语言学概论历年真题进行透彻的解析，使复习更有针对性，从而提高复习效率。
适用院系：中国语言文学系：中国语言文学（02语言学及应用语言学方向）适用科目：612语言学概论内容详情一、考试重难点（复习笔记）：通过总结和梳理《语言学纲要（修订版）（叶蜚声、徐通锵）》这本教材各章节复习和考试的重难点，浓缩精华内容，令考生对各章节内容考察情况一目了然，从而明确复习方向，提高复习效率。
二、名校考研真题与典型题详解：根据《语言学纲要（修订版）（叶蜚声、徐通锵）》这本教材各章节复习和考试的重难点，精选相关的名校考研真题与典型题并进行解析。
以便加强对知识点的理解，并更好地掌握考试基本规律，全面了解考试题型及难度。
三、中大历年真题与答案详解：整理中大该科目的2005-2018年考研真题，并配有2010-2016年答案详解。
方便考生检查自身的掌握情况及不足之处，并借此巩固记忆加深理解，培养应试技巧与解题能力。
2005年中山大学319语言学概论考研真题试卷2006年中山大学322语言学概论考研真题试卷2007年中山大学724语言学概论考研真题试卷2008年中山大学602语言学概论考研真题试卷2009年中山大学603语言学概论考研真题试卷2010年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2011年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2012年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2013年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2014年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2015年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2016年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2017年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷2018年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题试卷=========================2010年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析2011年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析2012年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析2013年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析2014年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析2015年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析2016年中山大学612语言学概论考研真题答案解析《2019中大考研805汉语语言学基础复习全析【含真题与答案，共三册】》本复习全析是分为三册，由逸仙中大考研网依托多年丰富的教学与辅导经验，组织逸仙教学研发团队与高分研究生共同整理编写而成。
2019中山大学汉语言文字学考研613现代汉语与语言学概论与806古汉语与古文字考试真题试卷与真题答案
2019中山大学汉语言文字学考研613现代汉语与语言学概论与806古汉语与古文字考试真题试卷与真题答案《中山大学806古汉语与古文字2008-2018年考研真题试卷》2008年中山大学805汉语言文字学基础考研真题试卷2009年中山大学806汉语言文字学基础考研真题试卷2010年中山大学806汉语言文字学基础考研真题试卷2011年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2012年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2013年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2014年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2015年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2016年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2017年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷2018年中山大学806古汉语与古文字考研真题试卷《2019中大考研613现代汉语与语言学概论复习全析【含真题与答案，共三册】》本复习全析是分为三册，由逸仙中大考研网依托多年丰富的教学与辅导经验，组织逸仙教学研发团队与高分研究生共同整理编写而成。
全书内容紧凑权威细致，编排结构科学合理，是参加2019中山大学考研的考生在初试复习的全程必备专业课资料。
该书通过总结梳理《语言学纲要（修订版）（叶蜚声、徐通锵）》、《现代汉语（上下册，黄伯荣、廖序东）》两本教材各章节复习和考试的重难点，浓缩精华内容，并对各章节的课后习题进行解答且配备相关的名校真题与典型题，再对中大现代汉语与语言学概论历年真题进行透彻的解析，使复习更有针对性，从而提高复习效率。
适用院系：中国语言文学系：中国语言文学（03汉语言文字学方向）适用科目：613现代汉语与语言学概论内容详情一、考试重难点（复习笔记）：通过总结和梳理《语言学纲要》、《现代汉语》两本教材各章节复习和考试的重难点，浓缩精华内容，令考生对各章节内容考察情况一目了然，从而明确复习方向，提高复习效率。
二、课后习题详解：对《现代汉语》这本教材各章节的课后习题进行了解答，并根据各章节的重难点补充了典型题。