托福阅读否定事实信息题合集之TPO15-3
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-3（上）托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。
本文带来的是TPO26-3的事实信息题(上)，一起来看看吧。
TPO26-3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East Paragraph 1:The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain?○There was not very much rainfall for most of the year.○Melting snow caused flooding every year.○The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops.○Timber, stone and metals were not readily available.解题：A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选;C的silt确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选;D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选。
托福阅读真题第158篇PleistoceneExtinctions
托福阅读真题第158篇PleistoceneExtinctionsParagraph 1：At the end of the Pleistocene (roughly 11,500 years ago), many large mammals became extinct. Large mammals in the Americas and Australia were particularly hard-hit. In Australia, 15 of the continent's 16 large mammals died out; North America lost 33 of 45 genera of large mammals, and in South America 46 of 58 such genera went extinct. In contrast, Europe lost only 7 of 23 such genera, and in Africa south of the Sahara only 2 of 44 died out. What caused these extinctions? Why did these extinctions eliminate mostly large mammals? Why were the extinctions most severe in Australia and the Americas? No completely satisfactory explanation exists, but two competing hypotheses are currently being debated. One holds that rapid climatic changes at the end of the Pleistocene caused extinctions, whereas another, called prehistoric overkill, holds that human hunters were responsible.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following groups of mammals experienced a high extinction rate at the end of the Pleistocene？O Large mammals living in North AmericaO Small mammals living in South AmericaO Large mammals living in South AfricaO Large mammals living in Europe2. According to paragraph 1, researchers have been able to answer which of the following questions about late Pleistocene extinctions？O Why did some parts of the world experience more extinctions than othersO Which parts of the world experienced the greatest numberof extinctionsO Did the large mammals of the Americas or Australia become extinct firstO How rapidly did the climate change during the extinctions3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the extinctions that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene？O They were caused by a single factor.O They had relatively little impact on small mammals.O They wiped out nearly all of the world's large mammal species.O They occurred slowly over a period of thousands of years.Paragraph 2：Rapid changes in climate and vegetation occurred over much of Earth's surface during the late Pleistocene, as glaciers began retreating. The North American and northern Eurasian open steppe tundras (treeless and permanently frozen land areas) were replaced by conifer and broadleaf forests as warmer and wetter conditions prevailed. The Arctic region changed from a productive herbaceous one that supported a variety of large mammals, to a relatively barren waterlogged tundra that supported a far sparser fauna. The southwestern United States region also changed from a moist area with numerous lakes, where saber-tooth cats, giant ground sloths, and mammoths roamed, to a semiarid environment unable to support a diverse fauna of large mammals.4. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as changes that occurred during the late Pleistocene EXCEPT: O The Eurasian tundras became more forested as both temperature and rainfall increased.O The Arctic region became less productive, and much of its fauna and flora began to disappear.O The southwestern United States became much drier, resulting in a decline in species diversity.O The North American open steppe tundras became cooler, resulting in a decrease in vegetation.Paragraph 3：Rapid changes in climate and vegetation can certainly affect animal populations, but the climate hypothesis presents several problems. First, why did the large mammals not migrate to more suitable habitats as the climate and vegetation changed? After all, many other animal species did. For example, reindeer and the arctic fox lived in southern France during the last glaciation and migrated to the Arctic when the climate became warmer.5. In paragraph 3, why does the author point out that some animals living in southern France migrated to the Arctic when the climate became warmer？O To show that more suitable habitats existed at the time that the megafauna became extinctO To question the idea that the megafauna were able to migrate to more suitable habitatsO To provide evidence that weakens the climate hypothesis for the megafauna extinctionsO To argue that smaller animals are more successful at adapting to rapid changes in climateParagraph 4：The second argument against the climatic hypothesis is the apparent lack of correlation between extinctions and the earlier glacial advances and retreats throughout the Pleistocene Epoch. Previous changes in climate were not marked by episodes of mass extinctions.Paragraph 5：Proponents of the prehistoric overkill hypothesis argue that the mass extinctions in North and SouthAmerica and Australia coincided closely with the arrival of humans. Perhaps hunters had a tremendous impact on the faunas of North and South America about 11,000 years ago because the animals had no previous experience with humans. The same thing happened much earlier in Australia soon after people arrived about 40,000 years ago. No large-scale extinctions occurred in Africa and most of Europe because animals in those regions had long been familiar with humans.6. In paragraph 5, why does the author discuss what happened in Australia 40,000 years ago？O To suggest that humans most likely arrived in North and South America much earlier than 11,000 years agoO To make a comparison that supports the prehistoric overkill hypothesisO To argue that most extinctions can be traced to the impact of humans on the environmentO To emphasize the similarities between the extinctions that occurred in Australia and those that occurred in Africa and EuropeParagraph 6：One problem with the prehistoric overkill hypothesis is that archaeological evidence indicates the early human inhabitants of North and South America, as well as Australia, probably lived in small, scattered communities, gathering food and hunting. How could a few hunters destroy so many species of large mammals? However, it is true that humans have caused major extinctions on oceanic islands. For example, in a period of about 600 years after arriving in New Zealand, humans exterminated several species of the large, flightless birds called moas. A second problem is that present-day hunters concentrate on smaller, abundant, and less dangerous animals.The remains of horses, reindeer, and other small animals are found in many prehistoric sites in Europe, whereas mammoth and woolly rhinoceros remains are scarce. Finally, few human artifacts are found among the remains of extinct animals in North and South America, and there is usually little evidence that the animals were hunted. Countering this argument is the assertion that the impact on the previously unhunted fauna was so swift as to leave little evidence.7. According to paragraph 6, archaeological evidence of settlement patterns in North and South America indicates which of the following？