商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
消防系统弱电系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
消防系统弱电系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照消防报警及控制系统设计说明【Design Despcrition of Fire-safety Alarming and Control System】一、设计依据：【Basis of Design】《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》GB50116-98【Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System GB50116-98】《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95 （2005版）【Code for fire protection design of tall building GB50045-95 （2005 Version）】二、系统保护对象分级：【Classification of the target protected by the system】根据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第3.1.1条，系统保护对象为一级。
【according to Item 3.1.1, Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System, the object protected is Grade I】三、自动报警系统形式：【Form of automatic alarming】采用集中报警系统。
【centralized alarming system is adopted】四、备用照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of backup lighting】在消防控制室、疏散楼梯、走道、电梯厅、门厅、排烟机房、变配电室、电梯机房、消防泵房等场所设置备用照明。
【Backup lighting shall be installed in fire-safety control room, evacuation stairs, elevator hall, smoke evacuation plant room, transformer and switch room, and stair plant room and fire-safety pump room.】五、疏散照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of evacuation lighting】在疏散楼梯间出入口、疏散走道、安全出口处、走道、门厅等场所设置疏散【Evacuation lighting shall 照明，疏散照明自带蓄电池连续供电时间不小于40分钟。
火灾报警器中英文资料外文翻译文献
火灾报警器中英文资料外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译文献Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach tofire detection and monitoring systemIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved ina simple distributed method.1 IntroductionRegulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building. Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc. A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as thefollowing requirements :(a) The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b) An extra path of communication between the central station and all localcontrollers(c) Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d) Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e) Availability of emergency power supply. The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire. The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions. These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture. When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes. In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate. First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS. Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level. At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two. These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM,IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip. At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible. The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control. The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance. In terms of fire detection and alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements. A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation. This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design. This implementation was not possible with old technology. Most of firedetection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology. In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel. Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat,smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. Themore sensitive the detector, themore susceptible it is to falsealarms. In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators. A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. Thesystem uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extremeimportance, two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.3. 1 Central control taskA central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the systemactivities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existenceof other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.4 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the samecircuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the singlemicrocontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supe rvised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.5 Main loop6 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in。
40249-2021超市消防安全管理英文版
40249-2021超市消防安全管理英文版Document Title: Supermarket Fire Safety Management 40249-2021In order to ensure the safety of all individuals within the supermarket premises, it is imperative to have a comprehensive fire safety management plan in place. This document outlines the necessary procedures and protocols that must be followed to prevent and respond to fire incidents effectively.1. Fire Risk Assessment:- Conduct a thorough assessment of the supermarket premises to identify potential fire hazards.- Implement measures to mitigate these risks and ensure compliance with fire safety regulations.2. Fire Prevention Measures:- Regularly inspect and maintain all fire safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers and smoke detectors.- Train supermarket staff on proper fire safety procedures and evacuation protocols.3. Emergency Response Plan:- Develop a detailed emergency response plan that outlines roles and responsibilities during a fire incident.- Conduct regular fire drills to ensure that all individuals are familiar with evacuation routes and procedures.4. Communication and Coordination:- Establish clear communication channels with local fire authorities and emergency services.- Coordinate with neighboring businesses to ensure a cohesive response in the event of a fire.5. Training and Education:- Provide ongoing training to supermarket staff on fire safety best practices and procedures.- Educate customers on fire safety measures and evacuation protocols through signage and announcements.6. Record Keeping and Documentation:- Maintain detailed records of all fire safety inspections, drills, and incidents.- Review and update the fire safety management plan regularly to address any new risks or regulations.By implementing these strategies and maintaining a proactive approach to fire safety management, the supermarket can create a safe environment for both employees and customers. It is essential to prioritize fire safety and ensure that all individuals are prepared to respond effectively in the event of a fire.。
