文体学复习(一)
文体学复习问题
文体学复习问题Questions for English Stylistics1. 2. 3. 4. 5.What does general stylistics study? Why should we learn stylistics?What are the three steps of stylistic analysis? What are the functions of stress? Give examples.In what varieties of English the exclamation mark is most or least frequent? Why?6. Explain the functions of long and short paragraphs, and indicate in what varietiesof English short/long paragraphs are most frequently found.7. Give examples to illustrate the differences in pronunciation between standardBritish and American English.8. Give examples to illustrate the spelling differences between British and AmericanEnglish.9. Which of the two terms, American English and the American language, is moreappropriate, and why?10. What are the main differences between spoken English and written English? 11. What is the danger if you use too much formal language in your dailyconversation?12. Can you use some colloquial words in writing? If so, what kind of writing shouldit be?13. What factors affect the degrees of formality? 14. What is the effect of impersonal language?15. Label the following sentences according to the five degrees of formality:Would you be so good? Your silence is requested. Do shut up! Quiet, please. Put a sock in it!16. Are you speaking differently from or the same from your parents? Give examplesto illustrate your points.17. How did African American English come into being? 18. Give examples of taboo and euphemisms.19. What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level? 20. What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the semantic level?21. What are the most noticeable features of the vocabulary of casual conversation? 22. How many types of public speeches are there? 23. How do you make an effective public speech?24. What are the general stylistic features of public speeches? 25. What are the general stylistic features of news reports?26. What are the general stylistic features and function of newspaper headlines? 27. What types of variety may possibly co-occur with journalistic language? Why?28. What is the function of advertising language?29. How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of? And what are thefunctions of each part?30. Find some interesting advertisements from the Internet and present them to theclass with you own explanations. 31. What is generally required of EST? Why?32. Tell how and why EST prefers impersonal sentence patterns? 33. Why are the present tense and passive voice often used in EST?34. Why do we say that legal English appears extremely conservative and even oddin form? What archaic words are often found in legal documents? 35. What punctuation marks occur the least frequently in legal documents? 36. What is your favorite type of novel? Why?37. What are the general stylistic features of the language of a novel? 38. What is the difference between poetry and prose? 39. What are the commonly found stanzas in English? 40. How does a poem appeal aesthetically to the reader?41. What is the function of lexical repetition? And what is the functionof syntacticalrepetition?42. What effects are achieved through the manipulation of sounds?43. EST and Legal English are two widely different varieties, but there seem to existsome common features in style. Point them out.44. Comment on how the author’s s election of details of description and choice ofwords contributed to the atmosphere of the novel.“The Bottoms” succeeded to “Hell Row.” Hell Row was a block of thatched, bulging cottages that stood by the brookside on Greenhill lane.There lived the colliers who worked in the little gin-pits two fields away.The brook ran under the alder trees, scarcely soiled by these small mines, whose coal was drawn to the surface by donkeys that plodded wearily in acircle round a gin, and all over the countryside were these same pits, some of which had been worked in the time of Charles II, the few colliers and the donkeys burrowing down like ants into the earth, making queer mounds andlittle black places among the corn-fields and the meadow. And the cottages of these coalminers, in blocks and pairs here and there, together with odd farmsand homes of the stockingers, straying over the parish, formed the village of Bestwood.Then, some sixty years ago, a sudden change took place. The gin-pits were elbowed aside by the large mines of the financiers. The coal and iron field of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire was discovered. Carston, Waite and Co. appeared. Amid excitement, Lord Palmerston formally opened the company’s first mine at Spinney Park, on the edge of Sherwood Forest.D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers45. Analyze the metrics of the following poem by W. B Yeats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fires,take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false and true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
