最新科技英语翻译和写作
科技英语翻译
一些国家正在采用卫星来发展国内的通信， 以取代传统的陆地电话。 Some countries have been using satellites for domestic communications in place of conventional telephone lines on land.
Further Practice
1.十年前启动的星火计划在发展高新技术产业和 促进研究成果产业化和商品化方面已取得了初 步成效。
The Torch Program, launched 10 years ago, has brought about initial success in developing new and high-tech industries and promoting the commercialization and industrialization of research results.
Useful Words and Expressions
通信卫星系统 communication satellite systems
引起
传统的
to evoke
conventional
陆地电话线
成本高的
telephone lines on land
costly
普及
popularize
Notes
这是一篇科普短文，属新闻报道文体，具有时效 性，信息性，翻译时要注意选择正确的时态。
科技英语 主编 田文杰 课文翻译
Unit 1Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,especially intelligent computer programs.人工智能是制造智能机器的科学与工程，特别是智能化的计算机程序。
It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence,but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.这与使用计算机来理解人类智能的类似任务有关，但是人工智能不需要把它局限在生物可观察的方法上。
In this unit,the two passages present a general picture of AI research .在这个单元，两个章节提出了人工智能研究的概况。
Text A briefly introduces the definition of AI,some kinds of architectures of AI system,essential capabilities to AI programs and so on.文章A简要介绍了人工智能的定义，人工智能的系统的几种体系结构、基本功能以及程序等等。
Text B explains a particular area of AI research--natural language processing including its definition and a legendary Turing’s Test.文章A解释特定地区研究人工智能的自然语言处理包括定义和传说中的图灵测试。
科技英语课文翻译
科技英语课文翻译课文翻译英语Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式（如：应。
一种类比是救护车的汽笛声会改变音高――当它朝你行驶，然后通过你身边接着朝另一个方向去了的时候――他的声波首先是压缩的，接着伸长这些测量给了天文学家一个关于宇宙在不同历史点的膨胀速度的图景。
研究人员还发现宇宙如今正在以前所未有的速度在膨胀。
“一开始我们不情愿相信我们的结果，”加州大学伯克利分校的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的天体物理学家Saul Perlmutter说，他领导的一个竞争性的小组发现了和Schmidt以及Riess 相同的结果。
x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
就现在而言，这种类们可以用x代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3例如，小于我7，来表示x={n4，5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是：我们也可让：n是整数，y={x：3n7}x是美国的一个男性居民。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
}。
求的空间。
但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x={a：xa它本不再身是在x有致命的打击。
尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题当罗素发现了悖论，的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
科技英语翻译(1)
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Historically，“three peaks”in translation movements：东汉至唐宋的Buddhism scripture 的翻译、明末清初的科技翻译、鸦片 战争至‘五四“ 的西学翻译。（ First Opium War (Britain’s invasion of China, 1840-1842） In terms of scope, quality, and contribution to the development of the nation, the current one is unprecedented.