建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：Fire Safety Design of Indoor Pedestrian Streets of Large Commercial BuildingAbstractIndoor pedestrian streets in China developed rapidly in recent years. The current national fire safety standards do not give clear requirements on fire protection design. Fire safety design departments have difficulties in controlling the design, so there are many problems in the fire protection design to be solved. Based on structure characteristics and application status of large-scale commercial buildings, focusing on various existing difficulties in the indoor pedestrian streets fire protection design process, this thesis defines indoor pedestrian streets fire design ideas, and puts forward fire safety measures that should be taken in the interior pedestrian streets in the layout, fire separation, fire facilities, etc.Key words:large-scale commercial buildings; indoor pedestrian streets; fire safety measures 1. IntroductionWith the diversification of market demands and diversity of business modes, the traditional commercial buildings for shopping only are gradually transformed into multifunctional large commercial buildings in various forms, which integrate hopping, dining, entertainment, culture, arts and other consumer functions. While the indoor pedestrian streets can not only improve environment application conditions and climate adaptability, but also integrate the space and functions of connected commercial buildings, which greatly improves space efficiency.Indoor pedestrian streets is shown in Fig.1.However, its unique function and structure brings many problems in fire zone separation, evacuation, smoke exhaust and other aspects in fire protection design. Now there is no domestic specific regulation for indoor pedestrian streets design. It is not only a theoretical topic of academic research, but also an urgent practical problem to solve that how to avoid the blindness in fire design of indoor pedestrian streets, proper handling and solving all the process, and ensuring fire safety of indoor pedestrian streets. Combining the problems encountered in engineering practice, I建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献make analysis on fire design of indoor pedestrian streets and put forward fire prevention measures that should be taken.Fig. 1.Indoor Pedestrian streets2. Difficulties in fire design of indoor pedestrian streetsAs there are entrances set in shops on both sides of indoor pedestrian streets, the customers can flow in the shops through the pedestrian streets. In addition, the commercial buildings on both sides of indoor pedestrian streets vary in forms, with not only small shops in tight rows, but also large supermarkets and main shops, both enclosed space, and open or semi-open circulated space. Therefore, the fire safety design difficulties mainly exist in the following aspects:(1) In accordance with current fire design specifications, indoor pedestrian streets as a limited interior space, the closed space surrounded by buildings should comply with the relevant provisions of the atrium, and fire compartment area should be calculated by overlying the connected areas of upper and lower floors. If using roller shutters or walls to separate fire compartments, it will undoubtedly undermine the effect of architectural design, but not separating will result in over-large compartment area, exceeding regulatory requirements.(2) Evacuation distance from indoor outdoor pedestrian streets to a safe outdoor place often exceeds the specified safe evacuation distance.(3) Fire escapes of the shops are set in the pedestrian streets, and evacuation must be done through the indoor pedestrian streets.(4) The smoke design of current national fire safety design specifications is not applicable for indoor pedestrian streets. Designers often design natural smoke exhaust by referring to specifications on the requirements of atrium natural smoke exhaust, but there are some problems which can not be overlooked: first, due to "laminarization" phenomenon, for the建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献ceiling with clearance height greater than 12m, whether natural smoke exhaust windows can produce real effects; second, in many cases, indoor pedestrian streets also burdens safe evacuation of the shops , which meets atrium smoke exhaust design requirements of current fire protection standards. Whether it can ensure the evacuation safety of people in indoor pedestrian streets.