成人高考语文文体知识复习讲义
成人高考语文文体知识复习讲义成人高考语文文体知识复习讲义1、议论文议论文是指以议论说理为主的文章，包括论点、论据、论证三要素。
论点是作者的观点或主张;论据是证明论点的根据，可分为事实论据和理论论据;论证是用论据证明论点的过程，一般分为立论和驳论两大类型。
论证的方法有归纳论证(例证论证)、演绎论证、比较论证(类比论证、对比证论)、比喻论证等。
驳论的方法有驳论点、驳论据、驳论证等。
2、记叙文记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物的文章。
它以叙述为主，往往间用描写、抒情、议论等多种手法。
3、诗、词、曲、赋诗、词、曲都属于诗歌的范畴。
诗歌以丰富的情感反映生活;对生活作高度集中的概括;语言凝练而富有形象性;富于节奏感和韵律美。
中国古代诗歌分为古体诗和近体诗。
词有词牌，写词必须受词调的限制，句式以长短句为主，押韵比较灵活。
曲可分为散曲和剧曲。
散曲有小令和套数之分。
散曲句句押韵，一韵到底。
赋是汉代形成的特殊文体，讲究铺叙、文采、对仗和韵律，一般采用主客问答、抑客伸主的结构方式。
4、小说小说一般具有三要素：人物、情节、环境。
小说要塑造典型环境中的典型人物。
小说的情节一般包括开端、发展、高潮和结局。
小说的环境包括自然环境、社会环境、人物活动的特定环境。
成考语文写作知识点1、主题和题材主题即文章的思想观点，要求正确、深刻、鲜明、集中。
题材即用于写作的材料，要求真实、典型、新颖。
2、结构结构即文章内部的组织构造，包括层次、段落、过渡、照应、开头、结尾等。
文章的结构要求完整、清晰、严谨。
3、表达方式(1)叙述叙述的方式有顺叙、倒叙、插叙、平叙和补叙。
叙述要线索清楚，详略得当，有变化，有波澜。
(2)描写描写大体可归纳为人物描写和环境描写两大类。
人物描写包括肖像描写、行为描写、语言描写、心理描写和细节描写等。
环境描写包括自然风光描写和社会环境描写等。
描写要有的放矢，突出特征，富于情感。
(3)抒情抒情的方式有直接抒情和间接抒情两大类。
文体知识复习共16页PPT资料
文章开头的内容可否删去？有何作用？
交代通讯社（或报社）名称、发 电地点和时间，有时还写出记者 的姓名，电头表示消息来源可靠、 材料真实、报道及时。
“电头”
二、说明文?
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文章,是对事物 客观说明的一种文体.
说明文阅读的主要内容有: 说明文的说明对象、方法、顺序、结构和 语言等.
3、说明方法及其作用
下定义 分类别 列数字 举例子 打比方 作比较
准确、简明科学地说明事物的本质
按照一定标准对事物分类说明，有条 理、更清楚地说明事物的几种情况 用真实数据更准确、更具体地说明事 物的特征 用真实、具体、典型的例子生动、 具体有力地说明事物特征
形象、生动地说明事物的特征
通过比较突出强调某一事物 的特征
通讯比消息更具体，对所报道事物作全方位、多角度、多侧面的描述报道，并 表现出典型事件、典型人物； • （3）从表达上看，消息多用叙述，语言简洁明快；通讯虽也以叙述为主，可以 灵活运用描写及抒情、议论，并可使用比喻、拟人、排比、反问等修辞手法， 提高语言表现力； • （4）语言上看，消息多概括性语言，通讯语言更详尽、具体、生动、形象，更 具感染力。 • （5）篇幅来看，通讯较长，消息则较短。
的 • 何因？（Why?)－－事情发生的原
六因
个 • 何事？（What?)－事情发生的经过
要
• 如何？（How?)－－事情发生的结 果
素
新闻六要素，阅读新闻是心里要自觉地 问这六个问题，就不难解决了。6个“W”
标题 导语 主体 背景 结语
新闻结构的五个部分
必 – 标题 引标、主标、副标
不 可
新闻开头的第一段或第一句话，它
结构
生动、形象
文体学复习问题
Questions for English Stylistics1.What does general stylistics study?2.Why should we learn stylistics?3.What are the three steps of stylistic analysis?4.What are the functions of stress? Give examples.5.In what varieties of English the exclamation mark is most or least frequent?Why?6.Explain the functions of long and short paragraphs, and indicate in what varietiesof English short/long paragraphs are most frequently found.7.Give examples to illustrate the differences in pronunciation between standardBritish and American English.8.Give examples to illustrate the spelling differences between British and AmericanEnglish.9.Which of the two terms, American English and the American language, is moreappropriate, and why?10.What are the main differences between spoken English and written English?11.What is the danger if you use too much formal language in your dailyconversation?12.Can you use some colloquial words in writing? If so, what kind of writing shouldit be?13.What factors affect the degrees of formality?14.What is the effect of impersonal language?bel the following sentences according to the five degrees of formality:Would you be so good?Your silence is requested.Do shut up!Quiet, please.Put a sock in it!16.Are you speaking differently from or the same from your parents? Give examplesto illustrate your points.17.How did African American English come into being?18.Give examples of taboo and euphemisms.19.What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level?20.What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the semantic level?21.What are the most noticeable features of the vocabulary of casual conversation?22.How many types of public speeches are there?23.How do you make an effective public speech?24.What are the general stylistic features of public speeches?25.What are the general stylistic features of news reports?26.What are the general stylistic features and function of newspaper headlines?27.What types of variety may possibly co-occur with journalistic language? Why?28.What is the function of advertising language?29.How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of? And what are thefunctions of each part?30.Find some interesting advertisements from the Internet and present them to theclass with you own explanations.31.What is generally required of EST? Why?32.Tell how and why EST prefers impersonal sentence patterns?33.Why are