基础语法-词法、句法及巩固性练习

基础语法-词法、句法及巩固性练习
基础语法-词法、句法及巩固性练习

基础语法-词法、句法及巩固性练习

二.五种简单句结构

(1)主语—系动词—表语(SVP)如:

Yangzhou is a beautiful city. (名词词组充当表语)

This idea sounds good. (形容词充当表语)

The book is on English grammar. (介词词组充当表语)

(2)主语—谓语(SV) 如:

Leaves fall in autumn.

This horse runs very fast.

(3)主语—谓语—宾语(SVO)如:

John likes music. (名词充当宾语)

They offered to help us. (动词不定式充当宾语)

(4)主语—谓语—宾语—补语(SVOC)如:

Mary found this story interesting. (形容词充当宾补)

Mother asks me to study hard. (动词不定式充当宾补)

(5)主语—谓语—宾语(间接)—宾语(直接)

The teacher gave Peter some books. (Peter 为间接宾语;some books 为间接宾语)

三. 3种句子结构

根据结构,英语的句子分为三种:简单句(也称独立句),并列句和主从句。换句话说,就句子结构而言,英语中的所有句子无非是上述三种句子中的一种。

(1)简单句:是指只有一个完整的主谓结构的句子。如:

The man arrived at the house. (一个主语+一个谓语)

The man arrived at the house and knocked at the door. (一个主语+两个谓语)

The man and the woman arrived at the house. (两个主语+一个谓语)

The man and the woman arrived at the house and knocked at the door.

(两个主语+两个谓语)

(2)并列句:是指具有两个完整的主谓结构的句子;两个主谓之间通常由并列连词或分号连接。(注意:在英语中,通常不用逗号连接两个并列句)如:

The man knocked at the door but no one answered. (并列连词连接)

The man knocked at the door; no one answered. (分号连接)

(3)主从复合句:是指含有一个主句以及一个或几个从句的句子。从句通常由连接词引导。如:

When the man arrived at the house, he knocked at the door. (状语从句+主句)

I think that you are right. (主句+宾语从句)

四、巩固性练习

II、说出下列句子中划线单词的意思、词性和句子成分:

1).a) The library closes at 5:00 p.m.

b) Tom and Peter are my close friends.

c) My hometown is located close to a big river.

d) We stayed until the close of the party.

2). a) I hope that you will back my plan at the meeting.

b) Don’t sit in the back of classroom. .

c) He grows many beautiful flowers in the back garden.

d) He asked me to walk back three steps.

3). a) I like bacon and eggs for breakfast.

b) Don’t speak to me like that.

c) Like his brother John, Peter is interested in fine arts.

d) Tom said that he would not do the like again.

4). a) Keep still when the doctor is giving you a check-up.

b) I believe you can do still better next time.

c) The meat will still have to be cooked for five minutes.

d) It was a very unpleasant affair. Still, we can’t change it.

5). a) This medicine has some side effects.

b) Susan sided with me in the discussion.

c) Come and sit by my side.

d) We should study a question on all sides.

III.分析下列句子的成分并说出谓语动词的结构:

1) The news made all us very happy.

2) The young couple named their baby son Peter.

3) The boss refused to give me a leave.

4) The manager looked very serious and left the office.

5) The hunter looked in all directions but found no target.

IV. 分析下列句子结构,说出句子的种类(即:是简单句、并列句,还是主从句)并确定构成各句的成分1) I haven’t got the dictionary at hand but I will show it to you later.

2) They said nothing about him because of his wife being there.

3) In most people, the left side of the brain deals with such things as logic, language, reasoning, number, and analysis, the so-called “academic” activities.

4) Sad stories are not very nice to read about, but if we think and talk about them, we may be able to prevent more accidents.

5) Most employers believe that those who look as if they care about themselves are more likely to care about their jobs.

V.分析下列句子

1)确定句子种类;2)分析句子结构;3)说出划线谓语的类型

(建议:按层次分析,先进行第一层次的分析:对总体结构进行判断;接着再进行第二层次的分析,即:分析某句话内部的构成成分;第三层次为:确定谓语动词的类型)

1) The aim of a teacher is to get his pupil, as quickly as possible, over the period in which each printed symbol is looked at for its shape, and arrive at the stage when the pupil looks at words and phrases, for their meaning, almost without noticing the shapes of the separate letters. (from CET-4 911)

2) Where an environment is undisturbed, the ecology of an area is in balance, but if a creature is exterminated or alien species introduced, then the ecology of the district will be upset —— in other words, the balance of nature will be disturbed. (from New English Course Book II —U6)

1.分析下文划线句子的成分

Two men were standing at a bar. One man turned to the other and said, “I’ll bet you $ 100 that I can bite my left eye.” The wager(赌注)was accepted, and the man popped out his glass eye and bit it.

“Now,” he said, ”I will give you a chance to win your money back. I’ll bet you another $100 that I can bite my right eye.” “he can’t have two glass eyes,” Thought the other man, and he plunked(重重甩下)down his money.

Then the first man took out his false teeth and bit his right eye.

2.分析下列句子成分,并判断句子结构类型。

Time flies by.

I’m on a diet.

I own you one.

It slipped my mind.

Old habits die hard.

I enjoy your company.

I can’t stand the heat.

Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.

He speaks English well.

Teachers will make your English better.

They found the dead boy.

They found the boy dead.

I found the book easily.

I found the book easy.

Tom found Jim an apartment.

We found John a loyal friend.’

I will find you a good teacher.

She will make him a good wife.

She will make him a good husband.

3.分析下列句子中的双宾语,并试着用恰当的介词改写句子。

Give a thief enough rope and he will hang himself.

_________________________________________________

Can you recommend me a good novel?

__________________________________________________

He built them a hut.

____________________________________________

He ordered himself a bottled of champagne.

__________________________________________

Will you choose me an interesting novel?

_______________________________________________

Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?

_____________________________________________

Jack doesn’t own me anything.

__________________________________________

May I ask you a favor?

____________________________________________

That will save you a lot of time.

___________________________________________________ The novel won the author a Nobel Prize.

__________________________________

It cost me three dollars.

__________________________________________

4.分析下列句子中宾语补足语。

Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

__________________________________________

The telescopes of the 1600’s magnified objects thirty-three times their original size.

______________________________________________

The boy sharp remark left the teacher speechless.

___________________________________________

The chairman has declared the meeting over.

____________________________________________

I prefer my steak medium.

_______________________________________

Dick set the caged animals free.

_____________________________________________

The pot calls the kettle black.

_____________________________________________

词法与句法的互动

词法和句法之间的互动及其接口 -以“可怕/怕人”和“好吃/难吃”等词语为例- 〔关键词∶潜在动词和句法词、论元的背景化和前景化、语态变换的词法表现〕 0.问题的所在 现代汉语词法(morphology)体系和句法(syntax)体系之间过渡阶段上有一组很特殊的语法成分,有代表性的具体例子有“可怕、可气、…”和“怕人、气人、…”以及“好吃、好看、…”和“难吃、难看、…”等双音节词语。这些词语在构词法(morphology)、造词法(word formation)以及句法(syntax)上都有相当有意思的语法性质。这些词语从构词法的角度来看可以说归属于合成词(complex word),但从造词法的角度来看有些类似的例子可以超越“词(word)”的范畴,要扩展为“词组(phrase)”即“句法结构( syntactic structure)”;换言之,这类词语既属于词法平面也属于句法平面。这些词语的特殊性还比较突出地表现在句法平面上∶这些词语结构内部虽然都含有动词性语素,但是做为词语整体来看,它们已经丧失掉原来动词的性质而重新获得了新的语法性质,那就是词形和词性发生变化的同时还要引起“agent的背景化/theme的前景化”这样一个很重要的语法功能。这个功能所体现的一方面是词语内部论元结构(argument structure)的变化,另一方面也是句子里边语态变换(voice change)的词法表现。 我们认为,通过对这些词语的研究可以比较清楚地观察到现代汉语语法系统里边词法和句法二者之间互相促动并互相制约的动态情形以及二者之间的接口。本文准备从以下几个方面进行讨论∶ (Ⅰ) 词法特点∶造词成分的语法化以及语法功能的变化 (Ⅱ) 句法功能∶论元结构的变化以及语态变换的词法表现 (Ⅲ) 词法和句法之间的互动以及互制作用 1.句法词的构词类型 1.1∶结构特点 我们首先从构词法的角度来观察一下上面举的那些结构内部包含动词性语素的双音节成分。为了讨论的方便,本文把词语内部的动词性语素叫做“潜在动词”,记做V;比如说“可怕”和“怕人”里潜在的动词V是“怕”,“好吃”和“难吃”的潜在动词V是“吃”,余例类此。根据每个词语形式上的共性和个性,这些词语可以分为如下两个大类四个小类∶ (甲)A类“可V”型(以“可怕”为代表)和B类“V人”型(以“怕人”为代表)(乙)C类“好V”型(以“好吃”为代表)和D类“难V”型(以“难吃”为代表) 合成词一般可以分成两种,一种是复合词,还有一种是派生词。复合词是由两个或两个以上的词根合成的,如“朋友、庆祝、火车、照相机”等;派生词是词根加词缀(前缀和后缀)构成的,如“桌子、花儿、木头、阿姨”等。“可怕、怕人、好吃、难吃”等词语自然都可以分成“可+怕”“怕+人”“好+吃”“难+吃”等前后两个单位的组合,不过如果要再进一步进行分析的话,我们就得面临一个困境,即很难判断它们是属于复合词还是属于派生词∶除去V以后剩下来的“可”字、“好”字和“难”字既有词根(助动词)的性质,同