(5) Although the indoor pedestrian streets is used for people passage,some problems may appear in the operation of commercial buildings: first, various temporary booths or stands set in the indoor pedestrian streets will not only increase the fire load, but also affect the safe evacuation; second, to protect the shopping environment from the outdoor weather conditions, in the course of business operation some commercial buildings open the smoke exhaust outlets and set doors and windows at the entrances and on the top of the indoor pedestrian streets, which changes the conditions of safe evacuation and smoke exhaust, posing a fire hazard.3.Indoor pedestrian streets fire design ideasThe biggest difference of indoor pedestrian streets from the outdoor one lies in the roof, so it does not have equal safety of outdoor street. The people evacuated from the shops on both sides have to pass the pedestrian streets before reaching a safe location outdoors. So pedestrian streets is a transition area and an additional part of the evacuation passage. Ideally, the people in an indoor pedestrian streets can enjoy equal safety conditions of outdoors during evacuation. Therefore, the question whether indoor pedestrian streets can serve as an evacuation safe zone, will directly affect the business layout and building fire safety design. For this purpose, I put forward the following design ideas:(1) Control the fire within the shops, to avoid it spreading to the indoor pedestrian streetsWhen fire occurs in shops on the side, try to control the fire in a small range as possible, in particular, to avoid fire and smoke spreading to the indoor pedestrian streets. Usually this can be done by taking active and passive fire protection measures.Separate fire compartment reasonably.Separate the shops that face the pedestrian streets using certain fire-resistant dividers to separate the fire, to limit the spread of fire within the shop. In the shops, automatic fire alarm system, smoke exhaust system and建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed to timely detect the fire, control early fire and smoke spread, and limit the spread of fire from the shops into the pedestrian streets.Indoor pedestrian streetss should have sufficient width, to ensure that even though the fire spreads out of the shops, it will not reach the other side of the pedestrian streets.(2) Avoid the pedestrian streets from being the route of fire spreadIn order to avoid indoor pedestrian streetss from being the route of fire spread, ensure that the floor, wall, and ceiling material will not lead to the spread of the fire. Non-combustible material can be considered; load-bearing structure should have sufficient fire resistance to ensure the safety of evacuation and fire fighting and rescue.Measures should be taken to limit the spread of smoke in the pedestrian streets. The ideal condition of smoke control is that, the smoke exhaust systems in the shops can start in time and exhaust the smoke effectively, to prevent the smoke from spreading into the pedestrian streets. However, considering that the fire in the shops may go out of control, or the smoke exhaust systems in the shops do not start in time or start effectively, or the fire uncontrolled by the fire extinguishing system will soon nullify the indoor exhaust system, etc.there are possibilities that the smoke in the shops spreads to the pedestrian streets. And sometimes unavoidably there are small amounts of combustible that can produce smoke when fire occurs, so it is necessary to install smoke exhaust system in the pedestrian streets.To prevent movable combustible in the pedestrian streets, such as holiday decorations, temporary stands,etc.from causing fire, it should be considered to install automatic sprinkler system or automatic scanning and positioning fire extinguishing system in the corridor and larger atrium of the indoor pedestrian streets.(3) Ensure that people within the indoor pedestrian streets can be quickly evacuated to the outsideThe people detained in the shops and pedestrian streets may not be familiar with building and evacuation routes. Even if the building provides relatively safe evacuation routes and fire exits independent of the pedestrian streets, it should also be considered due to unfamiliarity people may evacuate through the pedestrian streets, resulting in extended time of evacuation. Indoor pedestrian streets, after all, does not have the equal safety of outdoors, so measures should be taken in favor of quick evacuation.建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献The pedestrian streets should not be used for purposes other than human passage. There should be no arrangement of fixed commercial stalls or obstacles impeding the evacuation, and adequate width should be maintained to meet the evacuation needs and to avoid being overcrowded, which will affect the speed of evacuation.If the exit of shop connects directly to the indoor pedestrian streets, and extends to a safe place outside via the pedestrian streets, the distance from the exit of shop to the exit of the pedestrian streets should be controlled without being too long.As a main channel for safe evacuation, the pedestrian streets should have good emergency lighting and evacuation instructions to ensure smooth evacuation in case of fire. For indoor pedestrian streets with more complex or longer evacuation routes, emergency lighting should be strengthened, intelligent evacuation signs should be set, and fire emergency broadcast system should be allocated, to guide the evacuation in order.(4)Create favorable conditions for external fire fighting and rescueEven if the pedestrian streets is equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system, it does not rule out the case for various reasons fire occurs and spreads, which will need fire fighting service and rescue. Basic fire fighting and rescue measures are:Overall planning and rational setting of commercial building’s fire track create favorable external conditions for the fire brigade to perform rescue, and facilitate quick access for fire engines to the inside or fire site of commercial building.If the indoor pedestrian streets is relatively long, indoor pedestrian streets entrances should be set on the first floor at certain intervals for firefi ghters’ access. Fire rescue operation site should be set on the side of the building more than 24m in height, and window entrance for firefighters should be set on each floor on the wall where fire operation is performed. For the convenience of access to water, in addition to setting the fire hydrant within the shops, the fire hydrant and hose reel should also be set up within the pedestrian streets4.Indoor pedestrian streets fire protection measuresEach layer of indoor pedestrian streets, through the atrium gallery and escalator are connected with each other, creating an open, transparent continuous interior space. This open建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献and transparent settings,the commercial building shopping personnel can easily recognize direction,on emergency evacuation is very beneficial,but also insightful space indoor pedestrian streets has enough smoke storage space, slowing the smoke sedimentation velocity. But because the evacuation through indoor pedestrian streets to via staircases were evacuated, so need to ensure indoor pedestrian streets fire bining the stated fire safety design ideas, I propose the following fire protection measures:4.1. LayoutRational design of indoor pedestrian streets layout has a positive significance in reducing fire hazards to people and property, reducing economic losses and facilitating fire rescue.To reduce fire risk, commercial buildings should not operate or store commodities with fire risk properties classified as A and B, and no food stands should not be set on the pedestrian streets. To prevent the fire in the shops or in the pedestrian streets from spreading to or along the pedestrian streets, the pedestrian streets width shall meet requirements of fire prevention distance, 8m at least. The pedestrian streets should not be longer than 300m. If it is longer than 300m, open passage with width not less than 6m should be set at places within 300m, in order to facilitate the evacuation, and to delay and prevent the spread of fire, working as a fire barrier.The exits of shops on sides should connect directly to the pedestrian streets, and the exits connecting the shops and the pedestrian streets can be designed as fire escapes. The distance from the shop exit to a nearest outdoor place of safety should not be greater than 60m, in order to facilitate safe evacuationLoop fire engine track should be set around the commercial buildings. If there are difficulties, fire engine tracks with width not less than 6m should be set on two long sides of the building. If the length of the build ing’s outer boundary is greater than 150m or the total length is greater than 220m, a track through the building should be set. To facilitate fire engines’ access, do not set obstacles at the entrance of the street, or set seats, landscape, and other facilities in the street. Do not affect fire fighting or the passage of fire engines. Set fire track signs on the ground, in which there should be no obstacles or open doors & windows or steps, etc.建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献4.2. Fire separation(1) For non-food shops, shop building area should not exceed 300 m2, and the pedestrian streets and shops should be separated with 1.0h window-type spray cooling system protective tempered glass for fire separation; if the building area is more than 300 m2, 2.0h type one should be used.(2) The shop door that opens to the indoor pedestrian streets should be able to automatically shut down when fire occurs, and it should be sealed well to prevent the smoke entering into the interior pedestrian streets. The door should meet the fire resistance of not less than 1.0h.A space no less than 500mm should be left between the top of the door and the ceiling as smoke accumulating space. It is recommended to use a two-way spring door with electromagnetic absorber, so that the doors automatically close in case of emergency power-off due to fire. And ensure that both sides can be opened and automatically closed after opening.(3) The fire resistance of the walls between the shops with building area less than 300m2 should not be lower than 2.0h; for shops greater than 300m2, use walls with fire resistance not less than 3.0h to separate the adjacent shops; the walls should be built to the bottom of the upper floor. The horizontal distance between the door and window openings on both sides of the walls should be no less than 2.0m.(4) Fire damper which can be automatically closed at 70 should be set in the air conditioner and ventilation pipe through the fire wall of the shop, and smoke damper which can be automatically closed at 280 should be set in the smoke exhaust pipe.4.3. Fire fighting facilities(1) Fire extinguishing system: automatic sprinkler system should be set in the pedestrian streets corridor, and fast response sprinklers should be used. For atrium area fixed fire monitor system should be used. Fire hydrant and hose reel should be set at intervals of 50m in the indoor pedestrian streets.(2) Fire detection and alarm system: point-type smoke detectors should be set in the pedestrian streets corridor; beam line smoke detectors can be set at the top of the pedestrian streets.