the present tense and passive voice often used in EST?34.Why do we say that legal English appears extremely conservative and even oddin form? What archaic words are often found in legal documents?35.What punctuation marks occur the least frequently in legal documents?36.What is your favorite type of novel? Why?37.What are the general stylistic features of the language of a novel?38.What is the difference between poetry and prose?39.What are the commonly found stanzas in English?40.How does a poem appeal aesthetically to the reader?41.What is the function of lexical repetition? And what is the function of syntacticalrepetition?42.What effects are achieved through the manipulation of sounds?43.EST and Legal English are two widely different varieties, but there seem to existsome common features in style. Point them out.ment on how the author’s selection of details of description and choice ofwords contributed to the atmosphere of the novel.“The Bottoms” succeeded to “Hell Row.” Hell Row was a block of thatched, bulging cottages that stood by the brookside on Greenhill lane.There lived the colliers who worked in the little gin-pits two fields away. The brook ran under the alder trees, scarcely soiled by these small mines, whose coal was drawn to the surface by donkeys that plodded wearily in a circle round a gin, and all over the countryside were these same pits, some of which had been worked in the time of Charles II, the few colliers and the donkeys burrowing down like ants into the earth, making queer mounds and little black places among the corn-fields and the meadow. And the cottages of these coalminers, in blocks and pairs here and there, together with odd farms and homes of the stockingers, straying over the parish, formed the village of Bestwood.Then, some sixty years ago, a sudden change took place. The gin-pits were elbowed aside by the large mines of the financiers. The coal and iron field of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire was discovered. Carston, Waite and Co. appeared. Amid excitement, Lord Palmerston formally opened the company’s first mine at Spinney Park, on the edge of Sherwood Forest.D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers45.Analyze the metrics of the following poem by W. B Yeats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fires, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false and true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;。
文体学知识点梳理
Chapter 4Deep-structure Deviation: it refers to semantic deviation, which may be defined as “Linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a certain linguistic unit, e. g., a word or phrase” (Leech, 1969; 131)”4.1 ContradictionContradiction is a type of semantic deviation which conveys self-conflicting information. It can be readily divided into two types which are termed in rhetoric oxymoron and paradox.4.1.1 OxymoronOxymoron is “the yoking together of two expressions which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality” (Leech, 1969:132) Understanding：It is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction. The conjunction of words which, at first view, seem to be contradictory or incongruous, but whose surprising juxtaposition expresses a truth or dramatic effect, such as, cool fire, deafening silence, wise folly, etc. ...Example: Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a , “victorious defeat .”4.1.2 ParadoxA paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false.In brief, oxymoron and paradox are devices that allow the literary writer to express a certain truth or message through apparent falsehood.Understanding：It is a seemingly absurd or contradictory statement, even if actually well-founded. And it is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition. The term is also used for an apparent contradiction that actually expresses anon-dual truth.Example: His complaint is too funny not to be taken seriously.4.2 TransferenceTransference of meaning is the process whereby literary absurdity leads the mind to comprehension on a figurative plane. Transference in literature refers to such traditional figures of speech as synecdoche, metonymy and metaphor.4.2.1 SynecdocheSynecdoche is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole.Understanding: a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. And it involves the use of a narrower or a more general term to designate something, eg "a sail!" meaning "a ship!"Example: The case had erupted round my head.4.2.2 MetonymyMetonymy is another type of transference which involves substitution, and therefore has often been confused with synecdoche. However, metonymy is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant, rather than the substitution of a part for the whole, or the whole for a part.Understanding: It is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. Example: Mark Twain‟s pen would prove mightier than his pickax.4.2.3 MetaphorMetaphor, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning. There are three elements in a metaphor.