形象生动,句式简单,强烈的审美意识， 文字生动而感人。
专业术语,正式的客观描述词汇,较长的
名词化结构,客观事实,文字严谨而客观。
2. 与英语口语文体的对比 An old lady who was listening exclaimed: It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end of an egg and sucked. A young lady back home from school was explaining. “ Take an egg.” She said, “ and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”
科技英语中英文对照翻译
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems.Private mobile radioTerrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications.PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals.One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area.There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units canhear all transmissions provided they are within rage of the mobile and frequencies are allocated for the transmissions. One frequency is used for the forward or downlink, namely base-to-mobile communications. This permits simultaneous two-way communication and greatly reduces the level of interference, but it halves other’s transmissions, which can lead to contention with two mobiles attempting to initiate a call, at the same time, on the uplink in a busy syetem.Although PMR employs relatively simple techniques with analogue speech transmission there have been many enhancements to these systems over the years . Data transmission is now in widespread use in PMR systems using FSK modulation. Data transmission also allows the possibility of hard copy graphics output and it gives direct access to computer services such as databases, etc. Data prembles can also be used, in a selective calling mode, when initiating a transmission to address a special receiver and thus obtain more privacy within the system.15.4.5 Trunked radio for paramilitary use集群无线电的军事使用Another related TDMA mobile radio standard is the European trunked radio(TETRA)network which has been developed as part of the public safety radio communications service(PSRCS) for use by police, utilities, customs office, etc. TETRA in fact is part of wider international collaborations for paramilitary radio use.In these portable radios there is a need for frequency hopping (FH) to give an antieavesdropping capability and encryption for security of transmission to extend military mobile radio capabilities to paramilitary use, i.e. for police, customs and excise offices, etc. these capabilities are included in the multiband interteam radio for the associated public safety communications office in the USA while Europe has adopted the TETRA standard.TETRA is essentially the digital TDMA replacement of the analogue PMR systems. The TETRA standard has spectrum allocations of 380 to 400 and 410 to 430MHz, with the lower band used for mobile transmissions and the upper band for base station use. TETRA mobile have 1 W output power and the base stations 25 W using error with the data throughput rate varying, to meet the required quality of service. TETRA can accommodate up to four users each with a basic speech or data rate of 7.2kbit/s. with coding and signaling overheads, the final transmission rate for the four-user slot is 36 kbit/s. this equipment is large and more sophisticated than a commercial cell phone, and it sells for a very much higher price becase the production runs are much small. However, its advanced capabilities are essential for achieving paramilitary communications which are secure from eavesdropping.15.5 Code division multiple accessAnalogue communication systems predominantly adopt frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where each subscriber is allocated a narrow frequency slot within the available channel. The alternative TDMA(GSM) technique allocates the entire channel bandwidth to a subscriber but constrains the subscriber but constrains the subscriber to transmit only regular short bursts of wideband signal. Both these accessing techniques are well established for long haulterrestrial, satellite and mobile communications as they offer very good utilization of the available bandwidth.15.5.1The inflexibility of these coordinated accessing techniques has resulted in the development of new systems based on the uncoordinated spread spectrum concept. In these systems the bits of slow speed data traffic from each subscriber are deliberately multiplied by a high chip rate spreading code, forcing the low rate (narrowband data signal) to fill a wide channel bandwidth.15.7.2 3G systemsThe evolution of the third generation (3G)system began when the ITU produce the initial recommendations for a new universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS)[www.] The 3G mobile radio service provides higher data rate services ,with a maximum data rate in excess of 2Mbit/s, but the achievable bit rate is linked to mobility. Multimedia applications encompass services such as voice, audio/video, graphics, data, Internet access and e-mail. These