小学英语名词 讲解及练习

第二课时语法知识词法(1) 一、名词 表示某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。 强调:不可数名词都默认为单数,最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断,以免受误导。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”: a.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ; 读音:清辅音后读[s],浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes,watch-watches; 读音:[iz]。 c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, fly-flies ; 读音:[z]。 d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ;读音:[z]。e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情况 1)有生命的+es 读音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes 2) 无生命的+s 读音:[z] 如:photo-photos radio-radios f. 不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, 2、不可数名词没有复数。 如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量,就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。

英语词法和句法

英语词法和句法 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。 ●词类:英语的词通常分为十大类: 1.名词(noun,缩写为n.)表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念的词。如Girl(女 孩)、book(书)、Tokyo(东京)、war(战争)、Goodness(善良) 2.代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)用来代替名词并起名次作用的词如we(我们),his(他 的),all(全部)。 3.形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词和代词,起描述名词和代词的性质。 如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。 4.副词(adverb,缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,有时修饰全句。如 quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。 5.动词(verb,缩写为v)表示动作和状态,如write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。 6.数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“顺序先后”的词,如four(四), eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。 7.冠词(article,缩写为art.)本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前 面,帮助指明名词的含义,表示的名词数量或者特征。如a,an(一个),the(这,那)。 8.介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的 虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。如from(从),in(在…内),between(在…之间)。9.连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和), because(因为),if(假如)。 10.感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词。如,oh(噢),aha(啊 哈),hush(嘘)。 注意点一:属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义,叫做虚词(form word)。注意点二:不少词可以属于几个词类,如work(工作;动词和名词),fast(快;形容词和副词),since(自从;连词和介词)等。 ●句法 1.句子:是由词和词组构成的、能够表达完整的意思的语言单位。 2.句子成分:指构成句子的各组成部分,即词和短语在句子中的各种语法意义。英语 的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲,主要有下列六种句子成分:

十大词性 句子成分及基本句型讲解及练习(附答案)..

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现代汉语的词法和句法——常识

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英语构词法讲解及专项练习

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注意:-ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词,又可以构成形容词。

; 三、转化Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形,而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。 1. 名词和动词之间的转化 telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词perfect完美的——使完善 3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面——前面的 4.形容词转化为名词chief 主要的——首领 语法填空之构词法专项练习 1. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________(die)is heavier than Mount Tai. 2. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________(long). 3. How________ (fool) he is! black people were against slavery and fought for their ________(free) bravely. 5. What you said sounded________(reason) but in fact it was untrue. thing you should do is to _____(large) your vocabulary. (honest)speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose. 8.Tianjin and Guangzhou were also found to be safe from_____ (legal) drugs. 9. As he tried to read a map, he drove off the road into a river ______ (luck) 10. Thunder and lightning happen ______________ (simultaneous).

英语词法,句法练习题

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绍兴版九年级英语词法语法句法手册(讲解习题答案)

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句法词法

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名词性从句讲解及专项练习习题及解答

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