从功能翻译理论视角看《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译
功能对等理论视角下的字幕翻译研究——以《破产姐妹》为例的分析
作者： 陈文敏;李玲
作者机构： 中南大学外国语学院
出版物刊名： 吉首大学学报：社会科学版
页码： 167-169页
年卷期： 2015年 第S1期
主题词： 字幕翻译;功能对等理论;尤金·奈达;《破产姐妹》
摘要：当今时代,随着文化交流的深化,越来越多的国外音像作品引入我国,时下观看原版英文电影已经成为一种生活品质和优雅情调的象征。
但目前国内有关音像作品的字幕翻译缺乏统一的翻译理论指导及严格的规范依据。
就如全球热播美剧《破产姐妹》,现充斥于网上的字幕版本俯拾即是,但尽如人意的翻译却是寥若晨星。
本文以美国著名翻译学家尤金·奈达的功能对等理论为依据,对《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译进行分析研究,进而论证功能对等理论对字幕翻译具有实践性的指导作用。
目的论视角下对美剧《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译分析
目的论视角下对美剧《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译分析摘要：随着中美两国之间的交流日益密切，越来越多的美国影视作品涌入人们的生活。
影视字幕翻译重要性凸显，其翻译质量对影视作品的成功与否起着关键作用。
基于这一背景，本文以美国情景喜剧《破产姐妹》为例，以翻译目的论为指导，对其字幕翻译进行案例分析，通过研究其在翻译策略、修辞手法和文化负载词等方面的应用，找到值得借鉴的地方，希望可以提高自身翻译水平，为字幕翻译工作者和英语学习者提出一些可行性建议。
关键词：目的论；字幕翻译；《破产姐妹》一．引言中美两国友好关系的发展给中国带来了许多国外优秀影视作品，但由于文化差异和语言障碍，中国人观看美剧时会出现理解困难的情况。
因此，字幕翻译对于文化交流与传播起着关键作用。
《破产姐妹》是备受欢迎的一部情景喜剧，主要讲述了出生背景和人生经历完全不同的麦克斯和卡洛琳巧合相遇后不懈奋斗追求梦想的故事。
剧中还出现了收银员厄尔、厨师奥列格、餐厅老板李憨和邻居苏菲等性格迥异的人物。
该剧大获成功，在很大程度上得益于该剧的字幕翻译，通俗易懂、风趣幽默，完美地呈现出该剧所要表达的全部内容，可以称得上是比较经典的字幕翻译。
二．目的论与字幕翻译翻译目的论是功能翻译理论下的一个分支，由德国语言学家弗米尔提出，之后广泛流传于翻译界及学术界，后来逐渐成为翻译理论中的一大支柱。
该理论的核心是：整体翻译行为的目的作为翻译过程的最重要因素。
该理论包括三个基本原则：第一，目的性原则，即在特定的翻译语境中所有翻译方法和策略的选择必须服从于一定的目的；第二，连贯性原则，即译文必须通顺连贯，可读性强，易于读者接受；第三，忠实性原则，即译文忠实于原文，与原文有很大的一致性（张锦兰，2004）。
在这三个原则中，目的性原则是翻译的首要原则，换句话说，一切翻译行为最终都是要实现一定的翻译目的。
在影视剧字幕翻译，目的就是翻译的效果，要想把影视剧字幕翻译得近乎完美，就首先要明确翻译意图，然后在此基础上，灵活运用各种翻译技巧，切实遵循目的、连贯、忠实三大法则，将影视剧的全部内容恰到好处地呈现给目标语受众（梁志敏，2016）。
目的论视角下字幕的翻译策略研究以《破产姐妹》为例
目的论视角下字幕的翻译策略研究以《破产姐妹》为例一、本文概述随着全球化进程的加快，外国影视作品在中国市场的传播越来越广泛，字幕翻译作为影视作品传播的重要桥梁，其质量直接关系到观众对原作的理解和接受程度。
因此，如何进行有效的字幕翻译成为了翻译领域研究的热点问题。
本文旨在从目的论视角出发，探讨字幕翻译的策略，并以美国情景喜剧《破产姐妹》为例，分析其在中文字幕翻译中的具体应用。
《破产姐妹》以其独特的幽默风格和贴近生活的剧情，在中国观众中赢得了广泛的人气和口碑。
该剧的字幕翻译不仅需要准确传达原作的语义信息，还要考虑到中国观众的文化背景和审美习惯。
因此，本文通过分析《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译，旨在揭示在目的论指导下，如何灵活运用各种翻译策略，以实现字幕翻译的最佳效果。
具体而言，本文将首先介绍目的论的基本概念和原则，阐述其在字幕翻译中的适用性。
然后，结合《破产姐妹》的实例，分析目的论视角下字幕翻译的策略，包括直译、意译、增译、减译等。
在此基础上，本文将总结字幕翻译的经验和教训，为今后的字幕翻译实践提供有益的参考。
二、理论框架：目的论概述在翻译理论中，目的论（Skopostheorie）是一种重要的理论框架，由德国翻译理论家汉斯·弗米尔（Hans Vermeer）和凯瑟琳娜·莱斯（Katharina Reiss）于20世纪70年代提出。
目的论强调翻译行为的目的性，认为翻译是一种有意图的人类行为，其首要原则是翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译过程，即结果决定方法。
这一理论突破了传统等值翻译理论的束缚，将翻译研究的重点从原文和译文的对等关系转向翻译行为的目的和效果。
在目的论中，翻译被视为一种跨文化交际活动，其最终目的是实现译文在目标语文化中的交际功能。
因此，翻译策略和方法的选择应根据翻译的目的和译文读者的需求来确定。
在目的论的指导下，译者具有更大的灵活性和自主权，可以根据实际情况调整翻译策略，以实现翻译目的。
从目的论角度看美剧《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译
从目的论角度看美剧《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译作者：郑春生来源：《卷宗》2016年第12期摘要：随着改革开放的深入及互联网影音的兴起，美剧在国内的受众群体逐渐扩大，人气也直线上升，字幕的出现为国人了解外国影视作品提供了无限可能。
本文以德国功能主义翻译理论流派的观点为框架，主要利用目的论对美剧《破产姐妹》的字幕翻译进行分析，以探讨目的论在字幕翻译中的应用。
1 引言改革开放以来，中国越来越多的参与到国际文化沟通当中。
在当前的全球文化产品交流过程中，中国的进口仍然要比出口的规模大。
而在诸多进口的文化产品中，就包括电影及电视剧的引进。
同时，近年来随着互联网的发展，这种文化的进口愈加繁荣，视频网站及视频下载站如雨后春笋般在中国互联网上涌现出来。
而在诸多类型的影视娱乐作品中，情景喜剧以其短小精悍的片长、浅显易懂的内容、密集而浓缩的笑点以及清晰的剧情脉络成为人们减压的首选。
而另一方面，囿于国人的外语水平，直接观看原版的音像制品并能理解其含义对于大多数中国人来说仍然是十分困难的。
因此伴随着这股文化输入浪潮，字幕翻译愈加凸显其重要性。
但是相较于国外，国内的字幕翻译研究直到近十余年才开始，明显滞后于当今蓬勃的互联网影音发展进程。
本文就以德国功能主义翻译流派理论为框架，重点以目的论对近年大热的美国情景喜剧《破产姐妹》（2 Broke Girls）的字幕翻译进行分析。
2 德国功能主义翻译流派简介上世纪七十年代，德国翻译理论学家凯特琳娜﹒赖斯（Katharina Reiss）发表了《翻译学批评的可能性与方法》，提出将文本功能作为翻译批评的一个标准，指出翻译批评的依据应是原文和译文两者功能之间的关系。
该翻译批评理论形成了功能派理论的雏形。
赖斯的学生弗米尔（Hans J. Vermeer）将翻译研究从原文中心论的束缚中摆脱出来，以文本目的为翻译的第一准则，发展了功能派的主要理论：目的论（Skopos Theory），其核心观点是：决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的。
《目的论指导下《破产姐妹》中幽默语的汉译研究》
《目的论指导下《破产姐妹》中幽默语的汉译研究》一、引言《破产姐妹》是一部广受欢迎的美国情景喜剧，以其独特的幽默风格和生动的人物形象吸引了众多观众。
该剧中的幽默语言是该剧成功的关键因素之一，因此对《破产姐妹》中幽默语言的翻译具有重要的研究价值。
本研究采用目的论作为理论指导，研究其在中国观众中传达的效果及其汉译方法。
二、目的论在翻译中的运用目的论是翻译理论中的重要理论之一，强调翻译的目的和功能。
在《破产姐妹》的翻译中，我们应将目的论作为指导原则，根据中国观众的文化背景、审美习惯等因素，选取恰当的翻译策略，确保目标语言的观众能够获得与原作相似的感受和体验。
三、《破产姐妹》中的幽默语言特点《破产姐妹》中的幽默语言以幽默诙谐、口语化、生动形象为主要特点。
剧中的角色对话中经常运用讽刺、双关、夸张等修辞手法，使得剧情更加生动有趣。