Ⅰ.tenor (for the literal meaning) Ⅱ. Vehicle (for the figurative meaning) Ⅲ. The ground (of comparison)Metaphor has been classified into types in different ways. There are five main types of metaphor, grouped partly in accordance with Chapman‟s organ ization. (1983:81-82)A.One type of sensory perception is expressed in terms of another,e.g.B. A non-human referent is given human attributes, e.g.C. A non-animate referent is given animate characteristics, e. g.D.An abstraction is treated as if it were animate, e.g.E. A human referent is treated either as an inanimate being or an animal or a bird, e.g. Understanding: Metaphors are comparisons that equate two entities to show that the two distinct entities are similar/comparable in one important way. Metaphors are a way to describe something. Authors use them to make their writing more interesting or entertaining.Unlike similes that use the words "as" or "like" to make a comparison, metaphors state that something is something else.Example: Her eyes were pools of water.4.3 DeceptionDeception simply refers to the deliberate use of overstatement, understatement and irony, each of which misrepresents the truth in some way.4.3.1 OverstatementOverstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental, satiric or comic effect.Understanding: Overstatement- making something seems more important than it really is. An overstatement is often metaphorical.Example: The trial that rocked the world.4.3.2 UnderstatementUnderstatement is the opposite of overstatement in that it misrepresents the truth by deliberately understating is as opposed to exaggerating it. There are two types of understatement, namely litotes and meiosis. Litotes is the most common and is marked by the use of a negative construction. It is employed to foreground a positive emphasis. Meiosis is merely understatement without the use of a negative construction, e.g.Understanding: Understatement is a form of speech which contains an expression of less strength than what would be expected. This is not to be confused with euphemism, where a polite phrase is used in place of a harsher or more offensive expression.Example: It's just a flesh wound.4.3.3 IronyVerbal irony achieves emphasis also by misrepresenting the truth. It takes the form of saying the opposite of what one feels to be the case.Understanding：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artisticeffects.Example：You get something for free and when it stops working, you go back to the shop and ask for your money back.4.4AmbiguityAmbiguity is the case of “more than one cognitive meaning for the same piece of language (Leech, 1969:205). In non-literary discourse, ambiguity is usually taken to be the opposite of clarity and is therefore normally considered a fault. In literature, however, it is regarded as a virtue, roughly correspondent to …richness‟ or …wit‟, for in literature we are ready to read extra-meanings.Ambiguity can be purely phonetic resulting from homophony, i.e. words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning.Understanding: Ambiguity means a word or phrase that suggests more than one connotation. Most cases of ambiguity are at the level of lexis, resulting from either homonymy or polysemy.Example: I can't recommend this book too highly.Chapter 5 Phonological Overregularity5.1Phonological Patterning5.1.1AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. It is frequently found in proverbial and idiomatic expressions, and these expressions in speech are emphatic in effect, though we may not be very conscious of them. It is also a feature of tongue twisters which can create humorous effects and may be used to practice certain sounds.5.1.2 RhymeRhyme is defined as “identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further”.The general function of rhymes is to get the texts more organized and to bestow “music” to the texts. Like alliteration ,it may also be used to achieve