O Human populations may have been too small and too far apart to have caused the extinction of large mammals.O Humans may have lived too far away from the habitats of large mammals to have been responsible for their extinctions.O Humans probably did not cause the extinction of large mammals, because they spent far more time gathering food than hunting.O Humans probably did not remain in their settlements long enough to have a significant impact on populations of large mammals.8. In paragraph 6, the author identifies all of the following as being problems with the prehistoric overkill hypothesis EXCEPT: O There were not enough people to kill so many species of large animals.O There is little evidence to show that extinct animals were hunted.O Prehistoric Europeans apparently preferred hunting smaller animals.O It took 600 years for humans in New Zealand toexterminate just a few species of moa birds.Paragraph 7：The reason for the extinctions of large Pleistocene mammals is still unresolved and probably will be for some time. It may turn out that the extinctions resulted from a combination of different circumstances. Populations that were already under stress from climate changes were perhaps more vulnerable to hunting, especially if smaller females and young animals were the preferred targets.Paragraph 6：One problem with the prehistoric overkill hypothesis is that archaeological evidence indicates the early human inhabitants of North and South America, as well as Australia, probably lived in small, scattered communities, gathering food and hunting. ■H ow could a few hunters destroy so many species of large mammals? However, it is true that humans have caused major extinctions on oceanic islands. For example, in a period of about 600 years after arriving in New Zealand, humans exterminated several species of the large, flightless birds called moas. ■A second problem is that present-day hunters concentrate on smaller, abundant, and less dangerous animals. The remains of horses, reindeer, and other small animals are found in many prehistoric sites in Europe, whereas mammoth and woolly rhinoceros remains are scarce. ■Finally, few human artifacts are found among the remains of extinct animals in North and South America, and there is usually little evidence that the animals were hunted. ■Countering this argument is the assertion that the impact on the previously unhunted fauna was so swift as to leave little evidence.9. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.It should be noted, however, that island conditions that leadto extinction, such as limited space to escape predators, do not apply to landmasses such as continents.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text .Answer ChoicesO Rapid climate change has been proposed as a cause of the extinctions, though there is strong evidence that mammals were able to survive similar climate changes in the past.O The climatic hypothesis has gained more support than the prehistoric overkill hypothesis because climate change can explain why very few extinctions occurred in Europe and Africa.O Some researchers have begun to doubt the idea that mass extinctions occurred at the end of the Pleistocene, because large animal remains are rarely found at settlements dating from this time.O Late Pleistocene hunters may have killed off large mammals when they first arrived in certain areas, but evidence from settlements and animal remains does not often support this hypothesis.O According to the prehistoric overkill hypothesis, the extinctions were concentrated in North and South America because these areas had more hunters and smaller populationsof large mammals.O Although neither the climatic hypothesis nor the prehistoric overkill hypothesis alone explains late Pleistocene extinctions, elements of both and other factors may have contributed to the extinctions.。
托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析
托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析在托福阅读的8大题型中，有些题型因为其更高的出现频率和难度分值而凶名在外成为考生备考的焦点，今天给大家带来托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
【技巧讲解】托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析什么是托福阅读否定事实信息题?按照托福官方指南OG中的说法，托福阅读否定事实题，又叫Negative Factual Infomation，是一种让考生判断*段落中哪些信息没有提到的题型，其题型出现频率并不高，一般每篇*中会出现0-2题，个人体感以1道题居多。
这种题型的提问方式很有意思，主要有以下这几种形式：According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?The authors description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT...可以看到，题目中突出的就是NOT以及EXCEPT。
这种题目看似只要让大家分析一下选项就能做好，但实际上比起一般的事实信息题却更有难度，考生如果看*不够仔细，就很容易在这个题型上栽跟头。
托福阅读否定事实信息题难点分析托福阅读否定事实信息题的扣分点主要有两个，一个是需要考生完整读完整个段落，充分理解所有细节后才能更好地做出判断，这就会要求大家花更多时间在读*上，会增加考生的时间消耗。
另一个则是存在刻意为之的干扰选项，这类选项中会包含一部分在原文中能够找到的关键词，但实际上并不符合题目提问的要求。
考生如果单纯按照返回原文定位的方式来解题，常会被这类干扰选项所迷惑而做出错误判断。
实例讲解托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路那么，考生如何才能做好托福阅读的否定事实信息题呢?比起单纯将理论，下面就通过实例来为大家分析具体思路。
例题：Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts,architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:A. Architecture is visual art.B. Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.C. Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.D. Architecture has an indirect effect on life.解题思路分析做好否定事实信息题，希望大家能够按照三个标准步骤进行解答，以保证更有条理性，减少或避免干扰选项给大家造成的误导。
TPO-15 Reading 3解析
正确答案：B解析：interlock“连接，连结”，所以B的link正确。
Q2正确答案：A解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的hexagonal crystal做关键词定位至第一段第二句，但原文说的是：雪花降落时是六角晶体，可一旦落在地面，雪花就迅速凝结成很多小而圆的颗粒，与A选项中的larger相反，A错误，可选；B的compact 和grain做关键词同样定位至第二句，正确，不选；C的granules做关键词定位至倒数第三句，正确，不选；D的air space做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选。
Q3正确答案：D解析：match“匹配，与…一样”，所以D equal是正确答案。
原句大意为：要保持或增加冰川的体积，就必须具备足够的降雪量，降雪量要等于或者大于消逝的雪量。
Q4正确答案：C解析：transform“变形”，所以C正确。
从单词本身看，trans-表示“转移，转换”，form“形式”，所以整个单词应该是“变形”之意。
Q5正确答案：D解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
A选项的pressure做关键词定位至第二段倒数第二句，正确，不选；B中的melting, evaporation and calving做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选；C的firn做关键词定位至第一段的倒数第三句，正确，不选；D的两种glaciers做关键词定位至最后一句，没有提到温带冰川比极地冰川更厚，所以D错误，可选。
Q6正确答案：B解析：以fast moving glaciers做关键词定位至第二段最后两句，提到冰川要积累到一定的厚度才能流动，另外冰川可根据温度分为快速流动温带冰川和慢速流动极地冰川。
A不选，极地的冰川流速慢；C提到气候，但没有提冰川的厚度，不选；D没提气候，所以正确答案是B。
Q7正确答案：D解析：deceiving“欺骗性的”，所以D的misleading正确。
前面说到地球2%的水源处于冰冻状态，后面又提到全球约有80%的淡水是以冰川的形式存在的，大部分都在南极洲，所以仅2%这个数字是具有欺骗性的，即少了的。
托福阅读否定事实信息题合集之TPO15-3
托福阅读否定事实信息题合集之TPO15-3托福阅读否定事实信息题是阅读考试十大题型之一，通常每篇阅读中都会出现;tpo是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的否定事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。
本文带来的是TPO15-3的否定事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO15-3A Warm-Blooded TurtleParagraph2A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms.Nonetheless,an adult leather back can maintain a body temperature of between25and26°C(77-79°F)in seawater that is only8°C(46.4°F).Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle's body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters.Leather backs apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do,or the way birds do,as a by-product of cellular metabolism.A leather back may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface;its dark,almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation.However,most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.4.Paragraph2mentions all of the following as true about the body heat of adult leather back turtles EXCEPT:¡Their muscles produce heat for maintaining body temperature.¡Their clark bodies help trap solar radiation.¡Their cellular metabolism produces heat as a by-product.¡Basking at the waters surface helps them obtain heat.解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
托福阅读TPO15答案解析
托福阅读答案1.interlock连锁，连接，所以B的link正确。
从单词本身看，inter表示在……之间，lock表示锁，所以这个词应该是锁在什么什么中间的意思，所以link靠谱，frozen只表示锁，没有之间，所以不对；而intermediate只表示在……之间，没有固定的意思，所以不对；fully develop完全不对2.EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的hexagonal crystal做关键词定位至第二句，但原文没说形成thick layer，A错，选；B的compact和grain做关键词同样定位至第二句，正确，不选；C的granules做关键词定位至倒数第三句，正确，不选；D的air space做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选3.match匹配，所以equal是答案。
原句说冰川如果想保持其体积不变或者增大，必须有足够的降雪量来怎么样或者超过融化已经其他过程造成的损失，肯定是先说弥补上，再说超过，所以equal相等，相当正确。
measure 完全不对；approximate接近不行，因为只是接近的话没法保持冰川体积不变；enlarge和exceed意思一样，不选4.transform形变，变形，所以C的change正确。
从单词本身看，trans表示转移，转换，form形式，所以整个单词应该是变形之意。
原句说降雪量超过融化的量剩余的那些雪经过若干年后能形成必要把雪怎么成冰川的压力，当然是变成冰川，所以change正确5.EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的pressure做关键词定位至倒数第二句，正确，不选；B的三个动名词和做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选；C的firn做关键词定位至前一段的倒数第三句，正确，不选；D的两种glaciers做关键词定位至最后一句，两者是并列关系，没有谁比谁怎么样，所以D错，选6.以fast moving glaciers做关键词定位至最后一句，说冰川可以按温度分为快速移动的temperate和慢速移动的polar，所以要快速移动就必须得是temperate，所以A和C说反，D压根儿没提气候的事儿，所以正确答案是B7.deceive欺骗，所以deceiving欺骗性的，所以D的misleading正确。
TPO15-TASK3