此外，该剧还善于运用日常生活中的细节和场景来制造笑点，让观众在轻松愉快的氛围中感受到生活的乐趣。
四、《破产姐妹》幽默语言的汉译策略在目的论的指导下，我们应采用以下翻译策略来传达《破产姐妹》中的幽默语言：1. 直译与意译相结合：对于剧中的口语化、俚语等特殊表达方式，我们应采用直译与意译相结合的方法，既保留原作的语气和韵味，又使译文更符合中文的表达习惯。
2. 语境还原：在翻译过程中，我们应尽量还原剧中的语境，使观众能够更好地理解角色的情感和意图。
通过调整语序、增加修饰语等方式，使译文更加贴合原作的情境。
3. 夸张与夸大：对于剧中的夸张表达方式，我们在翻译时应适当夸大其词，以突出原作的幽默效果。
但同时也要注意不要过度夸大，以免失去原作的韵味。
五、案例分析以《破产姐妹》中的一句经典台词为例：“I'm a fat lady with a dream of becoming a skinny girl with a big house.”（我是一个胖女人，梦想着成为一个苗条的女孩住在大房子里。
功能对等理论视角下的《破产姐妹》
题目：功能对等理论视角下的《破产姐妹》中言语幽默的翻译研究On the Verbal Humor Translation in Two Broke Girls from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence TheoryDissertation in part fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of ArtsbyWEI XixiSupervisor:Prof. QIN YonshengSpecialty:English Sub Institution:School of摘要《破产姐妹》因其突出的个性和言语幽默受到越来越多观众的喜爱，是一部成功的情景喜剧。
其成功依赖于创造性、艺术魅力和对幽默的喜爱。
此外，其成功也离不开良好的翻译。
通过其翻译，可以发现一些引导言语幽默翻译的因素，同时还有利于我国落后的幽默翻译状况。
目前，还没有一套完整的理论或标准来指导或评判言语幽默翻译。
本论文将从功能对等理论的角度出发，总结出一套言语幽默翻译的策略，为言语幽默翻译提供理论方向和技术支持。
关键词：功能对等理论；情景喜剧；破产姐妹；言语幽默翻译AbstractTwo Broke Girls attracts more and more audiences by prominent characteristics and verbal humor, it is a successful situation comedy. On the one hand, the success relies on creation and artistic charm. It depends on the love towards humor. Besides, the success is related to the good translation. It is possible to find some clues toAt present, the verbal humor translation have not been valued and there is not afunctional equivalence to conclude a set of theory. It will provide a theoretical direction and technical support for the verbal humor translation.Key words: functional equivalence theory; situation comedy; Two Broke Girls; verbal humor translationDATE OF SUBMISSION: 04/06/2013 SIGNATURE:ContentsAbstract ( in Chinese) (iii)Abstract (in English) (iv)1. Definition of Humor 22. Studies on Humor 53. Studies on the Translation of Verbal Humor 62. Enlightenment of Functional Equivalence Guiding Verbal Humor Translation 8 Chapter III The Feasibility of Functional Equivalence Theory in Verbal Humor Translation in Two Broke Girls (9)2. Features of Language in Two Broke Girls (11)3. Categories of Verbal Humor Translation in Two Broke Girls (12)With the increasing of the intercultural communication, the humor translation deserves to be an integral part of cultural communication because humor itself implies culture. Humor translation is undoubtedly plays an extremely important role to make different country’s people understand other country’s humor. However ,due to much humor is unique, translating such humor brings the translator difficulties which is not easier to conquer. Reviewing of the previous research on humor translation, the author finds the untranslatability of humor occupies the dominant place in this field. Through many translators continuously exploration and translation theories development, functional equivalence theory is used on the humor translation. Comparing with the traditional theories ,it provides a new way to translate humor in sitcom. This dissertation will analyze the subtitle translation to explore the strategies of translating the verbal humor taking Eugeneunderstand the American verbal humor and enjoy the same laughter and experience with the American audiences.This dissertation is composed of four parts. The first part introduces the research background and meaning. The second part is a review of research onhumor translation and functional equivalence theory. The third part is to conclude the categories of the humor translation taking the sitcom: Two Broke Girls as an example. It will analyze the subtitle from the view of functional equivalence theory, as a result, the author can conclude different strategies of different kinds of verbal humor. The last part is a