more significant effects. Rhymes may also be used to bind lines which are closely associated in content.5.1.3Assonance 谐音Assonance is the repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in stressed syllables. It is found not only at the end of the lines but also within the lines. Its chiefy function to unify words and ideas.Example: Think from how many treesDead leaves are broughtTo earth on seed or wing(Vernon Watkins, The Compost Heap)In this poem, trees ,leaves, and seed are used in assonance. These words are stressed rhythmically in the lines. Assonance not only contributes to musical quality of a literary text, but also to its meaning.5.1.4Consonance 辅音韵Consonance is the repetition of the final consonant cluster in stressed syllables. It may beemployed to replace rhyme. The assonance in this poem functions to make the text more organized and at the same time adds to the musical quality of the poem.5.1.5Onomatopoeia 象声，拟声Firstly , it refers to the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved.Secondly, it is relevant to our discussion may be phrased as the recurrence of phonemes ina text unit that suggests certain natural sounds which reinforce the meaning conveyed inthat text unit.The examples of Onomatopoeia are more significant than those in the prose passages, it can give a vivid description to the sounds.5.2 Rhythmic Patterning. 5.2.1. Stress5 .2.2 Metre 格律，韵律1,1）Iamb 抑扬格：unstressed +stressedExamples: In every cry of every manIn every infant‟s cry of fear(W.Blake, london)2)Trochee 扬抑格stressed +unstressedMen of England , wherefore ploughFor the Lords who lay yellow?(P.B. Shelly, Song to the Men of England )3)Anapaest 抑抑扬格unstressed +unstressed +stressedThe Assy rian came down like the wolf on the fold .(Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib)4)Dactyl 扬抑抑格stressed +unstressed +unstressedSing me a song of a lad that is gone.(R.L. Stevenson)5)Spondee 扬扬格stressed + stressedSweet day , so cool , so calm , so bright(G.Herbert, Virtue)2 1)Monometer one foot2)Dimeter two feet3)Trimeter three feet4)Tetrameter four feet5)Pentameter five feet6)Hexameter six feet5.2.3 Metrical VariationMetrical Variation including : leaving one foot without a strong stress, putting two strong stresses in one foot, inverting any foot, putting a hypermetric syllable at the end of a line or having a catalectic foot (i.e. a foot having one or two syllables short),etc.They have a strong communicative function and can create great aesthetic effects, and help to avoid monotony which may arise when a rigid metrical pattern is adopted.Chapter 6 Syntactic Overregularity6.1 RepetitionIt is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text, such as a word, phrase or even a sentence.6.1.1 Immediate RepetitionIt means the repeated unit immediately follows the initial unit.Example:Gold! Gold! Gold! Gold!Bright and yellow, hard and coldMolten, graven, hammer‟d and roll‟dHeavy to get and light to hold.(Thomas Hood)6.1.2 Intermittent RepetitionIt is known as ploce in traditional rhetoricExample:O, how that name befits my composition,Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old.(Shakespeare, Richar dⅡ)6.2 Parallelism6.2.1 Large-scale Parallelism P135-P142It is consists of more than two juxtaposed(并列的) units.6.2.2 Small-scale Parallelism P142-P144It is consists of only two juxtaposed units.Chapter8 Speech Acts, The Cooperative Principle and Turn-taking8.1 Speech Act Theory P188-P1961)a locutionary act2) an illocutionary acta) Representativesb) Expressivesc)Verdictivesd)Directivese) Commissivesj) Declarations8.2 The Cooperative Principle1) The maxim of quantityMake your contribution as informative as is required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2) The maxim of qualityDo not say that for which you lack adequate evidence or which you believe to be false.3)The maxim of relationMake your contributions relevant to the purpose in hand.4)The maxim of mannerAvoid obscurity, ambiguity and unnecessary prolixity, and be orderly.8.3 Turn-takingIt means the participants in a conversation take turns in speaking.Politeness Principle (老师添加内容)1, Tact maxim 得体准则2, Generosity maxim 慷慨准则3,Approbation maxim 赞誉准则4,Modesty maxim 谦逊准则5,Agreement maxim 一致准则6, Sympathy maxim 同情准则。
文体学期末考试题及答案
文体学期末考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 文体学研究的主要对象是（）。
A. 文字B. 文体C. 文学D. 文化答案：B2. 文体学中的“风格”指的是（）。
A. 个人写作风格B. 文体特征C. 时代风格D. 地域风格答案：B3. 在文体学中，（）是指语言的组织和排列方式。
A. 结构B. 修辞C. 句法D. 篇章答案：C4. 以下哪项不是文体学研究的内容？（）A. 语言变异B. 语言规范C. 语言风格D. 语言交际答案：B5. 文体学中的“语境”包括（）。