阅读材料University Should Pave Running TrailsThe university has about three miles of unpaved dirt running trails that pass through the forest near campus. I think these trails should be paved with cement. One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety. When it rains, the dirt turns to mud and becomes very slippery, so the runners who use them can slip and fall. Pavement would solve this problem. Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them. Bumps in the trail would be smoothed out and weeds would be paved over, making the trail more attractive to runners. Sincerely,Sally Jacobs听力材料<-NARRATOR:-> Now listen to two students discussing the letter.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> Hey, Ted...you're a runner. Did you see this letter in the paper?<-MALE STUDENT:-> Yeah, I did...and I use those...<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> And?<-MALE STUDENT:-> I think it's a terrible idea.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> How come?<-MALE STUDENT:-> Well, she really hasn't thought it through... like, the thing about making them<-MALE STUDENT:-> I mean, it's not good for you...it's too hard on your bones and joints. If you run repeatedly on a hard surface, it can lead to injuries...or, that's what I've been taught, anyway... it's better to run on a soft surface. It does less damage to your body.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> Oh...I wasn't aware of that.<-MALE STUDENT:-> Yeah, so actually it wouldn't be safer. And her second point...<-MALE STUDENT:->Yeah, I don't think people will like it.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> So they'd use them less?<-MALE STUDENT:-> Yeah, I mean one of the main reason s people enjoy them now is it's a way of taking a break from the rest of campus... from buildings and streets and stuff... it's, you know, a chance to feel like you're out in nature.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> Oh...so you wouldn't get that effect anymore.<-MALE STUDENT:-> Right...it'd just be like you were on a regular street or sidewalk. It would n't be as relaxing.。
托福TPO15
TPO15-1-1 原文：A Warm-Blooded TurtleWhen it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle’s body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through.Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat). Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a reptilian equivalent: thick, oil-saturated skin, with a layer of fibrous, fatty tissue just beneath it. Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers. Because the flippers are comparatively thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback that is likely to become chilled. There is not much that the turtle can do about this without compromising the aerodynamic shape of the flipper. The problem is that as blood flows through the turtle’s flippers, it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal’s central body temper ature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing heat away from the rest of the turtle’s body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the blood vessels in the base of its flipper into a countercurrent exchange system.In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator, in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as watercourses through them. The leatherback is certainly not the only animal with such an arrangement; gulls have a countercurrent exchange in their legs. That is why a gull can stand on an ice floe without freezing.All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.1. The phrase “unique among” in the passage is closest in meaning to○natural to○different from all other○quite common among○familiar to2. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?○They are considered by some to be reptiles.○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.○They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.Paragraph 2: A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle’s body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.3. The word “feat” in the passage is closest in meaning to○remarkable achievement○common transformatio n○daily activity○complex solution4. Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as true about the body heat of adult leatherback turtles EXCEPT:○Their muscles produce heat for maintaining body temperature.○Their dark bodies help trap solar radiation.○Their cellular metabolism produces heat as a by-product.○Basking at the water’s surface helps them obtain heat.Paragraph 3: Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through.5. The word “bulk” in the passage is closest in meaning to○strength○effort○activity○massParagraph 4: Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat). Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a reptilian equivalent: thick, oil-saturated skin, with a layer of fibrous, fatty tissue just beneath it. Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers. Because the flippers are comparatively thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback that is likely to become chilled. There is not much that the turtle can do about this without compromising the aerodynamic shape of the flipper. The problem is that as blood flows through the turtle’s flippers, it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal’s central body temperature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing heat away from the rest of the turtle’s body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the blood vessels in the base of its flipper into a countercurrent exchange system.6. The word “it” in paragraph 4 refers to○the problem○blood○the turtle○body temperature7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following features enables the leatherback turtle to stay warm?○An insulating laye r of blubber○A thick, oily skin covering fatty tissue○The aerodynamic shape of its flippers○A well-insulated headParagraph 5: In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator, in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them. The leatherback is certainly not the only animal with such an arrangement; gulls have a countercurrent exchange in their legs. That is why a gull can stand on an ice floe without freezing.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.○Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.9. Why does the author mention old-fashioned steam radiator in the discussion of countercurrent exchange systems?○To argue that a turtle's central heating system is not as highly evolved as that of other warmblooded animals○To provide a useful comparison with wh ich to illustrate how a countercurrent exchange system works○To suggest that steam radiators were modeled after the sophisticated heating system of turtles○To establish the importance of the movement of water in countercurrent exchange systems10. The phrase “courses through” in the passage is closest in meaning to○rises through○heats up in○runs through○collects inParagraph 6: All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm.11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles?○They lack the countercurrent excha nge systems that develop in adulthood.○Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.○They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems.○They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage.Paragraph 3: Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. ■It works for elephant s, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. ■It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. ■Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrou nding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. ■Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the follo wing sentence could be added to the passage.However, these animals have additional means of staying warm.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Contrary to what we would expect of reptiles, the leatherback turtle is actually warm-blooded.●The leatherback turtle uses a…●The leatherback turtle is…●Leatherbacks have an…Answer Choices○Even though they swim into cold ocean waters,leatherbacks maintain their body heat in much the same way as sea turtles in warm southern oceans do.○The leatherback turtle uses a countercurrent exchange system in order to keep the flippers from drawing heat away from the rest of the body.○The shape of the leatherback turtle's flippers is especially important in maintaining heat in extremely cold northern waters.○The leatherback turtle is able to maintain body heat through sheer size.○Leatherbacks have an insulating layer that can be considered the reptilian version of blubber.○Young leatherbacks often do not survive to adulthood because they are not able to switch from a cold-blooded way of life to a warm-blooded one quickly enough.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------参考答案：1. ○22. ○23. ○14. ○35. ○46. ○27. ○28.○19. ○210. ○311. ○312. ○413. The leatherback turtle uses a…The leatherback turtle is…Leatherbacks have an…--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 答案解析：B，词汇题。