conclusion of the whole passage and it will propose the direction of studying the humor translation.1. Definition of Humoremotion.2. Studies on HumorLeading by the traditional theory: Superiority, Relief and Incongruity, the research on humor has become a multidisciplinary research area. Especially since the late 1960s and 1970s, the rapid development of pragmatics and semantics attracts some disciplines start to study on humor and makes a lot of achievements, such as: anthropology, linguistics, psychology, sociology, etc. Attardo(1990) explained the humors production from the perspective of breaking Grice’s cooperative principle. Ritehie studied humor from the point of computer. Hnahcercan explain the longer humorous passages. Norrick (1986),Coulson (2001) studied humor from the way of frame-shifting. Jodlowiec(1991),Curco(1995),Larkin(2000) and Yus (2003)explained the humor by the Relevance theory. Giora(1991) introduced the humor using marked information requirement and optimal innovation hypothesis.[2]Linguistics, sociology and psychology have focused on the study of humor for a long time in China.Hu Fanchou’s Humor Linguistics (1987) is the first book to study the verbal systematically. There are three books studying humor from theproduction, understanding and function of humor, they are Sun Shaozhen’s The Basic Principle of Humor (1990),Gua Tian’s The Operation of the Humor Language and Gong Weicai’s The Art of the Humor Language. Besides, Chen Chunhua (1999) studied the production of humor from the view of verbal inference; Nan Zuomin(2000) studied the effect of humor from the language elements’variation skills; Liu Naishi and Xiong Xueliang (2003) explained humor with the Face theory and the Politeness Principles.[3]3. Studies on the Translation of Verbal HumorHumor is always a hot topic discussed by scholars over a long period both atSince Aristotelian and Platonic age, humor has been studied theoretically in the west. Many Western scholars, such as Kant, Freud and Hobbes have presented their humor theories.For a long time, the translatability of humor has been a dispute in translation circle, thus the research pace is relatively slow compared with other translation studies, which has been explicitly pointed out by Jeroen Vandaele .[4]Henri Bergson drew the distinction between the humor expressed by language and the created by language. Hence, the line he drew between translatable and untranslatable contributed greatly to the following research.In 1989, the collection of papers, “Humor et Traduction (Humor andTranslation)”, presented, focusing on the techniques of translating humor. The main contributors were teachers and translators in universities.Humor translation should achieve the equivalence of effects as much as possible. Neubert and Shreve emphasize the equivalence of effect. [5] From their point of view, equivalence is more like the relationship between textual effect and communicative value. Despite the difficulty of verbal humor translation, it still can3.2 Humor Translation at HomeLiu Miqing, in his book Style and Translation holds that humor and pun are hardly translatable, due to complicated nature of language, which has unique language background, such as history, psychology and culture. He also claims that humor caused by rhymes is hard to interpret by giving the example of Mark Twain’Mao Ronggui claims that there exist three difficulties of situation-dependent humor translation.