A. 社会语境B. 语言语境C. 物理语境D. 所有以上选项答案：D6. 文体学研究中，（）是指语言的表达方式和表达效果。
A. 语义B. 语用C. 语音D. 语法答案：B7. 文体学中，（）是指语言的音韵、节奏和韵律。
A. 语音学B. 音韵学C. 修辞学D. 语调学答案：B8. 在文体学中，（）是指语言的交际功能。
A. 语用功能B. 语义功能C. 语法功能D. 语音功能答案：A9. 文体学研究中，（）是指语言的规范性和标准化。
A. 语言变异B. 语言规范C. 语言风格D. 语言交际答案：B10. 文体学中的“篇章”指的是（）。
A. 单个句子B. 单个段落C. 一篇文章或讲话D. 一个词组答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 文体学研究的领域包括（）。
A. 语言学B. 文学C. 社会学D. 心理学答案：ABCD12. 文体学中的“语言变异”包括（）。
A. 地域变异B. 社会变异C. 个人变异D. 时代变异答案：ABCD13. 文体学中的“篇章分析”涉及（）。
A. 篇章结构B. 篇章连贯C. 篇章主题D. 篇章修辞答案：ABCD14. 文体学中的“语言风格”可以表现为（）。
A. 个人风格B. 时代风格C. 地域风格D. 文体风格答案：ABCD15. 文体学中的“语境分析”包括（）。
A. 社会语境B. 语言语境C. 文化语境D. 物理语境答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16. 文体学是一门研究语言使用的学科。
文体学复习题
文体学复习题I.Answer questions1.What is style? (p1-12)2.What is the purpose of stylistics?3.Describe some functions of language.(p13-)4.What maojor procedures does stylistic analysis follow? (p35)5.What stylistic markers are to be identified in a text?(p37-115)6.How do people distinguish written language and spoken language?(p125)7.What differences are marked in communication between spoken language and writtenone?(p129)8.Describe the linguistic features of spoken language and written language.(p132)9.What is “co-operative principle” according to Grice?(p142)10.How many types of speech act are described by Searl?(p147)11.Give an example to illustrate the “Principle of Politeness” by Leech. (p148-149)12.Give an account of Martin Joos’ “The Five Clocks”.(p163-164)13.Under what circunstances is Formal style language used?(p164-165)14.Make a comparison between formal and informal language.(p169-172)15.Tell the basic differences between American English and BritishEnglish.(p210-220)16.Summarize the components of a piece of printed advertisement.17.Analyze the stylistic festures of printed English advertisement.(p308-)18.Describe the structure of a piece of news report.(p316)19.Describe the linguistic features of EST. (p338)20. Sample analysis: use your own words to summarize the analyses on p334-336.21. Tell what you have achieved most in taking this course.II. According to Leech’s Politeness Principle (PP) , make a brief comment on the following two pairs of statements, judging which displays PP, and how? (Refer to P149)Pair one:1.I am sorry to hear about your grandma.2.I am very sorry to hear your grandma tripped over the cat, cart-wheeled down thestairs and brained herself on the electricity meter.Pair two:1.Could you lend me your car this weekend?2.Lend me your car this month.III. The following is abstracted from “President D. Roosevelt’s First Inaugural Address (March 4.1933)”, read through it carefully and try to give an analysis according to its stylistic features involved in sentence structure, use of verb phrases, noun phrases, types of sentence, rhetoric devices etc. Following the threesteps as (1) “Description”, (2) “Interpretation”, (3) “Evaluation”President Hoover, Mr. Chief Justice, my friends:This is a day of national consecration, and I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our nation impels.This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great nation will endure as it it has endured, will revive, and will prosper.So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. I am convinced that you will again give that support to the leadership in these critical days.…Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously.It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and recognize the use of our natural resources.Hand in hand with this, we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population in our industrial centers and, by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution, endeavor to provide a better use of the land for those fitted for the land.The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the values of agricultural products and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities.It can be helped by insistence that the federal, state, and local governments act forthwith on the demand that their cost be drastically reduced.It can be helped by the unifying of relief activities which today are often scattered, uneconomical and unequal. It can be helped by national planning for and supervision of all forms transportation and of communications and other utilities which have a definitely public character.There are many ways in which it can be helped, but it can never be helped merely by talking about it. We must act quickly.。