packet and circuit switched services have to be supported by the radio interface and the network subsystem.Several radio transmission technologies(RTT) were evaluated by the ITU and adopted into the new standard, IMT-2000. the European standardization body for 3G, the ETSI Special Mobile Group, agreed on a radio access scheme for 3G UMTS universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA) as an evolution of GSM. UTRA consists of two modes : frequency division duplex(FDD) where the uplink and downlink are transmitted on different frequencies; and time division duplex(TDD) where the uplink and downlink are time multiplexed onto the same carrier frequency. The agreement assigned the unpaired bands (i.e. for UTRA TDD ). TD-CDMA is a pure CDMA based system. Both modes of UTRA have been harmonised with respect to basic system parameters such as carrier spacing, chip rate and frame length to ensure the interworking of UTRA with GSM.The 3G proposal were predominantly based wideband CDMA(WCDMA) and a mix of FDD and TDD access techniques. WCDMA is favoured for 3G in poor propagation environments with a mix of high modest speed data traffic. It is generally accepted that CDMA is the preferred accesstechnique and, with the increase in the data rate, then the spreading modulation needs to increase to wideband transmission.WCDMA is based on 3.84Mchip/s spreading codes with spreading ratio, i.e. , K values, of 4-256 giving corresponging data ratas of 960-15 kbit/s. the upper FDD uplink band I from 1920-1980 MHz is paired with a 2110-2170 MHz downlink. In addition uplink bands II & III at 1850-1910 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz are also paired, respectively, with 1930-1990 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz allocations. the system is configured on a 10 ms frame with 15 individual slots to facilitate TDD as well as FDD transmissions. TDD is more flexible as time-slots can be dynamically reassigned to uplink and downlink functions, as required for asymmetric transfer of large files or video on demand traffic. 3G WCDMA systems use an adaptive multirate speech coder with encoded rates of 4.75-12.2 kbit/s. receivers commonly use the easily integrated direct conversion design, in place of the superheterodyne design . receiver sensitivities are typically -155dBm.The 3GPP2 standard aims to achieve a wide area mobile wireless packet switched capability with CDMA2000 1×EV DO revision A (sometimes called IS-856A). Here 1×refers to the single carrier 1.25 Mchip/s system. It achieves a 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and a delay sensitive services. The 3GPP standard has gone through many release with R4 in 2001 which introduced packet data services and R6 in 2005 to further increase the available data transmission rate . R6 pioneers the use of high-speed downlink packet access and multimedia broadcast multicast services which offer reduced delays and increased uplink data rates approaching 6 Mbit/s.In parallel with the European activities extensive work on 3G mobile radio was also performed in Japan. The Japanese standardisation body also chose WCDMA, so that the Japanese and European proposals for the FDD mode were already aligned closely. Very similar concepts have also been adopted by the North American standardization body.In order to work towards a global 3G mobile radio standard, the third generation partnership project(3GPP), consisting of members of the standardization bodies in Europe, the USA, Japan, Korea and China, was formed. It has merged the already well harmonized proposals of the regional standardization bodies to work on a common 3G international mobile radio standard, still called UTRA. The 3GPP Project 2(3GPP2), on the other hand, works towards a 3G mobile radio standard based on cdmaOne/IS-95 evolution, originally called CDMA2000.比起相对稳定、适度的技术发展是发生在宽带微波通信系统,有长期快速发展和扩大部署的新的移动个人通讯系统。
科技英语翻译与写作---教学大纲
《科技英语翻译与写作》课程教学大纲课程代码：050442014课程英文名称：English for Science and Technology Translation课程总学时：16 讲课：16 实验：0 上机：0适用专业：无机非金属材料工程专业大纲编写（修订）时间：2017.10一、大纲使用说明（一）课程的地位及教学目标本课程是无机非金属材料工程专业的一门选修课。
学生在学完一般的英语学习和进行了基本的翻译实践之后，进一步了解科技英语的特点；掌握科技英语翻译的基本理论、方法、和技巧；拓宽对各领域科技知识和对英语科技材料的阅读理解，扩大科技英语词汇量的同时，学习科技翻译的翻译方法；培养学生翻译科技英语材料的基本素质，力求翻译准确，语言通顺，达到能够利用工具书翻译一般性的科技文章。
译文要求基本通顺、达意，符合科技语言的要求，无翻译错误。
（二）知识、能力及技能方面的基本要求根据教材内容安排，教学上从词、句翻译到篇章翻译，循序渐进，注重翻译基本功的训练；同时兼顾不同科技领域的专业词汇的掌握和帮助学生理解科技原理。
另外，加强英语语言基本功的训练，尤其是句法分析，因为在科技英语长句多，通过句法分析巩固学生的语言知识，促进理解，提高翻译技能。
教学中采用多媒体教学，可以方便快捷的把英语原文和翻译结果展示出来，以便讨论和纠正。
（三）实施说明1．教学方法：课堂讲授中要重点对基本概念、基本方法和解题思路的讲解；采用启发式教学，培养学生思考问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力；引导和鼓励学生通过实践和自学获取知识，培养学生的自学能力；增加讨论课，调动学生学习的主观能动性。
讲课要联系实际并注重培养学生的创新能力。
2．教学手段：在教学中采用电子教案、CAI课件及多媒体教学系统等先进教学手段，以确保在有限的学时内，全面、高质量地完成课程教学任务。
（四）对先修课的要求本课程的教学必须在完成先修课程之后进行。
本课程主要的先修课程有大学英语。
科技英语阅读与翻译全文