[7] First, humor results from the phonological or morphological switch from the original language. Second, humor production involves culturalFrom above, we know that both Liu and Mao hold that humor is untranslatable. However, many other researchers disagree with them. Ouyang Lifeng is one ofprocess of translation, the translators should be faithful to the writer’s intention. With regard to the difficulties in humor translation, he claims that the functional translation and domestication should be the only ways to tackle the difficulties. [8]appropriate strategy should be defined according to clear judgement of TL readers’value systems, cultural orientation and even aesthetic tendency.[9] With all these considerations, humor can be produced.Zhang Guangming concludes the obstacles in interpreting humor—different sense of humor, that is, comparing to the west equivalent, Chinese is less humorous; cultural differences and the interpreter’s nonproficiency for the SL (source language).[10]It is universally acknowledged that Dr. Eugene A. Nida makes greatin scientific manner and his accomplishes specializing translation theory counting remarkably in modern translation studies.equivalence.”The concept “dynamic equivalent translation”was first put forward by Nida in T oward a Science of Translation.“In such a translation one is not so concerned with matching the receptor-language message with the source-language message, but with theNida defines “dynamic equivalence”as “in terms of the degree to whichThe concept “dynamic equivalence”is superseded by “functional equivalence”in From One Language to Another. The functional equivalence has no essential differences from “dynamic equivalence”and Nida makes this substitution just for emphasizing the concept of function.In Language, Culture and Translating, Nida categorizes “functionalIt is impossible to find two leaves that are absolutely same in the whole world. Complete equivalence translation is unattainable. Nida stresses thatAccording to Nida, “functional equivalence”is a concept that ranges frommaximal, ideal state of functional equivalence ,could be stated as “The readers of aThese are the definition and development of functional equivalence theory.2. Enlightenment of Functional Equivalence Guiding Verbal Humor Translation Verbal humor translation is a special kind of subtitle translation. It is a challenge for translators because the difficulty is functional equivalence. The humor effect should be reserved after translation, but in fact, it is very difficult to reserve theComparing with the standard traditional translation theory, Nida’s functionalmore—the comprehension and response of receivers. In other words, functionallanguage in aspects of language form, significance, style and cultural connotation. The “equivalence”in functional equivalence theory is a relative concept, not absolute equivalent. Influenced by different factors, such as ideology, culture background, situation context, vocabulary, grammar, translators and target receptors, it is impossible to achieve absolute equivalence. The subtitle translatorsChapter III The Feasibility of Functional Equivalence Theory in Verbal Humor Translation in Two Broke GirlsMax is a black hair girl works in a low grade restaurant in Brooklin of New York, she can always surprise others with her sharp words. The new waitress Caroline is a fashionable blonde girl who is inharmonious with the low grade workplace. Occasionally Max knows that Caroline used to be a real lady in rich family and has to work as a waitress after her father broke. Max is sharp in speaking, but kind-hearted inside, she takes Caroline, then they become friends. Although they are in the poor environment, Caroline never forgets to start a career. Accidently, shedollars as career fund, it is challenging for them, therefore they develop a serious actions aim at making their dream come true.2. Features of Language in Two Broke Girls2.1 Popular Spoken Englishtrend of contemporary English that popularized in current real life especially among young people. To