托福阅读真题(非TPO),独家公开珍贵托福真题,考试可能遇到原题. Mass Production Method and Impact(15-3-7)
Mass Production: Method and ImpactThe technological and managerial innovations of Thomas Alva Edison (the inventor of electricity) and the industrial leaders Andrew Carnegie (iron and steel) and John D. Rockefeller (oil) proved readily adaptable throughout United States industry, spurring marvels of productivity. ▋Late-nineteenth-century industrialists often discovered that their factories produced more goods than the market could absorb. ▋This was particular true in two kinds of businesses: those that manufactured devices for individual use, such as sewing machines and farm implements, and those that mass-produced consumer goods, such as matches, flour, soap, canned foods, and processed meats. ▋Not surprisingly, these industries were trailblazers in developing advertising and marketing techniques. ▋Strategies for encouraging consumer demand and for differentiating one product from another were an important component of the American post-Civil War industrial transformation.The growth of the flour industry illustrates both the spread of mass production and the emergence of new marketing concepts. In the 1870s the nation’s flour mills adopted the most advanced European manufacturing technologies and installed continuous-process machines that graded, cleaned, hulled, and packaged their product in one rapid operation. These companies, however, soon produced more flour than they could see. To sell this excess, the mills thought up new product lines, such as cake flours and breakfast cereals, and sold them using easy-to-remember brand names.Through brand names, trademarks, guarantees, and slogans, manufacturers built demand for their products and won remarkable consumer loyalty. Americans in large numbers bought a brand of soap first made in 1897 in Cincinnati, Ohio, because of the absurd overly precise but impressive pledge that it was “99 and 44/100ths percent pure.” In the photographic field, George Eastman in the 1880s developed a paper-based photographic film as an alternate to the bulky, fragile glass plates then in use. Manufacturing a cheap camera for the masses and devising a catchy slogan (“you just press the button, we do the rest”). Eastman introduced a system whereby customers returned the 100-exposure film and the camera to the Rochester, New York, factory. There the film was developed, the camera reloaded, and everything shipped back to the customer—for a charge of ten dollars. In marketing a new technology, Eastmanhad revolutionized an industry and democratized a visual medium previously confined to a few.By 1900 the chaos of early industrial competition, when thousands of small companies had struggled to enter a national market, had given way to an economy dominated by a few enormous films. An industrial transformation that originated in railroading and expanded to steel and petroleum had spread to every area of United States business, and for those who could not compete in the era’s unforgiving economic environment, the cost could be measured in ruined fortunes, bankrupted companies, and shattered dreams. John D. Rockefeller, talking about businesses he wanted to acquire, said he wanted “only the big ones, one those who have already proved they can do a big business. As for the others, unfortunately they will have to die.”The cost was high, too, for millions of American workers, immigrant and native born alike. The new industrial order was built on the backs of an army of laborers who were paid subsistence wages and who could be fired on a moment’s notice when hard times or new technologies made them expendable. Moreover, industrialization often devastated the environment with pollution in the relentless drive for efficiency and profit.To be sure, this industrial revolution brought social benefits as well, in the form of labor-saving products, lower prices, and advances in transportation and communications. The benefits and liabilities were inextricably interconnected. The sewing machine, for example, created thousands of new factory jobs, made available a wider variety of clothing, and eased the lives of millions of consumers. At the same time, it encouraged greedy entrepreneurs to operate factories in which the poor worked long hours in unhealthy conditions pitifully low wages.Whatever the final balance sheet of social gains and costs, one thing was clear: the United States had forced its way onto the world stage as an industrial nation, and the groundwork had been laid for a new social and economic order in the twentieth century.A.themeB.developmentC.partD.tool2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of Edison, Carnegie, and Rockefeller?A.They were famous inventors who became rich factory owners.B.They were the first to develop advertising and marketing techniques.C.Their ideas and methods were used to transform United States industry.D.Their companies produced mechanical devices and consumer goods. Paragraph 1 is marked with ♦3. According to paragraph 1, all of the following contributed to the industrial transformation in the post-Civil War United States EXCEPTA.a greater variety of consumer productsB.new technological and managerial methodsC.mass production of goodsD.development of advertising and marketing techniquesParagraph 1 is marked with ♦4. According to paragraph 2, the new technologies used by the flour mills led the flour industry to do which of the following?A.Produce additional flour to export to EuropeB.Adopt European methods of marketing flour to consumersC.Produce goods based on market research of customer needsD.Develop special new products with easily recognizable namesParagraph 2 is marked with ♦A.immediateB.extraordinaryC.apparentD.steady6. W hy does the author mention a soap advertised as “99 and 44/100ths percent pure”?A.To make the point that the earliest product advertisements were verysophisticatedB.To support the claim that advertising was effective in building demand andcustomer loyaltyC.To suggest that the claims made by soap manufacturers were obviously untrueD.To contrast the ways in which soap and photographic processing weremarketedParagraph 3 is marked with ♦7. The word “confined to” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.available toB.known toC.limited toD.attractive to8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about George Eastman’s innovations in phot ography is true?A.He introduced a paper-based photographic film that was easy for customers todevelop on their own.B.He manufactured a camera that was more expensive but easier to operate thanearlier cameras.C.He introduced a system in which customers could exchange defective film andcameras for new ones.D.He provided customers with the service of developing their film and reloadingtheir cameras.Paragraph 3 is marked with ♦9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the economic situation of the United States in the 1900s?A. A group of national industries was controlled by a single company.B.Many small companies failed and a few large companies dominated theeconomy.C.The expansion of the steel and petroleum industries depended on the railroadcompanies.D.A new national market made it possible for thousands of small companies tocompete for business.Paragraph 4 is marked with ♦10. The word “relentless” in the passage is closest in meaning topetitiveB.unceasingC.recklessD.passionate11. Which of the following can be inferred about the new technologies mentioned in paragraph 5?A.They were sometimes too expensive to introduce in the workplace.B.They forced laborers to work in more systematic ways.C.They helped to reduce the impact of industrialization on the environment.D.They helped make it possible for industries to reduce the workforce. Paragraph 5 is marked with ♦12. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, the transformation of United States industry had all of the following negative effects EXCEPTA.higher prices for consumersB.environmental pollutionC.unhealthy working conditionsD.low pay for hard workParagraph 5 is marked with ♦13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Edison’s laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, even became a model for the industrial research laboratories established by other corporations.14. In the late nineteenth century, technological and managerial innovations greatly raised productivity and transformed United States industry.A.Thomas Alva Edison, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller inventednew technologies and management systems for the electrical, iron, steel, and oil industries.B.Americans became loyal consumers of manufactured products like breakfastcereal and soap primarily because of the high quality associated with the brand names.C.An economy characterized by competition between numerous smallcompanies gave way to an economy in which only a few major companies were able to survive and dominate.D.As manufacturers produced more goods than the market could easily absorb,they developed new advertising and marketing techniques to stimulate demand for their products.E.George Eastman succeeded in creating a mass market for cameras not only bylowering manufacturing costs and selling prices but also by offering to develop film free of charge.F.The industrial transformation brought a number of social benefits, but it alsoencouraged the exploitation of workers and polluted the environment.正确答案： CCADB BCDBB DAA CDF。
托福阅读真题第15套
第15套Thermal StratificationParagraph1Physical characteristics of aquatic environments at different depths such as salt level, light,inorganic nutrients,degree of acidity,and pressure all play key roles in the distribution of organisms.One of the most important physical features is thermal stratification.Paragraph2When solar radiation strikes water,some is reflected,but most penetrates the surface and is ultimately absorbed.Although water may appear transparent,it is much denser than air and absorbs radiation rapidn clear water,99percent of the solar radiation is absorbed in the upper50to100meters.Longer wavelengths of light are absorbed first; the shorter wavelengths(which have more energy)penetrate farther,giving the depths their characteristic blue color.1.The word ultimately in the passage is closest in meaning toA.probablyB.quicklyC.eventuallyD.frequently2.According to paragraph2,which of the following is true about solar radiationwhen it strikes waterA.Longer wavelengths travel farther.B.Most of it is absorbed near the surface.C.It is not absorbed by cloudy water.D.More long wavelengths than short wavelengths are absorbed.Paragraph3This rapid absorption of sunlight by water has two important consequences.First,it means that photosynthesis the process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon compounds necessary for life can only occur in surface waters where the light intensity is sufficiently high.Species that produce their own organic carbon compounds are called primary producers,and they are the base of the marine food web.Virtually all of the photosynthesis that supports the rich life of oceans and lakes comes from plants living in the upper10to30meters of water. Along shores and in very shallow bodies of water,some species such as kelp are rooted to the bottom.These plants may attain considerable size and structural complexity,and may support diverse communities of organisms.In the open waters that cover much of the globe,however,the primary producers of organic carbon are tiny,often one-celled algae(called phytoplankton),which are suspended in the water.Zooplankton,tiny invertebrates that feed on phytoplankton,migrate vertically on a daily cycle:up into the surface waters at night to feed and down into the dark,deeper waters during the day to escape predatory fish that rely on light to detect prey.3.The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ApparentlyuallyC.NearlyD.Fortunately4.According to paragraph3,all of the following are true of kelp EXCEPT:A.They are found at the bottom of shallow waters.B.They are the primary producers of organic carbon.C.They can grow very large.D.They are a source of food for a variety of organisms.5.The word suspended in the passage is closest in meaning toA.dissolvedB.floatingC.invisibleD.released6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Zooplankton move up into surface waters at night to feed on phytoplankton,and down into deep,dark waters in daytime to avoid detection by predatory fish.B.Zooplankton migrate vertically on a daily basis in order to feed on phytoplankton, following them up into surface waters by day and down into dark,deeper waters at night.C.Unlike zooplankton,which migrate between surface waters and deeper waters, predatory fish must rely on the daytime light of surface waters to detect prey.D.Zooplankton are so tiny that they can only be detected by predatory fish in the light conditions of surface water,where they feed on phytoplankton.Paragraph4Second,the rapid absorption of sunlight by water means that only surface water is heated.The density of pure water is greatest at4degrees and declines as the water's temperature rises above or falls below this point.When solar radiation heats the water surface above4¡ãC,the warm surface water becomes lighter than the cool,deeper water,and so tends to remain on the surface,where it may be heated further and become even less dense.In tropical areas and in temperate climates during the summer,the surfaces of oceans and lakes are usually covered by a thin layer of warmwater.Unless these bodies of water are shallow,the deep water below this layer is much colder(sometimes near4degrees).The change in temperature between the warm surface water and the cold,deep water is called the thermocline.Mixing of the surface water by wave action determines the depth of the thermocline and maintains relatively constant temperatures in the water above it.7.According to paragraph4,what is a thermoclineA.The deep,cold layer of water below the surface of oceans and lakesB.The thin layer of warm water on the surface of oceans and lakesC.The change in density of surface water as it is continually heatedD.The point at which the temperature of water in oceans and lakes changes from warm to coldParagraph5Tropical lakes and oceans show pronounced permanent stratification of their physical properties,with warm,well-oxygenated,and lighted surface water giving way to frigid,dark,deep water almost devoid of oxygen.Oxygen cannot be replenished at great depths where there are no photosynthetic organisms to produce it,and the stable thermal stratification prevents mixing and reoxygenation by surface water.Only relatively few organisms can live in such extreme conditions.The waste products and dead bodies of organisms living in the surface waters sink to the depths,taking their mineral nutrients with them.The lack of vertical circulation thus limits the supply of nutrients to the phytoplankton above.Consequently,deep tropical lakes are often relatively unproductive and depend on continued input from streams for the nutrients required to support life.8.The word replenished in the passage is closest in meaning toA.absorbedB.restoredC.containedD.obtained9.According to paragraph5,all of the following are true of the water at great depths in tropical lakes EXCEPT:A.It has less oxygen than the surface water does.B.It is very dark.C.It contains relatively few living organisms.D.It has low levels of mineral nutrients.Paragraph6The situation is somewhat different in temperate and polar waters.Deep lakes,in particular,undergo dramatic seasonal changes:they develop warm surface temperatures and a pronounced thermocline in summer,but freeze over in winter. Twice each year,in spring and fall,the entire water column attains equal temperatureand equal density;moderate winds may then generate waves that mix deep and shallow water,producing what is called overturn.This semiannual mixing carries oxygen downward and returns inorganic nutrients to the surface.Phosphorus and other nutrients may be depleted during the summer;overturn replenishes these nutrients by stimulating the growth of phytoplankton.10.The word dramatic in the passage is closest in meaning toA.partialplexC.frequentD.striking11.According to paragraph6,after overturn,deep water levels of lakes in temperate climates will contain increased amounts ofA.warm waterB.phosphorusC.oxygenD.phytoplankton12.According to paragraphs5and6,temperate lakes are in general more productive than tropical lakes becauseA.temperate lakes receive more nutrients from incoming streamsB.the summer thermocline is relatively deep in temperate lakesC.solar radiation penetrates more of the water in temperate lakesD.temperate lakes experience vertical circulation of waterParagraph2When solar radiation strikes water,some is reflected,but most penetrates the surface and is ultimately absorbed.[A]Although water may appear transparent,it is much denser than air and absorbs radiation rapidly.[B]In clear water,99percent of the solar radiation is absorbed in the upper50to100meters.[C]Longer wavelengths of light are absorbed first;the shorter wavelengths(which have more energy)penetrate farther,giving the depths their characteristic blue color.[D]13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.If the water is clouded by many microscopic organisms,absorption occurs even closer to the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.Sunlight is rapidly absorbed by the upper layer of water,which makes it warmer and consequently less dense than the water below.B.Photosynthesizing plants,which provide the food and oxygen for most other forms of aquatic life,are limited to the levels of oceans and lakes where sunlight is available.C.The diversity of plant life in shallow water makes it attractive to zooplankton.D.As water becomes less dense and moves to the surface of the ocean or lake,it cools down and moderates the temperature of the surface.E.Because more solar energy is absorbed by bodies of water in the tropics,the topmost layer of the thermocline is widest there.F.In the tropics,permanent thermal stratification limits the amount of life supported in deep bodies of water;however,in temperate climates,seasonal thermal stratification allows vertical circulation and mixing of water,allowing the support of more life.Live PerformanceParagraph1Unlike video and cinema(although sometimes employing elements of both),the theater is a living,real-time event,with both performers and audience mutually interacting,each aware of the other's immediate presence.This turns out to be an extremely important distinction.Distinguished film stars,particularly those with theater backgrounds(as most have),routinely return to the live dramatic stage despite the substantially greater financial rewards of film work and invariably prefer stage acting because of the immediate audience response theater provides,with its corresponding sensations of excitement and presence.1.The word distinction in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ideaB.blendC.definitionD.difference2.Paragraph1makes which of the following points about theater and filmA.Theater audiences tend to be more critical than film audiences.B.Actors in the theater are usually not as well-known as film actors.C.Theater companies tend to pay more than film companies do for the most distinguished actors.D.Audiences respond to actors differently in theater than in film.3.Paragraph1suggests that the reason distinguished film stars return to live theater is that theyA.are able to command higher fees as well-known actorsB.enjoy the excitement of performing before a live audienceC.have great respect for theatrical drama as an art formD.are dissatisfied with the roles they are offered in films and television Paragraph2The first of these is the rapport existing between actor and audience.[A]Both are breathing the same air;both are involved at the same time and in the same space with the stage life depicted by the play.[B]Sometimes their mutual fascination is almost palpable;every actor's performance is affected by the way the audience yields or withholds its responses:its laughter,sighs,applause,gasps,silences.[C]Live theatrical performance is always a two-way communication between stage and house.[D]4.The word rapport in the passage is closest in meaning toA.excitementB.balanceC.bondD.fascinationParagraph3Second,theater creates a relationship among the audience members.Having arrived at the theaters as individuals or in groups of two or three,the audience members quickly find themselves fused into a common experience with total strangers:laughing at the same jokes,empathizing with the same characters,experiencing the same revelations. This broad communal response is never developed by television drama,which is played chiefly to solitary or clustered viewers who(because of frequent commercial advertisements)are only intermittently engaged,nor is it likely to happen in movie houses,where audience members essentially assume a one-on-one relationship with the screen and rarely(except in private or group screenings)break out in a powerful collective response,much less applause.By contrast,live theatrical presentations generate audience activity that is broadly social in nature:the crowd arrives at the theater at about the same time,people mingle and chat during intermissions,and all depart together,often in spirited conversation about the play.Moreover,they communicate during the play:laughter and applause build upon themselves and gain strength from the recognition that others are laughing and applauding.The final ovation unique to live performance inevitably involves the audience applauding itself, as well as the performers,for understanding and appreciating the theatrical excellence they have all seen together.And plays with political themes can even generate collective political response.In a celebrated example,1935s Waiting for Lefty was staged as if the audience were a group of union members;by the play's end the audience was yelling Strike!Strike!in response to the play's issues.Obviously,only a live performance could evoke such a response.5.In paragraph3,which of the following is mentioned as support for the statementthat This broad communal response is never developed by television dramaA.Television drama is rarely about serious social issues.B.People do not usually talk to each other while watching television.C.Television audiences vary greatly in their interest in television dramas.D.People do not typically watch television in large groups.6.According to paragraph3,movie house audiences are different from audiences at live theatrical performances because movie house audiences do notA.enjoy humor and jokes as much as theater audiences doB.develop broad communal responsesC.sympathize with the characters they see dramatizedD.generally applaud unless everyone else is applauding7.Why does the author mention the play Waiting for LeftyA.To illustrate the power of the communal response to playsB.To argue that plays about political subjects have more power to evoke deepfeelings in an audience than nonpolitical plays doC.To provide an example of a play that was a popular success because it dealt withimportant political issuesD.To compare the political importance of plays in recent times with the politicalimportance of earlier playsParagraph4Finally,live performance inevitably has the quality of immediacy.The