科技英语阅读与翻译全文Humanitarian Aid in SpaceSpace exploration technology will benefit developing countries in a variety of ways. Whether it's information about climate change or communication technologies that give remote areas access to the world outside, space science can come to the aid of vulnerable people in many countries.For the past two decades, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been sending humanitarian aid dispatched from its space platform. This ambitious project has proved successful, and it’s been praised for its achievements in various aspects.The two strategic areas set forth for JAXA’s humanitarian aid effort are science and education. JAXA’s donations of books and puzzle sets are enabling elementary and junior high school kids in India to study science and math. There are plans to utilize remote sensing data to map out natural resources in Nepalese countryside and expand education related to environmental issues in Vietnam. In addition the agency is sending educational videos to the island nation of Palau tobetter understand their own local wildlife.JAXA is considered to be a pioneer in this area since the launch of their humanitarian aid initiative in 1997. The organization strives to make use of space applications for social welfare and reduce disparities in the world through a number of practical endeavors. The effort currently has a global reach, with projects taking place in seven continent, from Latin America to Africa.JAXA’s humanitarian aid programs will continue to grow with better technology and increased resources. The ongoing work reinforces the concept that space science and technology have the potential to contribute to enhancing the lives of people on Earth.人道主义援助在太空太空探索技术将在各个方面受益于发展中国家。
科技英语阅读与翻译资料句子翻译
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。
The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
现代科技翻译软件英语作文
现代科技翻译软件英语作文Machine translation has been the focus of intense interest since the advent of programmable computers. In spite of its increasing popularity, I personally hold that it cannot replace human translation. Learning foreign languages will still be important in the future.First of all, as globalization and communications are bringing the world ever closer together, ever more urgent he need for global citizens to be competent ins other languages. In a world where nations and peoples are ever more dependent upon one another to supply goods and services, solve political disputes and ensure international security, understanding other cultures is paramount. Learning another language gives the learner the ability to step inside the mind and context of that other culture. Without the ability to communicate and understand a culture on its own terms, true access to that culture is barred. Furthermore, having a second language on a resume is almost a requirement of the job-seeking professional. Businesses recognize that a person with the ability to speak a second language fluently is a valuable asset, It also shows off the capacity of the aspiring job candidate to learn and assimilate complex systems of information, a talent that issure to catch the attention of any human resources department: Though computers can translate different kinds of languages, machine translation has many shortcomings, making it impossible for it to replace human translation. Computer translation is understandable, but not of publishable quality. Furthermore, the computer cannot discern context and intended meaning the same way a human can. On the contrary, human translation is more accurate and reliable.In conclusion, computer translation cannot replace human translation and learning foreign languages will remain vital in the future.。
科技英语作文翻译
生活中新的技术：
众所周知，如今科技的发展给我们的日常生活带来极大的便利，那么到底有哪些便利呢？
手机通信让我们在哪都能和朋友聊天。看书已经不是非得在纸质书上，还能在电子书上。手
提式的电脑越做越薄，让我们在户外也能轻松上网。当然这些便利来自于先进的技术。比如
超高的屏幕像素让我们体验更清晰的影像。更快的处理器使得我们的手机或电脑用起来更流
畅。优秀的音质处理让我们享受音乐的美妙。当然还有更多的先进产品使得我们在生活中能
更加享受。
所以最后感谢我们都生活在这个时代。
对本专业的认识：
我大学所学的专业是电子科学与技术，这个专业主要是学习光与电，然后将这两个东西联系
起来。
光知识方面就是传统的光学知识，然后进而将光应用在通信方面，例如光纤通信，光纤传感
等。那么，电知识方面就是将电路方面的东西设计成生活中能够起到作用的东西，比如收音
机，我们将设计成的电路在板子上画出来然后将元器件安装在上面，基本上一个产品就做出
来了。
那么最后就是将电与光应用起来，比如光纤传导过程中需要调制，而调制的工具就是电。以
上就是我对所学专业的认识。
自己以后的规划：
我所学的专业是电子科学专业，我希望将来能够从事这个专业的工作。
这个专业所对应的工作是电子设计工程师或者光通信研发，那我比较喜欢电子的专业，因为
我本身是一名电子爱好者，对于电子设计比较感兴趣。我希望能够到那些知名的电子公司去
工作。与我的小伙伴们一起研发电子产品，希望未来能让人们用上我设计的产品。当然一切
都需要努力。我距离我的目标还很远。
最后当然希望未来将会更好。
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通顺： 合乎中文的语法要求，顺口。
简练： 尽可能简短、精练，不重复罗嗦。
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❖ 3、翻译的过程：理解、表达、校核三个阶段。 ❖ 1)深刻理解原文，精通专业知识。
例：yield, 一般“产量”，林业中译作“收获量”， 造纸 业“得率”，塑料工业中译作“屈服”或挤出量。 ❖ 2) 确切的表达译文：不折不扣，恰如其分，明确通 顺。 ❖ 3)校核阶段：对内容进一步核实，对语言进行推敲， 进行必要的润色加工，尽量删去那些不必要的字。
由关联词which 或that 引出的定语从句，通常可将关 联词和从句谓语中的助动词（当从句被动语态时）省略，只 留下作定语用的分词短语，如：
Vinyl resins cover a broad group of materials (that are) derived from the “vinyl” radical.