阅读类文体复习提纲
说明文、议论文、小说、诗歌复习提纲
一、说明文常见题型
见“说明文阅读题型解法举要”
二、议论文常见题型
1、概括中心论点
2、理解句子含义
3、论证方法及作用
4、论证思路
5、开头引用名言及事例的作用
三、小说（散文）的常见题型
1、划线句段的作用
2、从修辞（或描写的角度）赏析句子
3、插叙的作用
4、谈谈对标题的理解（或理解标题的含义）
5、标题的好处或作用
6、理解句子的含义
7、结合情节，分析人物的性格特点
8、小说结尾有什么特点（或结尾某情节的作用）
9、小说中次要人物的作用
10、某景物描写句的作用
11、开头和结尾引用诗句有何妙处
四、诗歌赏析常见题型
（一）、分清概念
1、修辞手法
2、表现手法（艺术手法）
3、抒情方式（①直接抒情或直抒胸臆；②间接抒情，包括借景抒情、情景交融、寓情于景、托物言志、借古讽今……）
（二）常见题型
1、炼字类：某字或某词有什么表达效果
2、赏析类：某句用了什么艺术手法，有什么作用
3、主旨情感类：全诗表达了诗人哪些思想感情
或尾联表达了作者怎样的思想感情
4、景象特点类：首句描绘了怎样的景象，有什么作用
或上片用哪些修辞，写出了梅花的哪些特点
5、写景特色：视听结合、动静结合、以声衬静、以动衬静、近景远景结合、情景交融、虚实结合、以乐景衬哀情……..或采用修辞比喻、拟人等。
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文体学复习 1、 Style: Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. (有许多种，此为in this book, general, linguistic-oriented), P5
2、 Stylistics: is a branch of linguistics which studies in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
•Literary stylistics: concentrates solely on unique and overall
linguistic features of the various genres of literature. （考点）★ ★
The development of stylistics The scope of study
， Three crucial aspects of speech:
① Substances [sounds and symbols]; ② Form; ③Situation 3、 Stylistic analysis: is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text (what is peculiar to the use of language in a given text for delivering the message). This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a given text by systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly comparative in nature.
Practice 5. Analyze the following text. Policeman: What’s your name, boy Black psychiatrist: Dr. Poussiant. I’m a physician. Policeman: What’s your first name, boy
# Black psychiatrist: Alvin.
•The word ‘boy’ may be used to address a male inferior. In above
conversation, the form is used to address a physician, who is usually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as ‘Dr. So-and-so’ (Title + Surname). Insistently using the form ‘boy’, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people. 4、 Linguistic description: refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text.★ 每个category下面的各个分类
(1) The Phonology Category: Phonology here is used to refer to the
system of speech sounds in a language. (2) The Lexical Category: Lexis is used here to refer to the choice
of words. (3) The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category: Syntax is used here to
refer to rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences. ： (4) Semantic Category: Semantics is used here to refer to the meaning
of words, expressions, etc. and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee.
Procedure of linguistic description 1) Work systematically through the text and note down points we feel of some stylistic significance respectively under the various headings. 2) Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature. 3) Assess the importance of stylistic features. 4) Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of the text in question, bringing together diverse features to show how they form a coherent, integrated pattern, and making judgments about or interpreting the significance of such patterns in relation to the context of the text as a whole.
} 5、（1）Text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length,
that forms a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not.
Cohesive devices: Implicit connectivity Explicit connectivity 1) Transitional words/phrases 2) Grammatical device ①Ellipsis ②Substitution ③Coreference 3) Lexical reiteration
!
材料Examine the following conversation, find out whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not. A: See who that is. B: I’m in pyjamas. A: OK. • Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In this
text, the relevance of B’s remark to A’s first remark is conveyed by pragmatic implication. “I’m in pyjamas” implies an excuse for not complying with A’s command (= “No, I can’t, because I’m in pyjamas.”) A’s second remark implies that he accepts B’s excuse and undertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do (= OK. I’ll go myself and see.” Texts are therefore recognized as appropriately coherent in actual use. A full understanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs.
（2）Context: Context refers to all elements of a communicative
situation. (One is “linguistic context”, referring to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. The other is “extra-linguistic context” or “context of situation”, referring to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. )