Chinese translators, these new expression and creative sentence structures in Two Broke Girls are far from familiar compared to what wetranslators is to avoid misunderstanding about those popular ways of speaking English that never can be learned from any textbooks in China and also never be occurred to Chinese English-learners unless they really know about the meaning of them from foreign movies and television series or native speakers. The following lines in Two Broke Girls bother some translators when they heard them at the first time.2.2Distinct and Sharp IndividualizationOne of the elements leading to Two Broke Girls great success is that it is distinctly and sharply individualized. Every character has their own unique3. Categories of Verbal Humor Translation in Two Broke Girls3.1The Universal HumorTo put it simply, the universal humor means that people can know it under anycultural background, in other words, it is the global mutual humor. It comes trueeconomy, background, gender or race. For example, translating the Chinese crosstalk into English also can make foreigners laugh; Chinese people can enjoy the humor from the George Bernard Shaw’s classic words. This kind of humor occupies a huge proportion in situation comedy humor. There is no need to associate one specific cultural background or break the head over the paronomasia, the audiences can enjoy the humor easily.The universal verbal humor is a relatively simple to comprehend or translate because it always expresses the humor effect through exaggerating the facts, violating the common sense, distorting the facts or unexpected methods. It contains every aspect of daily life which has similarity between China and America, so there is common cognition among them. Under the functional equivalence theory, the translator needs to reappear the exaggerated facts or something else simply and honestly, it is enough to understand for the target receptors. The universal verbal humor can be reappeared from the way of literal translation. The purpose of situation comedy is for entertainment, so during the process ofin Two Broke Girls, the Chinese version reserves the humor effect to a large extent and achieves the functional equivalence.3.2 The Linguistic HumorThe linguistic humor is to make amusement based on the characteristics of language itself. Pun is one of the most pervasive ways. But this category of humor arouses most serious toughness in translating job, because pun usually only cam be played with the source language.3.3The Culture-related HumorThe culture-related humor is a verbal humor under a specific cultural background. In fact situation comedy is a kind of cultural production, the humorous dialogues contain many cultural information and elements that permeates bright social culture characteristics. For example, a word represents name, geographical name, title of literary work, food or drink, actually, it is a cultural product of some country or some district; besides some dialogue may contains idiom, motto, metaphor or quote involving the aspects of humanity, geography, political, religion, local conditions, customs, mythology, literary quotation, literature, allegory. Therefore, it is a kind of verbal humor loading the specific culture. Understanding this verbal humor requires the receptor has the knowledge of cultural background and associative ability, so understanding this kind of verbal humor is not easy for the receptors who have different background.With the development of globalization , the communication of politics,economy and culture becomes more frequently. As the production of culture, more and more situation comedy flow over into China. Two Broke Girls is a representation of them, it is very popular around the America, even around