三、科技英语翻译的一般方法
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▪ 1．词语的顺序
词语的顺序包括词序、语序和句序，其中以词序为 基础。在英语中，各个词语在句子中的语法功能主要由 该词在句子中的位置——即词序来决定。 词语的顺序可用来表明句子类型及规定词语之间的关系。
例：(1)、Only she did the experiment yesterday. (2)、She only did the experiment yesterday. (3)、She did only the experiment yesterday. (4)、She did the experiment only yesterday.
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❖ 8. 省略句较多 (1) 并列复合句中的省略。
在并列复合句中，各句里的相同成分——主、谓、或宾 可予以省略。 例：Low density polyethylene has a crystallinity range of 65 percent, and high density polyethylene (has a crystallinity range) of 85 percent. (2) 定语从句中的省略。
科技英语翻译和写作
Contents
1
科技英语特点
2
科技英语翻译的一般知识
3
科技英语翻译的一般方法
4
科技文献写作常用句例
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❖ 7、 句子结构严谨合理。 科技英语要求客观性、准确性和严密性，既满足语法修
辞的要求，又符合逻辑和客观实际。具体根据句子中表达的 具体概念分别采用主从结构和平行结构。
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▪ ２．照译法 照译相当于直译或顺译。 两个原则：基本上保留原文的语法结构形式，在语 序或句序上未作大的变动。 保留原文词语的字面意义， 未加引申和转换。 凡是原文结构接近汉语，照译时结合汉语语法修辞 习惯的都可以而且应该照译。 例：All amorphous polymers at sufficiently low temperatures the characteristics of glasses, including hardness, stiffness ,and brittleness.
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大部分翻译时对语序稍作变动。 （1）、The only forces between molecules are
secondary bond forced of attraction. 分子间唯一的力是次价键的引力。 （2）、One property associated with the glassy
state is a low volume coefficient of expansion. 玻璃态的特征之一是体积膨胀系数较低。
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❖ ３、转换法。 转换相当于意译，但比通常所说意译的范围小一些。
在难于照译或为了使译文明确、简练的场合，便可考虑在 不背离原意的条件下，按上下文的表达作适当的转换。
二、科技英语翻译的一般知识
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❖ 1、翻译的任务：注重逻辑思维，讲究语言上的规 表达上的妥达和译文的流畅。
范，
❖ 2、翻译的标准：确切性是翻译的总标准。
信：忠实原文。
达：通顺，译文通俗易懂。
雅：修辞。辞藻优美，语言精练。
还须做到： 明确： 技术内容上忠实于原文，表达清楚不
可模棱两可。
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❖ (3) 其他省略句。 在特定句型中，常可省略一些句子成分。
如： The smaller the particles (are ), the more freely do they move.
❖ (4) 一些固定的省略句型： As described above 如前所述 If possible 如 可能的（话） As indicated in Fig.I 如图I所示 If required 需要时，如果需要（的话） As noted later 如后所述，从下文可以看出 When in use 在使用时、当工作时 As previously mentioned 前已提及 When necessary 当必要时、如有必要 When needed 如果需要（的话） As shown in table X 如表X所示 If necessary 如有必要
主从结构：两个以上不同概念，而不同等重要的成分， 重要成分成主句。 如：（1） The crude petroleum oil obtained from well consists of a mixture of hydro-carbons each of which is a chemical compou crude petroleum oil obtained from well consists of hydro-carbons and each of these is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen.