Nouns
英语语法 名词
英语语法名词名词是指表达人、事物、地方和抽象概念的词语，它通常用来作为主语、宾语、表语或补语。
名词可以分为以下几类：1. 可数名词（Countable nouns）：表示可以被数的名词，可以用来表示单数或复数形式。
例如：book（书）、dog（狗）、apple（苹果）等。
2. 不可数名词（Uncountable nouns）：表示不能被数的名词，只能用单数形式。
例如：water（水）、money（钱）、information（信息）等。
3. 集合名词（Collective nouns）：用来表示一组人或事物的名词。
例如：team（团队）、family（家庭）等。
4. 特殊名词（Proper nouns）：用来表示特定的人、地点或事物的名词，通常以大写字母开头。
例如：John（约翰）、London（伦敦）、Coca-Cola（可口可乐）等。
5. 抽象名词（Abstract nouns）：表示抽象概念、情感或状态的名词。
例如：love（爱）、happiness（幸福）、knowledge （知识）等。
6. 物质名词（Material nouns）：表示物质或材料的名词。
例如：wood（木材）、iron（铁）等。
名词在句子中可以有以下几种功能：1. 主语（Subject）：名词作为句子的主要动作执行者或主体的角色。
例如：Dogs are loyal.（狗很忠诚。
）2. 宾语（Object）：名词作为动作的接受者或作为介词的宾语。
例如：She bought a new dress.（她买了一件新裙子。
）3. 表语（Predicate Noun）：名词用来描述或补充主语的属性。
例如：He is a doctor.（他是一名医生。
）4. 定语（Attributive noun）：名词作为修饰其他名词的形容词。
例如：a car accident（一场车祸）5. 补语（Complement）：名词作为动词或介词后面的补充性信息。
名词nouns
Nouns类型types(1)集体名词1.谓语动词一般用复数，但强调整体意义时用单数，强调它所包含的成员（个体）时用复数。
E.g.The public was unlikely to support him.(强调整体）The public was deceived by the newspapers.（强调每个人） （2）物质名词1.一般不可数，有些可数，意味着，一杯，一份，一类，一种......e.g 2 beers , please! A milkshake , please.A delicious califorlia wine. A special milk with the taste of peanuts. (3)抽象名词1.一般不可数，谓语动词用单数e.g. Time is money.数（number)名词单复数变化规律（复数名词的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。
）名词复数的规则变化：1. 大多数名词在词尾加-s （在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。
） cat —cats bag —bags day —days lake-lakes dog-dogs2. 以 s 、x 、ch 、sh 结尾的名词在词尾加 -es, 读作[iz] class —classes match —matches dish-dishes church--churches3. 以辅音字母 y 结尾的名词把 y 变成 i, 加 -es, 读作[iz] city —cities factory —factories party —parties但专有名词例外，直接在 y 后加-s ，读作[z]Germany —Germanys.4. 以辅音字母 o 结尾的名词(有生命的）一般直接加 -es , 读作[z] potato —potatoes tomato —tomatoes hero —heroes普通名词 Common ~可数名词 Countable noun个体名词individual ~某类人或东西中的个体Pen.student.desk集体名词collective ~ 若干个体组成的集合体family.class.people.police 不可数名词Uncounta ble物质名词material ~ 无法分为个体的实物 tea.water.paper 抽象名词abstract ~抽象概念time.memory专有名词 Proper ~某些人，地方，机构等专有名称Jim.London. the Great Wall无生命的，加–s，读作[z]。
【绝对精品】英语语法4-名词-Nouns
Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc.
Part 4
Genitive Nouns
Content 2
1
Genitive Noun VS
of- Phrase
Independent Genitive VS
Double Genitive
Genitive Noun
to have too much winter = a too long period of cold weather
man, coward, coquette, politician, sportsman, sportsman, scholar, poet, etc.
to be fool enough = to be foolish enough
parties, ladies, spies
4 元音加y结尾，加-s: boys, plays
5 元音(字母)加o结尾，加-s: radios, zoos 6 辅音加o结尾，加-es: potatoes, heroes 7 专有名词/缩略词，加-s: Romeos, photos, kilos 8 少数以-f, -fe结尾，变-f. -fe为-v再加-es:
1 2 3 45 6
the girls’ dormiMtorayr;y’s and Bob’s books;Dickens’s; a teachers’ colleMgeary and Bob’s books Jones’s;
Marx’s; Ross’s
GPen44itive Noun
1 Possessive genitive
Part 2
Number Forms of Nouns
Chapter 3 nouns 语法名词课件
Nouns of the same forms II
audience army band class committee couple crew crowd faculty family group government
consists (consist) The football team_________ of 20 players. are The football team______ (be) having a bath now.
Nouns of the same forms III
cattle, folk, people, police, youth, militia, poultry
The cattle ____(be) are grazing in the field. The police ______ have (have) not made any arrests. a cow, a person, a policeman, a young man The Chinese are a hard-working people. Ireland was inhabited by two peoples.
Nouns of the same form I
• • • • • • deer giraffe buffalo shark swine aircraft hovercraft barracks crossroads headquarters li jin horsepower yuan Chinese Swiss offspring means works series species
Difference in meaning
名词noun
police
people
cattle
集体名词
二、只作不可数
furniture
clothing
集体名词
三、既可以作单数形式，又可以作复数
family
My family is the biggest family in our village.
My family often have a talk after supper.
2.这是老师们的钱。 This is teachers’ money.
3.房间的门 The room ‘s door.
The door of the room.
This is children’ room. This is children’s room.
The family of the photo. The photo of the family.
看我“七十二 变”
friend love cloud sun wind friendly lovely care +less 没有……的 +ly 常具有赞美的意味
hope
+y 表示……的
rain
health
y care help color +ful 表示充满……的
练一练： 把下列名词变成形容词 1. rain__有雨的 2. dirt__脏的 3. health__健康的 4. help____有帮助的 5. brother__兄弟般的 6. hope____没有希望的
名词 nouns
名词nouns名词的种类普通名词Common noun和专有名词proper nounCarl and Wang Bing are students.There are four Marys in our class.The Bakers are coming to dinner.类名词class nounbook, school, table, house集体名词collective nounclass, family, team, army, government, generation, audience, crew, enemy, club, stuff, group, staff,There were over 100 police on duty at the demonstration.游行期间有100多名警察值勤.The police have not made any arrests.警方未逮捕任何人.Several police were injured during the rioting.The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.那出戏首次公演之夜观众非常热情.The audience was/were clearly delighted with the performance.The audience was / were clapping for 10 minutes.She has addressed audiences all over the country.她曾向全国各地的听众演讲.An audience of millions watched the royal wedding on TV.数以百万计的人们在电视上观看皇家婚礼.The target audience for this advertisement was mainly teenagers.We need more staff in the office. 我们办公室需要增加人手.I have a staff of ten. 我手下有十个职员.The staff in this shop are very helpful. 这家店里的店员很热心.The rich are not always generous to the poor.The English have a wonderful sense of humor.The old and the young do not always understand each other.* 类名词和集体名词大多数是可数（可数名词）a girl, a chair, a horse, a tree,an army, an elephant,物质名词material noun milk, water, honey, cotton, wood,抽象名词abstract noun honesty, faith, thought, friendship, determination,物质名词和抽象名词大多不可数（不可数名词）air, snow, wine, courage, information, progress,bread, cheese, copper, oil, tea, chalk, sand, wine,iron,* 物质名词一般只有单数形式，但表示种类或一定数量时，则可以有复数形式。
4.名词和名词词组
NOUN AND NOUN PHRASE
4.0 名词分类
proper nouns 专有名词 Individual nouns 个体名词
Nouns 名词
common nouns 普通名词
Collective nouns 集体名词 mass nouns 物质名词 Abstract nouns 抽象名词
2.3 物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词的数
1） 物质名词
物质名词指名词本身时，常作不可数名词。 如： water, oil, electricity, air, dust, tobacco. The air here is heavily polluted. 这里的 空气被严重污染。 物质名词用来表示具体、个别情况时常作 可数名词。如: Some of these kinds of tobacco are also grown in my hometown. 这些品种的烤烟 我的家乡也有种植。
4）以辅音加-o结尾的，加-es。如
tomato ____tomatoes echo ____echoes potato ___ potatoes hero ___heroes Negro ____Negroes 但是，piano, photo, dynamo(发电机)等外来词只 加-s，而zero, mosquito(蚊子)既可加-s又可加-es。
下面是一些这一类的复合词：
American cloth 做台布用的彩色防水布 American plan 旅馆之供膳制 British warm 英国军官穿的双排钮扣的短大衣 Dutch comfort 退一步着想而得到的安慰 Dutch courage 酒后之勇，一时的虚勇 Dutch door 上下两部分可各自分别开关的门；杂志中的夹页广告 Dutch treat 各人自己付钱的聚餐或娱乐 Dutch uncle 啼啼叨叨训人的人 Dutch wife 藤或竹制的睡眠用具 French leave 不告而别 French chalk 滑石粉 French dressing 一种由橄榄油，醋、盐，香料等制成的生菜调味品 French grey 浅灰色 French window 落地长窗 German measles 风疹
Nouns名词
Abstract Nouns
抽象名词没有单复数之分，因为不能计数。 例如，Knowledge is power. Beauty is truth. Kindness is a virtue.
Abstract Nouns
relation关系
sympathy同情、怜悯
sympathies
Material Nouns
物质名词一般为不可数名词，没有单数、复数 之分。 Could you cite an example?
Material Nouns
特殊情况:物质名 词如果作为复数 出现，意义不同。
have a beer？ have two beers？
sand sands
沙 沙滩
man, coward, coquette, politician, sportsman, scholar, poet, fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。 to be fool enough more of a fool than less of a fool than as much of a fool as too much of a fool enough of a man something of a celebrity
Assignment
4B (P48) 4C (P48) 4D (P50) 4E (P51)
Game
No. 7: Whoever says the wrong number has to state at least 3 points learned today.
You are dismissed!
rubber 橡皮 胶鞋
名词Nouns
不可数名词向可数名词转化 P46-47
4. 抽象名词的复数形式 opinion noun 1. [C] ~ (about / of / on sb/sth), ~ (that ...) your feelings or thoughts about sb/sth, rather than a fact: We were invited to give our opinions about how the work should be done. Everyone had a different opinion on the subject.
不可数名词向可数名词转化 P46-47
4. 抽象名词的复数形式 opinion noun 2. [U] the beliefs or views of a group of people: Public opinion is shifting in favour of change.
noun 名词详解
句法功能 主语、宾语、补 语、同位语等 谓语 定语、表语 状语 主语、宾语、补 语等
数词
冠词 结 构 词 介词 连词
num.
art. prep. conj.
表示数量或顺序
表示名词的泛指或特指 表示名词或代词与其他词的联 系 连接词、短语、句子
主、宾、表、定、 状语
构成名词词组 构成介词词组
感叹词
interj. 表示说话时的感情
2）有时候名词作定语要加 –ed 或与名词、形容词、数词组成复合词。 表示人或事物的特征、状态。 Among the blind people, the one-eyed man is the king. Many old people dislike the fast-paced modern life. 3) 名词常和数词一起组成作定语的复合结构。有以下三种形式： a) b) c) a three-week holiday a three weeks’ holiday a holiday of three weeks
4）部分来自拉丁、希腊语的名词的复数特殊变化 a. sis -- ses analysis –analyses crisis—crises basis -- bases thesis—theses hypothesis—hypotheses
b. um—a datum medium stratum(层次） bacterium (细菌） c. on--a criterion phenomenon
2） 以f或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 多数是去f，fe 加ves，如： half wolf wife knife leaf
b. 但有些单词只加s，如： roof gulf cliff proof chief
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1. Classification of nouns Proper Nouns Nouns Individual Nouns Common Nouns Collective Nouns Material Nouns Abstract Nouns
2. Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns A. Individual N. Count. N. Common N. Collective N. Material N. N. Abstract N. Uncount. N. Proper N.
C. "-f/-fe"end nouns a. –ves eg. leaf—leaves, shelf—shelves, knife--knives b. –s eg. cliff—cliffs, gulf—gulfs, belief--beliefs c. –ves/-s eg. scarf--scarfs/scarves, dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves
B Plural (different implications) a. different types eg. He wrote a long list of all the foods which are forbidden. Some of the best tobaccos are grown in Turkey. b. a wider or different meaning eg. The children are playing on the sands. The flat-fish are found in almost all seas, but rarely in fresh waters. They were not allowed to fish in Icelandic waters. c. replacing a unit noun eg. Send us two coffees and three lemonades, please.
B. Nouns' (countable and uncountable) meanings may be different. eg. wood--- a wood; a room--- room paper--- a paper; a flower--- flower pleasure---a pleasure; a holiday---holiday C. How to tell the number of an Uncountable Noun? "A + unit noun + of +N." eg. a ball of wool, a can of beer, a piece of furniture D. Be careful of the difference of number concepts in Chinese and English. Eg. some nouns are uncountable in English but countable in Chinese.
5. the Case of Nouns名词的格 名词的格 5.1 A Brief Introduction a. Common Case通格 eg. The delegation includes ten teachers and three students. b. Genitive Case/Possessive Case 属格 -'s genitive; of- genitive eg. The delegation's arrival seemed to disturb the lives of the teachers and students.
3.1.3 plural forms of compound nouns A. son-in-law--- sons-in-law looker-on---- lookers-on air-raid--- air-raids lady-driver----lady-drivers B. forget-me-not-----forget-me-nots grown-up----grown-ups C. manservant---menservants woman writer-----women writers
B. "-o" end nouns a. "consonant+o"(+es) eg. heroes, Negroes, buffaloes b. "vowel+o"(+s) eg. zoos, taboos, studios c. borrowed nouns(+s) eg. cellos, tobaccos, mottos d. proper nouns(+s) eg. Eskimos, Romeos
3.4 The Number of Abstract Nouns
A. Usu. Singular eg. happiness, progress, information, etc.
B. Some can be plural. eg. There was a knock on the door. The committee will have several meetings here. We listen to talks on English literature. He had a narrow victory in the election. C. countable & uncountable (different meanings) eg. He was filled with joy. My children are a great joy to me. He has done me two or three personal kindnesses. Many thanks for your kindness in seeing me off at the airport.
3.5 The Number of Proper Nouns A. Usu. Uncountable B. Plural form, different meaning a. a family eg. The Foxes have already left for Paris. The car belongs to the Robert Joneses. b. people of a same given or family name eg. There are two Marys and three Roberts here. We have found twenty Mr. Whites in the city.
3.2 The Number of Collective Nouns A. only to be used in singular form B. To be in both singular & plural forms
3.3 The Number of Material s A. Usu. Singular (no plural form)
C. English Unit Nouns a. piece, bit, item, article eg. a piece of meat/paper/chalk a bit of news/bread/wood an item of news/information/crime an article of furniture/luggage/clothing b. shapes of objects eg. a cake of soap; a lump of sugar; a bar of chocolate; a drop of blood
3.1.2 Irregular plural forms a. man—men, tooth—teeth, mouse—mice b. brother-brethren, child—children, ox-oxen c. aircraft-- aircraft, series--series, sheep--sheep, duck—duck/ducks, fish-fish/fishes d. analysis—analyses, medium—media formula—formulae/formulas
c. volume words eg. a bottle of ink; a bowl of rice; a bag of nuts two teaspoonfuls of soup; a handful of soil a truckload of steel; a trainload of timber d. behaviors, actions, or state changes eg. a fit of fever/laughter/coughing a peal of thunder/laughter/applause一阵响亮的鼓掌声[笑声] a flash of hope/light/lightning e. words with the meaning of "two, group, etc." eg. a couple of cars; a pair of pants; a flock of birds; a bundle of firewood; a series of problems; a bunch of flowers;
3. the Number of Nouns
Singular number --Original form of a noun Plural number --Regular plural --Irregular plural