action of the play is taking place right now,as it is being watched,and anything can happen. Although in most professional productions the changes that occur in performance from one night to another are so subtle that only an expert would notice,the fact is that each night's presentation is unique,and everyone present the audience,the cast, and those behind the scenes knows it.This awareness lends an excitement that cannot be achieved by theatrical events that are wholly in the can.One reason for the excitement,of course,is that in live performance,mistakes can happen;this possibility occasions a certain abiding tension,perhaps even an edge of stage fright, which some people say creates the ultimate thrill of the theater.But just as disaster can come without warning,so too can splendor.On any given night,each actor is trying to better his or her previous performance,and no one knows when this collective effort will coalesce into something sublime.The actors'constant striving toward self-transcendence gives the theater a vitality that is missing from performances fixed unalterably on videotape or celluloid.But perhaps most appropriately,the immediacy of live performance embodies the fundamental uncertainty of life.One prime function of theater is to address the uncertainties of human existence,and the very format of live performance presents a moment-to-moment uncertainty right before our eyes.Ultimately,this immediate theater helps us define the questions and confusions of our lives and lets us grapple,in the present,with their implications.8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although experts can detect the changes that occur in different performances,the changes are too subtle to be noticed by anyone else.B.Although their performances vary only subtly from one night to another,actors in most professional productions want audiences to believe that every performance is unique.C.Everyone involved in the professional production of a play knows that very small, almost unnoticeable changes make each performance unique.D.In most professional productions,changes are included from one performance to another that are intended to make every performance a unique one.9.The word thrill in the passage is closest in meaning toA.goalB.weaknessC.meaningD.excitement10.The word vitality in the passage is closest in meaning toA.styleB.energyC.purposeD.quality11.According to paragraph4,on any given night the result of actors'efforts to better their previous performances is that the actorsA.form long-lasting relationships with the audienceB.are better able to overcome their stage frightC.create a quality that is not present in film or televisionD.are more likely to be admired by audiences12.It can be inferred from paragraph4that one of the reasons filmed performances are less exciting than live theatrical performances is becauseA.there is little chance that a mistake will occur in a filmed performanceB.most movies portray situations that audiences have seen beforeC.audiences are interested in seeing famous actors live rather than on a screenD.most people are accustomed to going to the movies but view the theater as a special event13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such signs of an audience's engagement thus become part of every performance.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The first of these is the rapport existing between actor and audience.[A]Both are breathing the same air;both are involved at the same time and in the same space with the stage life depicted by the play.[B]Sometimes their mutual fascination is almost palpable;every actor's performance is affected by the way the audience yields or withholds its responses:its laughter,sighs,applause,gasps,silences.[C]Live theatrical performance is always a two-way communication between stage and house.[D]14.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.Although live theater is unlike either video or cinema,the different genressometimes overlap.B.While live theater is regarded by most film actors as the most exciting place toperform,many are too troubled by stage fright to perform live.C.In the theater,there is a two-way communication between actor and audience thathas an effect on the actor's performance.D.Audiences at live theatrical performances form a special connection,sharing thecommon experience of reacting to a live theatrical performance.E.Many people go to the theater excited to see in a live performance an actor thatthey have never seen before except on television or in films.F.The excitement of live theater cannot be achieved in any other medium,and itsimmediacy and uncertainty help us deal with life's fundamental uncertainty.Earthquake Prediction（此篇17年3月25日考到了）Paragraph1Accurate prediction of earthquakes is not currently possible,although intensive research is proceeding in many areas.Paragraph2Two types of earthquake prediction are theoretically possible.The first type is long-term forecasting,in which the probability of an earthquake along a particular segment of a within a certain time interval is calculated by studying seismic gaps and historical records of earthquakes that have occurred along that fault segment.By plotting the number of earthquakes within specific time intervals against their magnitudes,diagrams can be constructed for a local area.From this plot it is possible to determine the recurrence interval,or the average time interval between earthquakes of a specific magnitude.Predictions can then be made that an earthquake of thatmagnitude has a high probability of occurrence within a specified time interval,if the date of the last earthquake is known.1.The word specified in the passage is closest in meaning toA.probableB.statedC.shortD.typical2.According to paragraph2,all of the following information is used in the process of long-term earthquake prediction EXCEPT theA.analysis of seismic gapsB.record of past earthquakes in the fault areaC.date of the last recorded earthquake in the areaD.pattern of earthquake activity in other nearby fault segments3.According to paragraph2,long-term forecasting can be used to predict which of the followingA.The influence of earthquake activity in one segment of the fault area on othersegmentsB.The frequency with which earthquakes of a certain size will occurC.The possible date of the next earthquakeD.The magnitude of the next earthquakeParagraph3Research leading to short-term forecasting,which involves a shorter time interval,has been focused on precursors observed prior to previous earthquakes.Precursors are physical or chemical phenomena that occur in a typical pattern before an earthquake. These phenomena include changes in the velocity of seismic waves,the electrical resistance of rocks,the frequency of the usually minor preliminary earthquakes (foreshocks),the deformation of the land surface,and the water level or water chemistry of wells in the area.Many of these precursors can be explained by a theory called the dilatancy model.Under this hypothesis,rocks in the process of strain along a fault show significant dilation or swelling before rupture.This volume increase is caused by the opening of microcracks,which are minute failure zones in weaker mineral grains in the rock and along grain boundaries.Groundwater flows into the highly stressed areas during the formation of microcracks.These changes in density and water content affect the ability of the rock to transmit seismic waves and conduct electricity.Therefore,seismic-wave velocity and electrical resistance progressively change as the overall rupture along the fault draws near.Localized changes in land-surface elevation are also related to volume changes at depth.An area of recent uplift along the San Andreas Fault near Los Angeles,which has been named the Palmdale Bulge,is being monitored in great detail as a possible indicator of a future earthquake.4.The word focused in the passage is closest in meaning toA.dependentB.fundedC.concentratedD.published5.Paragraph3mentions all of the following as examples of precursors EXCEPTA.changes in the speed of seismic wavesB.changes in the availability