建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(3) Smoke system: natural draft system can be used in the pedestrian streets. Sufficient natural draft windows should be arranged in the ceiling, exhausting the smoke in the street timely by reliable linkage starting. The area of natural draft windows should be no less than 20% of the pedestrian streets surface.(4) The emergency lighting and evacuation signs: centralized power and centralized control type should be used. Light-type evacuation signs which can maintain a visual continuity should be set on the ground the evacuation routes of the pedestrian streets. The evacuation signs should use safe voltage, and the intervals of ground evacuation signs should be no greater than 5m.5.ConclusionIndoor pedestrian streets in China developed rapidly in recent years. The current national fire safety standards do not give clear requirements on fire protection design. Fire safety design departments have difficulties in controlling the design , so there are many problems in the fire protection design to be solved. Basically, the proposed fire safety measures are able to meet the current needs of using indoor pedestrian streets, which are also realistic and can provide new ideas for indoor pedestrian streets fire safety design. Only reasonable measures can reduce fire risk, to ensure fire safety of indoor pedestrian streets.Reference[1] GB50016-2006.Code of design on building fire protection and prevention.[2] Fire Bureau of Ministry of Public Security, Handbook of Fire Protection[M]. Science and Technology Publishing of Shanghai.2007.[3] HUO Ran,YUAN,HongYong Performance based fire prevention analysis and design ofbuildings[M]. Science and Technology Publishing of Anhui,2003.[4] NFPA Life Safety Code, NFPA (Fire) 101, National Fire Protean, Association, 2005.译文：大型商业综合体室内步行街消防安全设计建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献摘要近几年中国的室内步行街发展迅速。
建筑防火中英文对照外文翻译文献
- 1 -中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献外文文献: :Designing Against Fire Of BulidingABSTRACT:This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electricalsystems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are consideredin the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed.1 INTRODUCTIONOther papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the case of fire. Rather, it is building regulations such as the Building Code of Australia (BCA) that directly specify most of the requirements for fire safety of buildings with reference being made to Standards such as AS3600 or AS4100 for methods for determining the fire resistance of structural elements.The purpose of this paper is to consider the design of buildings for fire safety from an engineering perspective (as is currently done for other loads such as wind or earthquakes), whilst at the same time,putting such approaches in the context of the current regulatory requirements.At the outset,it needs to be noted that designing a building for fire safety is far more than simply considering the building structure and whether it has sufficient structural adequacy.This is because fires can have a direct influence on occupants via smoke and heat and can grow in size and severity unlike other effects imposed on the building. Notwithstanding these comments, the focus of this paper will be largely on design issues associated with the building structure.Two situations associated with a building are used for the purpose of discussion. The multi-storey office building shown in Figure 1 is supported by a transfer structure that spans over a set of railway tracks. It is assumed that a wide range of rail traffic utilises these tracks including freight and diesel locomotives. The first situation to be considered from a fire safety perspective is the transfer structure.This is termed Situation 1 and the key questions are: what level of fire resistance is required for this transfer structure and how can this be determined? This situation has been chosen since it clearly falls outside the normal regulatory scope of most build-ing regulations. An engineering solution, rather than a prescriptive one is required. The second fire situation (termed Situation 2) corresponds to a fire within the office levels of the building and is covered by building regulations. This situation is chosen because it will enable a discussion of engineering approaches and how these interface with the building regulations regulations––since both engineering and prescriptive solutions are possible.2 UNIQUENESS OF FIRE2.1 Introduction Wind and earthquakes can be considered to b Wind and earthquakes can be considered to be “natural” phenomena o e “natural” phenomena o e “natural” phenomena over which designers ver which designers have no control except perhaps to choose the location of buildings more carefully on the basis of historical records and to design building to resist sufficiently high loads or accelerations for the particular location. Dead and live loads in buildings are the result of gravity. All of these loads are variable and it is possible (although generally unlikely) that the loads may exceed the resistance of the critical structural members resulting in structural failure.The nature and influence of fires in buildings are quite different to those associated with other“loads” to which a building may be subjected to. The essential differences are described in the following sections.2.2 Origin of FireIn most situations (ignoring bush fires), fire originates from human activities within the building or the malfunction of equipment placed within the building to provide a serviceable environment. It follows therefore that it is possible to influence the rate of fire starts by influencing human behaviour, limiting and monitoring human behaviour and improving the design