城市公共交通存在的问答及其对策

*城市公共交通存在的问题及对策，城市公共交通存在的主要问题随着城市经济的发展,城市人口也随之增加, 进而出行人口数量也急剧上升。

“乘车难”及交通设施的不足,严重影响了经济的发展,造成这些问题的最根本原因是城市公共交通体系的不完善。

尽管实施了一系列政策措施,但仍存在一些问题。

这些问题的存在削弱了公交的优势,制约了公交的发展。

具体表现在: 1，城市公共交通的分担率低。

目前,在一些大城市中尽管实施了一系列公交优化的政策,而公交的运输量也处于上升趋势,但是公共交通的出行比例仍然很低。

一些城市公交不但没有成为城市客运交通主体,而且公交的比例还呈下降的趋势。

2，公交服务水平低。

主要表现为:速度慢,乘车换乘不方便,路线不合理,密度低,甚至有些地方存在公交盲区。

改革开放以来,我国大城市道路面积有了大幅度提高,但仍远远落后于交通量的增长速度。

3，公交服务水平差。

公共交通低水准的服务质量常成为乘客投诉与媒体曝光的对象,直接影响其承担的客运比例。

公共交通低水准的服务质量常常表现为乘坐公交车耗时太长、舒适性差、安全事故多、公交乘务人员服务质量差。

4，公交基础设施缺乏统一规划。

城市公共交通线网构成主要以公交枢纽站为依托,实现点与点的连接。

由于长期以来,我国城市公共交通基础设施薄弱,缺乏统一规划,特别是在旧城市改造和新区开发时没有把公交设施配套纳入统一规划给交通营运、管理和居民出行带来不便。

5，公共交通网络规划不合理。

“发展公共交通”与“保持主要道路通畅”是城市交通工作者的两大目标。

但是近年来,随着我国城市公共交通的发展,公共车辆的投放量日益加大,乘车难的矛盾有所缓解,行车难的矛盾却日益突出。

特别是大巴列车化、中小巴频繁靠停,形成动态瓶颈,严重影响了主要道路的交通秩序。

二，解决城市公共交通问题的途径城市公共交通对居民的生活有着很大影响公共交通必须以方便居民出行为目的,并兼顾公交企业效益。

因此,针对目前城市公共交通出现的主要问题,采取以下措施:1，公共交通线路的优化城市公共交通最终的服务对象是城市出行居民,即公交乘客。

要想建立合理的公交线路,很重要的一点就是对公交乘客的心理、出行行为进行调查研究,以进一步确定公交最优线路模型的优化目标和约束条件。

参考国内外的大量数据,并结合我国城市的特点,在对城市公共交通线网进行优化时,必须考虑以下一些因素:(1)为更多乘客提供服务;(2) 使全体乘客总出行时间最短,减少换乘次数;(3) 使路线的效率最大;(4) 保证良好的可达性,尤其是要减少公交乘客的步行距离;(5) 扩展公交服务范围,减少公交盲区。

2，采用先进的公交智能调度技术随着城市居民出行量的增加,城市公共交通越来越不能满足出行需求。

要想使公共交通能够发挥最大的优势,从根本上解决交通出行问题,单单依靠公交线路的优化和增加道路设施远远不够,为此必须同时引进先进的城市公交管理技术,如可以引入先进的城市智能公共交通管理方法。

该系统的研究应该注意以下问题: 建立适合我国公交企业的调度优化系统。

这方面主要研究的是适合我国公交企业的调度优化系统模式、各种新技术,例如车辆自动定位技术等与调度优化系统相结合的可能性、以及基于公交线路流量的线路配车数技术模型。

目前,我国公交企业的总体技术手段落后,新的公交运营调度技术,例如车辆自动定位技术、乘客自动技术等,基本上没有应用。

3，发展大运量快速公共交通体系大运量快速交通工具速度快、运量大、耗能低、污染少,并且可靠、准时、舒适、安全,但它需要专用道路, 处于封闭状态,目前我国城市无论从资金上还是技术上,都不可能在短期内建成完善的快速交通体系,因此建立我国城市大运量快速公共交通可考虑按如下三个阶段依次实施,即:设立公共汽车专用道;发展公共汽车列车;开辟轨道交通。

4，建立智能公共交通系统,开展响应需求服务智能公共交通系统是城市的一个重要组成部分,在保持与外部有关部门（如交管）协调衔接的基础上,着眼于改善公交乘客的信息服务;改善公交公司营运调度与企业管理;改善公共交通服务的安全性与可靠性,提高其营运效率,降低其营运成本;建立电子付费系统。

响应需求是一种新型的公交运营模式,其特点是:无固定运行时刻表、路线及汽车停靠站,乘客享受门到门的运输服务,是一种机动灵活而且效率较高的公交运营模式5，财政补偿对于公共交通企业政策性亏损应予以财政补偿，具体措施如下：(1)制定《公共交通法》，依法为公共交通发展提供专向资金；(2)建立专门的公共交通专向资金发放与监管机构及公交企业政策性补偿额的评估体系，对政策性补偿额进行核算、发放、审计与监管，确保公共交通专向资金发挥应有的作用。