the world. Under this background, the success of it is related closely to the translation of verbal humor translation. The verbal humor translation in Two Broke Girls is successful undoubtedly. Humor is a thing of wonder and ambiguity, thus the humorHow to guide and evaluate the verbal humor translation? According to the different standpoints and starting points, people use different standards to evaluate the quality of translation. Corresponding in literal and form is a standard of longest history and widest scope. However, through several decades’time and research, many facts indicates that it is not the most scientific and appropriatebetter theory and standard.4.1 The Universality of Functional Equivalence in Guiding the Verbal Humor TranslationIn 1960s, Nida’s functional equivalence brings a new perspective and theory in translation. It is not restricted from literal corresponding, it emphasizes the reaction of receptor. It regards the dynamic equivalence of reactions between originalpurpose of amusement. It is totally accord with the functional equivalence. So, guiding and criticizing the verbal humor translation with functional equivalence isor achieve functional equivalence, translators always use different methods, such as literal translation, free translation, annotation, substitute, alienation. These methods verify the idea about translation therapy proposed by Nida in his functional equivalence.4.2 The Common Strategies in the Verbal Humor TranslationThe common strategies in the verbal humor translation are literal translation, free translation, annotation, alienation. Different kinds of verbal humor need different strategies. The universal verbal humor is the most common translation, it also is easier to translate. As for this kind of humor translation, literal translation is the most commonly used methods. The forms of linguistic humor is various presented by pun, polyphonic words, polysemous words and many other ways.seems like that it can not be translated. Under this condition, translators adopts the way of free translation to achieve functional equivalence. Although there is no complex structures or various formations in the culture-related humor, the translation is not very easy because it contains much cultural backgroundcontains the culture-related knowledge, intratextual annotation is the most useful way to translate.4.3 Limitation and Research Prospectignore the form correspondence. Nida thinks that the form correspondence can be ignored to reach the meaning correspondendce.There is someone once said: The difficulty of humor translation is no less than poem translation, sometimes, the humor even can not be translated.[15]after translation, but it is very difficult to keep the original humor during theEnglish, such as idiom, proverb, allusion and proper names. Chinese often expresses with idiom, but English often expresses through pun. As for this reason, it is hard to reappear the humor even the translator has a good knowledge about two country’s culture. Nida presents an idea in his functional equivalence—the response of the receptor, it requires that the response of the receptor should be same as the original receptor. In my opinion, this idea is accordant with the purpose of translation on verbal humor. The difficulty of verbal humor’s translation is howto make two kinds of languages be equivalent. Humor aims at bringing the laughter to the audiences, but if the translation can’t make the audiences laugh, it means the translation is fail and meaningless. Due to the different culture, the receptor always lack the knowledge of the background, it is not easier for the receptor to enjoy the original verbal humor. If the translator wants to do a good job on the translation of verbal humor, he should have the ability to appreciate thedissertation will analyze the subtitle in Two Broke Girls to conclude the strategies of translating the verbal humor taking the functional equivalence theory as the foundation.1. Humor, Wikipedia: 2. Neubert, A &Gregory M. S.. Translation as Text. Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1992:1443. Nida, Eugene A. T oward A Science of Translating [M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.4. Nida, Eugene A. Language and Culture: Context in translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 19935. Nida, Eugene A. &Taber, J.C. The Theory and Practice of Translation [ M ]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.6. Vandaele. J, (Re-) Consturcting Humor: Meaning and Means [J], The Translation 2002(2):149-1727.《翻译研究论文集》1949～1983，外语教学与研究出版社，P4918. 李萃萃，功能对等理论视角下的《老友记》言语幽默翻译研究，辽宁大学，2011.49. 刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司.1998.10.毛荣贵.翻译美学.[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.2005.11. 欧阳利锋.如何翻译幽默[J]. 广东外语外贸大学学报，2002,3:49-5412.孙艺凤.文学翻译的过程[M].上海外语教育出版社,2000:P5813. 闫芳，幽默以及幽默语言学研究综述，江苏省运河高等师范学校，江苏，苏州，22130014.张光明.英汉互译思维概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2001.。
功能对等理论视角下看情景喜剧言语幽默的字幕翻译美剧《破产姐妹》个案研究
在情景喜剧的字幕翻译中，功能对等理论同样起着重要的指导作用。为了使 中国观众能够更好地理解和欣赏《破产姐妹》中的言语幽默，译者需要确保在保 持原意不变的同时，将原剧中的幽默元素尽可能地展现出来。
三、《破产姐妹》字幕翻译的个 案分析
《破产姐妹》中的幽默主要来源于两位主角——Max和Caroline之间的互动 和对话。下面我们将通过一些具体例子，分析字幕翻译如何实现功能对等，从而 让中国观众更好地理解和欣赏这部剧的言语幽默。
这样的表述，用中国观众熟知的“犀利哥”来指代长相帅气但行为怪异的男 性，从而实现了文化对等。
2、语言游戏
《破产姐妹》中的言语幽默还常常体现在语言游戏上，如双关语、俚语、同 音词等。这些语言特征在翻译过程中也需要特别注意。例如，在剧中有一句： “Can you believe we’re already halfway through January?”。这句话 中的“halfway through January”在英语中是一个常见的双关语，可以理解为 “已经过了年中的一半”或者“已经到了1月的中旬”。
四、结论
通过以上的个案分析，我们可以看到功能对等理论在情景喜剧言语幽默的字 幕翻译中的重要性。为了使中国观众能够更好地理解和欣赏《破产姐妹》中的言 语幽默，字幕翻译需要在保持原意不变的文化参照、语言游戏和情感表达等方面 的功能对等。通过运用适当的翻译策略，字幕翻译者可以实现奈达所说的“最近 似的自然等值”，使中国观众在观看《破产姐妹》时能够获得与英语观众类似的 观赏体验。
1、文化参照
由于中美文化存在较大差异，一些在中国观众看来难以理解的文化元素成为 了翻译的难点。例如，在某一集中，Max说：“I want to be a female Gordon Ramsay when I grow up.”这里的“Gordon Ramsay”是指英国著名的厨师和餐 厅老板，对于不熟悉西方餐饮文化的中国观众来说可能难以理解。因此，字幕翻 译中使用了“成为女版‘犀利哥’”
试从功能目的论角度探究字幕翻译的温度——以《破产姐妹》为例
220试从功能目的论角度探究字幕翻译的温度——以《破产姐妹》为例文/全莹摘要：随着全球化和数字多媒体技术的发展，美剧在国内民众中传播开来。
但由于语言和文化的障碍，观众很难与源语言观众一样感受到美剧同等的魅力。
时下深受年轻人喜爱的美剧《破产姐妹》便是成功字幕翻译的典型代表。
字幕君成功地赋予了其字幕以不温不火，恰到好处的温度，使得目的语观众产生了与源语观众同等的心理反应。
本文将在功能主义翻译论框架下，利用目的论分析该剧字幕翻译的成功案例，旨在探求其可借鉴之处。
关键词：功能目的论；字幕翻译；字幕温度随着文化全球化的加速和互联网的普及，外国影视作品成为大众了解异国文化的最佳途径。
美剧因其题材的“新、奇、特”、人物语言的幽默和成熟的市场运作深受年轻人喜爱。
然而，由于语言和文化限制，国内观众的观剧感受很难与源语言观众产生共鸣，这使得影视剧字幕翻译的重要性日益凸显。
众多情景喜剧中，《破产姐妹》成为广大剧迷追捧的热播剧之一，该剧的热播可谓离不开其成功的字幕翻译。
著名双语作家及影评人周黎明结合个人经验，总结了影视作品翻译的三层境界：第一层境界--翻译字词；第二层境界--翻译意思；第三层境界--翻译意境。
笔者认为，“意境”可以理解为其对应的文本温度，或者可以理解为剧本有无“意境”依赖于其文本温度的有无。
本文尝试用功能目的论试析其字幕翻译的成功之处，旨在为更多国外影视剧字幕翻译找到可借鉴之处。
一、译本的温度笔者认为，译本的温度主要指译文的情感深度。
即译文能否将观众在不知不觉中带入源语语境，能否触动观众的内心，与源语观众产生情感共鸣。
译本恰到好处的温度对译者的翻译造诣提出了极高要求。
好的译作呈现给观众的不仅是译者认真的态度和较高的文学造诣，甚至是个人的情感倾向。
二、字幕翻译的特点及难度。
英美影视作品的语言具有即时性与简洁性等特点。
因此，字幕翻译与书面语或口语翻译存在明显区别。
字幕翻译工作者若想把源语信息成功地转换给观众且让观众感受到源影视作品的同等魅力，必须针对剧中的语言采取合适的翻译策略。
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Byatt’s Possession51 论《紫色》的社会意义52 中英身势语中的文化差异53 参与式教学法与初中学生英语口语能力的培养54 主语显著和话题显著—英汉语对比分析55 《傲慢与偏见》和《简爱》中的性别歧视现象和女权主义56 《石头天使》中哈格形象的女性主义解读57 奉献与救赎：浅谈欧•亨利小说的宗教精神58 遗忘曲线在记忆英语词汇中的运用59 阿瑟·黑利小说《讹诈》中的前景化现象探析60 从目的论角度研究培根《谈读书》的翻译61 梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》和道家思想在自然观上的比较62 《纯真年代》中艾伦•奥伦斯卡和梅•韦兰的人物命运分析63 浅析《恋爱中的女人》的圣经意象原型——从原型批评角度解读64 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异65 爱与孤独的互生——舍伍德安德森《曾经沧海》与戴维劳伦斯《马贩子的女儿》对比研究66 Cooperative Principle in Business Letters67 中餐菜谱翻译的错误分析68 小议非语言交际中的身体语言69 从生态伦理学的角度分析玛丽•雪莱《弗兰肯斯坦》70 中英文化差异与英语教学71 中西节日的对比研究72 英语“名词+ ly”类形容词的词化分析、语义特征及句法功能73 任务型教学在高中英语写作教学中的应用74 欧•亨利短篇小说人物形象分析之善良特性75 女孩与玫瑰—《秘密花园》中生态女性主义解读76 论汉语景点名称的英译77 An Analysis of