of equipment and its maintenance. This is not the case for the usual loads applied to a building.2.3 Ability to InfluenceSince wind and earthquake are directly functions of nature, it is not possible to influence such events to any extent. One has to anticipate them and design accordingly. It may be possibleto influence the level of live load in a building by conducting audits and placing restrictions on contents. However, in the case of a fire start, there are many factors that can be brought to bear to influence the ultimate size of the fire and its effect within the building. It is known that occupants within a building will often detect a fire and deal with it before it reaches a sig- nificant size. It is estimated that less than one fire in five (Favre, 1996) results in a call to the fire brigade and for fires reported to the fire brigade, the majority will be limited to the room of fire origin. Inoc- cupied spaces, olfactory cues (smell) provide powerful evidence of the presence of even a small fire. The addition of a functional smoke detection system will further improve the likelihood of detection and of action being taken by the occupants.Fire fighting equipment, such as extinguishers and hose reels, is generally provided within buildings for the use of occupants and many organisations provide training for staff in respect ofthe use of such equipment.The growth of a fire can also be limited by automatic extinguishing systems such as sprinklers, which can be designed to have high levels of effectiveness.Fires can also be limited by the fire brigade depending on the size and location of the fire at the time of arrival.2.4 Effects of FireThe structural elements in the vicinity of the fire will experience the effects of heat. The temperatures within the structural elements will increase with time of exposure to the fire, the rate of temperature rise being dictated by the thermal resistance of the structural element and the severity of the fire. The increase in temperatures within a member will result in both thermal expansion and,eventually,a reduction in the structural resistance of the member. Differential thermal expansion will lead to bowing of a member. Significant axial expansion willbe accommodated in steel members by either overall or local buckling or yielding of local- ised regions. These effects will be detrimental for columns but for beams forming part of a floorsystem may assist in the development of other load resisting mechanisms (see Section 4.3.5).With the exception of the development of forces due to restraint of thermal expansion, fire does not impose loads on the structure but rather reduces stiffness and strength. Such effects are not instantaneous but are a function of time and this is different to the effects of loads such as earthquake and wind that are more or less instantaneous.Heating effects associated with a fire will not be significant or the rate of loss of capacity will be slowed if:(a) the fire is extinguished (e.g. an effective sprinkler system)(b) the fire is of insufficient severity –– insufficient fuel, and/or(b) the fire is of insufficient severity(c)the structural elements have sufficient thermal mass and/or insulation to slow the rise in internal temperatureFire protection measures such as providing sufficient axis distance and dimensions for concrete elements, and sufficient insulation thickness for steel elements are examples of (c). These are illustrated in Figure 2.The two situations described in the introduction are now considered.3 FIRE WITHIN BUILDINGS3.1 Fire Safety ConsiderationsThe implications of fire within the occupied parts of the office building (Figure 1) (Situation 2) are now considered. Fire statistics for office buildings show that about one fatality is expected in an office building for every 1000 fires reported to the fire brigade. This is an orderof magnitude less than the fatality rate associated with apartment buildings. More than two thirdsof fires occur during occupied hours and this is due to the greater human activity and the greater use of services within the building. It is twice as likely that a fire that commences out of normal working hours will extend beyond the enclosure of fire origin.A relatively small fire can generate large quantities of smoke within the floor of fire origin.If the floor is of open-plan construction with few partitions, the presence of a fire during normal occupied hours is almost certain to be detected through the observation of smoke on the floor. The presence of full height partitions across the floor will slow the spread of smoke and possibly also the speed at which the occupants detect the fire. Any measures aimed at improving housekeeping, fire awareness and fire response will be beneficial in reducing the likelihood of major fires during occupied hours.For multi-storey buildings, smoke detection systems and alarms are often provided to give “automatic” detection and warning to the occupants. An alarm signal is also transm itted to the fire brigade.Should the fire not be able to be controlled by the occupants on the fire floor, they will need to leave the floor of fire origin via the stairs. Stair enclosures may be designed to be fire-resistant but this may not be sufficient to keep the smoke out of the stairs. Many buildings incorporate stair pressurisation systems whereby positive airflow is introduced into the stairs upon detection of smoke within the building. However, this increases the forces required to open the stair doors and makes it increasingly difficult to access the stairs. It is quite likely that excessive door opening forces will exist(Fazio et