of electricityC.changes in the frequency of foreshocksD.changes in land surfaces6.According to the dilatancy model,what happens to rocks shortly before an earthquakeA.They lose significant amounts of moisture.B.They show signs of expanding.C.They move downward at great speed.D.They increase in temperature.7.According to paragraph3,the groundwater that flows into microcracks before an earthquake causesA.changes in seismic waves and electrical activityB.increases in the mineral content of rocksC.the disappearance of grain boundaries in rocksD.a release in the tension of highly stressed areas of rocks8.The author discusses the San Andreas Fault near Los Angeles in order toA.contrast past and future patterns of earthquake activity in the areaB.give an example of an area where underground earthquake activity is apparentfrom land changes above the groundC.explain why recent earthquake predictions have increased accuracyD.suggest that some areas of earthquake activity are easier to monitor than others Paragraph4Volume changes and groundwater movement may be reflected by changes in water levels in wells and also by changes in the chemical composition of groundwater. Radon gas has been observed to increase in wells prior to earthquakes.These increases are perhaps related to the release of radon gas from rocks during the formation of microcracks.The pattern of seismic activity is also significant in the vicinity of a fault area where rupture is imminent.This pattern consists of an initial rise in the number of small events,followed by a decline in foreshocks just prior to the major earthquake.The decline may represent a temporary increase in rock strength before the newly formed microcracks are filled with water.9.According to paragraph4,which of the following occurs just before an earthquakeA.The chemical content of groundwater drops.B.The rocks weaken as they fill with water.C.Seismic activity decreases.D.Radon gas causes microcracks to form.10.The word imminent in the passage is closest in meaning toA.frequentB.well understoodC.known to occurD.about to happenParagraph5The precursor phenomena can be grouped into stages according to the dilatancy model.Stage I consists of a gradual stress buildup along the fault.Stages II and III are correlated with dilatancy and water influx.Stage IV is the major earthquake,and stage V is the aftermath of the event.[A]If every earthquake followed the sequence with uniform stage duration,earthquake prediction would be a simple matter.[B]Instead of following the same patterns,each earthquake is unique in terms of specific precursor behavior patterns and length of precursor stages.[C]A magnitude6.9North American earthquake in1989was preceded by a substantially smaller magnitude5 earthquake fifteen months before the event.[D]Another foreshock of similar size occurred two months before the event.In each case,a public advisory was issued stating that those smaller earthquakes could be foreshocks to a stronger earthquake within five days.However,the fault did not cooperate,and those predictions were not successful.Continued research and study of future earthquakes will certainly lead to refinement of the dilatancy model or to a replacement model with more accurate predictive capabilities.11.How is paragraph5organizedA.The sequence of earthquake stages is given,and the effect of variable stage lengthon earthquake prediction is explained.B.The earthquake stages are named,and the most important stage is illustrated with aspecific earthquake event.C.The sequence of earthquake stages is given,and evidence is presented that theintervals between stages are roughly equal in length.D.The earthquake stages are first named,and each is then described in greater detail.12.The word refinement in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reconsiderationB.acceptanceC.improvementD.extension13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.But the reality of earthquake forecasting is considerably more complex. Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The precursor phenomena can be grouped into stages according to the dilatancy model.Stage I consists of a gradual stress buildup along the fault.Stages II and III are correlated with dilatancy and water influx.Stage IV is the major earthquake,and stage V is the aftermath of the event.[A]If every earthquake followed the sequence with uniform stage duration,earthquake prediction would be a simple matter.[B]Instead of following the same patterns,each earthquake is unique in terms of specific precursor behavior patterns and length of precursor stages.[C]A magnitude6.9North American earthquake in1989was preceded by a substantially smaller magnitude5 earthquake fifteen months before the event.[D]Another foreshock of similar size occurred two months before the event.In each case,a public advisory was issued stating that those smaller earthquakes could be foreshocks to a stronger earthquake within five days.However,the fault did not cooperate,and those predictions were not successful.Continued research and study of future earthquakes will certainly lead to refinement of the dilatancy model or to a replacement model with more accurate predictive capabilities.14.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesShort-term forecasting has been used more widely than long-term forecasting in the prediction of earthquakes.B.Long-term forecasting of earthquakes uses data on past seismic activity to determine the likelihood that an earthquake will occur in a certain area within a certain time period.C.Short-term forecasting research has studied earthquake precursors such as volume increases in rocks and unusual movements in underground water that occur shortly before an earthquake takes place.D.The dilatancy model has been used to successfully forecast some recent earthquakes.E.Attempts to improve forecasting by using five stages of earthquake predictors have been unsuccessful because each earthquake has unique precursor patterns and durations.F.The magnitude6.9North American earthquake in1989was not successfully predicted because the many foreshocks before the event were too small to measure.Thermal Stratification。
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托福阅读否定事实信息题合集之TPO15-3托福阅读否定事实信息题是阅读考试十大题型之一，通常每篇阅读中都会出现;tpo是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的否定事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。
本文带来的是TPO15-3的否定事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO15-3A Warm-Blooded Turtle
Paragraph2
A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms.Nonetheless,an adult leather back can maintain a body temperature of between25and26°C(77-79°F)in seawater that is only8°C(46.4°F).Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle's body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters.Leather backs apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do,or the way birds do,as a by-product of cellular metabolism.A leather back may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface;its dark,almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation.However,most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.
4.Paragraph2mentions all of the following as true about the body heat of adult leather back turtles EXCEPT:
¡Their muscles produce heat for maintaining body temperature.
¡Their clark bodies help trap solar radiation.
¡Their cellular metabolism produces heat as a by-product.
¡Basking at the waters surface helps them obtain heat.
解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的muscles做关键词定位至最后一句，说可以通过肌肉的活动获得热量，正确，不选;B的dark body做关键词定位至第三句，说黑色体表可以捕获太阳辐射，正确，不选;C的by-product做关键词定位至第四句，但原文说不像我们和鸟类那样把热量作为新陈代谢的副产品，所以与C说的刚好相反，C是答案;D的basking和surface做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说通过basking可以获得热量，正确，不选
[2]温血海龟似乎是一个自相矛盾的术语。
尽管如此，成年棱皮龟能够在仅8摄氏度(46.4华氏度)的海水中将体温维持在25～26摄氏度(77-79华氏度)之间。
棱皮龟要做到这一点就必须调节其自身的体温，还要防止温度散失到周围水域。
很显然，棱皮龟产生体内热量的方式与我们或者鸟类不同，并非细胞代谢的副产物。
棱皮龟可能会通过晒太阳来收集身体所需的热量。
其深色近乎黑色的体色有助于吸收太阳辐射。
然而，它的大部分体热来自于肌肉运动。
以上就是托福阅读TPO15-3中的否定事实信息题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。
最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。