Urba n public tra nsport problemsand coun termeasuresfun dame ntal reas on for these problems ofurba n public tran sport system isimperfect. Despite the impleme ntati on of aseries of policy measures, but there are stillsome problems. These problems un derm inethe adva ntages of public tran sportati on,limiti ng the developme nt of publictran sportati on. In particular in: 1, low share of urba n public tran sport. At prese nt, although in some major cities in theoptimization of the implementation of a series of public tran sportati on policy, and bus tran sportati on volume on the rise, but the proporti on of public tran sport to travel is still very low. Some city buses not only failed to become the subject of urba n passe nger tran sport, and the proporti on of public tran sport also showed a dow nward trend.2, the low level of bus service. Mainly as follows: slow, i nconvenient to tran sfer car, the road is un reas on able, low den sity, eve n bli ndspots in some places there is publictran sportati on. Since reform and ope ning,Chin a's largest city road space has bee ngreatly improved, but still far beh ind trafficgrowth.3, poor bus service. Low level of public tran sport service quality of passe nger compla ints and ofte n become the object of media exposure, direct impact on their commitment to passenger ratio. Low level of public tran sport service quality ofte n engen dered by bus takes too long, poor comfort, safety accide nts, bus atte ndants and poor service.4, bus in frastructure, lack of un ified pla nning. Con stitute a major urba n public transit network to rely on public transportation hub, to achieve point to point conn ecti on. As a long time, Chin a's urba n public tran sportin frastructure is weak, the lack of un ified pla nning, especially in the old urba n ren ewal and develop ing new facilities without the bus into the un ified pla n, to the tran sport operators, man ageme nt, and reside nts travelinconvenience.5, the public transport network planning unreasonable. "Development of public transport" and "keep the main roads clear" is the twin goals of urban transport workers.But in recent years, as China's urban public transport development, increasing the amount of public vehicles to increase delivery, eased travel difficult contradictions, the contradiction is driving hard to become increasinglyprominent. Particular train of buses, the minibus stops by frequently to form a dynamicbottleneck, seriously affected the major roadtraffic order.Second, solve the problem of urban publictransport meansUrban public transport on the lives of the residents have a great impact on the residentsof public transport must be to facilitate thepurpose of the act, taking into accounteffectiveness of public transport enterprises. Therefore, urban public transportfor the curre nt major problems arise, take thefollowi ng measures:1, the optimization of public transportroutesUrba n public tran sport ultimately serve the reside nts of urba n travel, the buspasse ngers.To establish a reas on able bus lines, it is importa nt that passe ngers on the buspsychology, travel behavior research, to further determ ine the optimal bus route modeloptimizati on objectives and con stra in ts. Refer to large amounts of data at home and abroad, comb ined with the characteristics of the city, i n the optimizati on of urba n public tran sit network, it must consider the following factors:⑴ to provide services to more passe ngers; (2)the total travel time of the passengers minimum, reduce transfer times; (3) the maximum efficie ncy of the route; (4) toen sure good accessibility, particularly to reduce the walk ing dista nee of bus passe ngers;(5) expa nsion of bus services and reduce thebus bli nd spot.2, the use of adva need in tellige nt scheduli ngtech no logy busWith the in crease in the amount of urba n travel, urba n public tran sport can not meet travel dema nd. To make public tran sport to maximize the adva ntages of travel from the:un dame ntal soluti on to traffic problems, torely solely on the optimization of bus lines andin creased road in frastructure is not eno ugh, this must be the in troducti on of adva need urba n traffic man ageme nt tech niq ues, such as to in troduce adva need City In tellige nt Public Tran sportati on man ageme nt. Study of the system should pay atte nti on to the follow ing issues: the establishment of appropriate scheduli ng of public tran sport en terprises optimize systems. Major research in this area is suitable for optimiz ing the scheduli ng of public tran sport en terprise system model, a variety of new tech no logies such as Automatic Vehicle Locati on System tech no logy, comb ined with Scheduli ng possibilities, as well as bus routes traffic based on the line with the nu mber of tech ni cal model cars. At prese nt, public tran sport en terprises lag beh ind the gen eral tech ni cal means, the new bus operator scheduli ng tech niq ues, such as automatic vehicle locati on tech no logy, passe nger auto tech no logy,virtually no applicati on.3, the developme nt of Mass Rapid PublicTran sport SystemMass Rapid tran sport speed, large volume, low en ergy con sumpti on, less polluti on, andreliable, pun ctual, comfortable, safe, but it requires dedicated road, i n a closed state, the current city in terms of financial or tech ni cal, can not improve in the short term rapid tran sit system built in, so in Urba n Mass Rapid publictran sport may be con sidered followed by the impleme ntati on of the followi ng three stages, n amely: the establishme nt of bus Ian es; thedevelopme nt of a bus train; ope n up rail transport.4, the establishment of intelligent public tran sport system to carry out resp onse to dema nd services In tellige nt public tran sport system is an important part of the city, while mai ntai ning and external departme nts (such as traffic control) on the basis of coord ination of con verge nee, focus on improv ing bus passe nger in formati on services; improve the operati on of bus scheduli ng and busin ess man ageme nt compa ny; to improve public transport services The safety and reliability,* improve operati onal efficie ncy, reduce operati ngcosts; to establish an electr onic payme nt system. Resp onse to dema nd is a new mode of public tran sport operati ons, and its features are: no fixed running schedule, route and vehiclestops, passe ngers enjoy doorPolicy for public tran sport compa nies shouldbe finan cial compe nsati on for loss, specific measures are as follows: (1) to develop "Public Tran sport Act," accord ing to the law specifically for the developme nt of public tran sport to the fun ds; (2) the establishme nt of a dedicated public tran sport and regulatory professi on als to release the funds in stituti ons and public transport enterprises compensation policy evaluati on system, the policy of compe nsati on for acco unting, distributi on, audit ing and supervisi on, to en sure that public tran sport desig ned to play its due role to mon ey.。