English Pronunciation Teaching in Elementary Schools78 浅析亨利•詹姆斯小说《螺丝在拧紧》中的哥特成分79 极权主义下人性的扭曲——用福柯的空间理论解读乔治·奥威尔的《》80 从寂寞到超然—索尔•贝娄的《赫索格》中书信体的内心独白81 An Analysis of Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion from the Perspective of Interpersonal Function82 习语中的文化差异83 从文化差异角度看中式菜单英译85 英汉动物词语文化内涵的差异86 从关联理论看《阿甘正传》的字幕翻译87 外语教学中文化意识的培养88 埃德加爱伦坡恐怖小说中的重复89 从象征主义视角看《阿拉比》和《一个干净明亮的地方》90 Yellow Peril–the Image of Fu Manchu in the West91 莫言小说《红高粱》中的转喻92 从礼貌原则看英语委婉语的构成和社会功能93 浅析托妮·莫里森《宠儿》中人物的身份建构94 Characteristics of Interpretation and Roles of Interpreters95 浅析《小妇人》中乔的女性意识及其成长过程96 从合作原则和礼貌原则的角度分析赵丽蓉的小品97 英汉称呼语的对比研究98 方位介词“over”的隐喻含义研究99 丹尼尔·笛福的社会地位和鲁滨逊漂流记100 数字模糊语义的汉英翻译101 《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公比较分析102 从文化视角看汉英翻译中的语篇连贯性103 论商标翻译中存在的问题及对策104 英语复合名词的认知语义研究105 融入与挑战——从生态角度看《老人与海》与《瓦尔登湖》106 浅析埃德加•爱伦•坡《厄舍古屋的倒塌》中的死亡主题107 功能对等理论下英文电影片名的翻译108 浅析《乞力马扎罗的雪》的现代主义特征109 中美幽默的比较110 论《野性的呼唤》中对人和自然和谐的呼唤111 从海尔的品牌成功探讨中国企业在全球化环境下的品牌战略112 论《杀死一只知更鸟》的成长主题113 《哈利波特》系列小说的浪漫主义情节分析114 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening的三中译本－－－－各译作对原作忠实度的对比评析115 英汉被动结构对比研究116 简爱性格研究117 包法利夫人的悲剧简析118 从弗洛伊德的精神分析法分析《麦田里的守望者》霍尔顿•考尔菲德的成长119 马斯洛需求理论视角下的斯嘉丽120 Cultural Influences on Business Negotiation between China and Japan121 赛珍珠《群芳亭》的生态女性主义解读122 《荒原》中的神话溯源123 网络环境下英语专业学生学习策略研究124 山寨文化的反思——发展与创新125 从心理学角度看哈克贝利.费恩的性格126 《永别了，武器》的存在主义解读127 A comparison of values of money between Scarlett and Gatsby128 浅析《飘》中女主人公斯佳丽的女性意识129 An Analysis of Textual Functions of the English Passive Voice130 Passion & Religion — A Comparison between The Scarlet Letter and The Thorn Birds131 论英汉翻译过程132 论白鲸中的象征主义133 Cause Analysis of Pragmatic Failure in Cross-cultural Communication134 马克吐温小说的语言特征135 试论《出狱》中“房子”的意象136 《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻观对当代中国的现实意义137 《白象似的群山》中话语权利争夺探究138 浅析阿里巴巴的创新盈利模式139 《儿子与情人》恋母情结分析140 Sexism in English Language141 The Comparison and Translation of English and Chinese Idioms142 从鹿鼎记和唐吉诃德的主要人物的较对比来比中西方侠文化143 The Analysis of the Double Character o f Wuthering Heights’ Hero——Heathcliff144 Analysis of Tony’s Tragedy in A Handful of Dust145 中西方奢侈品消费文化之比较146 伊丽莎白．贝内特与简．爱的婚姻观之比较147 《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》中阶级面面观148 哥特元素在《宠儿》中的运用149 浅谈《永别了，武器》中的感伤主义150 英汉天气词汇的隐喻用法151 悲剧英雄—赫尔曼•梅尔维尔笔下的比利•巴德形象分析152 凯特肖邦《觉醒》中女主人公女性意识的觉醒153 On the Principle of Elegance in the Translation of Business Contracts154 网络环境下小组合作学习模式研究155 论圣经诗篇的修辞特点156 A Research of Translation of English Songs into Chinese by Poetic Norms157 中英礼貌用语差异158 A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries 159 The Religious Thoughts in The Pilgrim’s Progress160 对中英组织文化差异的跨文化研究161 从《老人与海》看海明威小说中的英雄式人物的刻画162 浅析奥斯丁的女性意识163 论亨利•詹姆斯的世态小说的特征—以《黛西•米勒》和《贵妇画像》为例164 米字旗下的荣耀与忐忑——论维多利亚时代英国人的社会价值观165 论华裔女星在好莱坞电影中的角色转变166 An Analysis of Gilmore’s American Existentialism in The Executioner’s Song167 析《远大前程》主人公性格之路168 《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译研究169 浅析远大前程中皮普转向成熟的过程170 《女勇士》中美国华裔身份危机的探寻171 商务英语交流中委婉语的语用功能研究172 透过中西谚语的对比分析中西文化异同173 “狗”在中西文化中的对比研究174 《老友记》中幽默的翻译175 浅析《老人与海》中的悲剧色彩176 Modern Views on Marriages in Wuthering Heights177 The Narrative Strategies of O. Henry’s Short Stories178 凯特肖邦小说《觉醒》中的超验主义思想分析179 《第二十二条军规》的荒诞性解读180 目的论视角下公益广告的翻译181 传统道德与时代新意识之战―论林语堂在《京华烟云》中的婚恋观182 英语前缀和后缀在初中单词教学中的应用183 A Comparison of the English Color Terms184 简爱的独立与反叛性格分析185 功能翻译理论关照下的新闻英语标题翻译186 跨文化交际背景下英语禁忌语探析187 从USP理论角度论苹果公司的广告策略188 商务英语合同的词汇特征189 新经济原则在商品买卖会话中的运用190 对《名利场》中女主人公的性格特征分析191 海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析192 A Study on Error Correction in JEFC Classroom193 英语系动词语义属性及句法行为研究194 汽车广告功能分析195 从《蜘蛛侠》系列看美国的英雄主义196 爱情，悲剧和战争——《永别了武器》关键元素的分析197 基于马斯诺需求层次理论的《老人与海》主人公人物分析198 浅谈《圣经》故事与英语学习199 王尔德童话《快乐王子》中的对比艺术200 The Analysis of Promotion Strategy of L’Oréal in China。