al,2006)From a fire perspective, it is common to consider that a building consists of enclosures formed by the presence of walls and floors.An enclosure that has sufficiently fire-resistant boundaries (i.e. walls and floors) is considered to constitute a fire compartment and to be capableof limiting the spread of fire to an adjacent compartment. However, the ability of such boundariesto restrict the spread of fire can be severely limited by the need to provide natural lighting (windows)and access openings between the adjacent compartments (doors and stairs). Fire spread via the external openings (windows) is a distinct possibility given a fully developed fire. Limit- ing the window sizes and geometry can reduce but not eliminate the possibility of vertical fire spread.By far the most effective measure in limiting fire spread, other than the presence of occupants, is an effective sprinkler system that delivers water to a growing fire rapidly reducing the heat being generated and virtually extinguishing it.3.2 Estimating Fire SeverityIn the absence of measures to extinguish developing fires, or should such systems fail; severe fires can develop within buildings.In fire engineering literature, the term “fire load” refers to the quantity of combustibles within an enclosure and not the loads (forces) applied to the structure during a fire. Similarly, fire load density refers to the quantity of fuel per unit area. It is normally expressed in terms of MJ/m2or kg/m 2of wood equivalent. Surveys of combustibles for various occupancies (i.e offices, retail,hospitals, warehouses, etc)have been undertaken and a good summary of the available data is given in FCRC (1999). As would be expected, the fire load density is highly variable. Publications such as the International Fire Engineering Guidelines (2005) give fire load data in terms of the mean and 80th percentile.The latter level of fire load density is sometimes taken asthe characteristic fire load density and is sometimes taken as being distributed according to a Gumbel distribution (Schleich et al, 1999).The rate at which heat is released within an enclosure is termed the heat release rate (HRR) and normally expressed in megawatts (MW). The application of sufficient heat to a combustible material results in the generation of gases some of which are combustible. This process is called pyrolisation.Upon coming into contact with sufficient oxygen these gases ignite generating heat. The rate of burning(and therefore of heat generation) is therefore dependent on the flow of air to the gases generated by the pyrolising fuel.This flow is influenced by the shape of the enclosure (aspect ratio), and the position and size of any potential openings. It is found from experiments with single openings in approximately cubic enclosures that the rate of burning is directly proportional to A h where A is the area of the opening and h is the opening height. It is known that for deep enclosures with single openings that burning will occur initially closest to the opening moving back into the enclosure once the fuel closest to the opening is consumed (Thomas et al, 2005). Significant temperature variations throughout such enclosures can be expected.The use of the word ‘opening’ in relation to real building enclosures refers to any openings present around the walls including doors that are left open and any windows containing non fire-resistant glass.It is presumed that such glass breaks in the event of development of a significant fire. If the windows could be prevented from breaking and other sources of air to the enclosure limited, then the fire would be prevented from becoming a severe fire.V arious methods have been developed for determining the potential severity of a fire within an enclosure.These are described in SFPE (2004). The predictions of these methods are variable and are mostly based on estimating a representative heat release rate (HRR) and the proportion of total fuel ς likely to be consumed during the primary burning stage (Figure 4). Further studies of enclosure fires are required to assist with the development of improved models,as the behaviour is very complex.3.3 Role of the Building StructureIf the design objectives are to provide an adequate level of safety for the occupants and protection of adjacent properties from damage, then the structural adequacy of the building in fire need only be sufficient to allow the occupants to exit the building and for the building to ultimately deform in a way that does not lead to damage or fire spread to a building located on an adjacent site.These objectives are those associated with most building regulations including the Building Code of Australia (BCA). There could be other objectives including protection of the building against significant damage. In considering these various objectives, the following should be taken into account when considering the fire resistance of the building structure.3.3.1 Non-Structural ConsequencesSince fire can produce smoke and flame, it is important to ask whether these outcomes will threaten life safety within other parts of the building before the building is compromised by a lossof structural adequacy? Is search and rescue by the fire brigade not feasible given the likely extent of smoke? Will the loss of use of the building due to a severe fire result in major property and income loss? If the answer to these questions is in the affirmative, then it may be necessary to minimise the occurrence of a significant fire rather than simply assuming that the building structure needs to be designed for high levels of fire resistance. A low-rise shopping centre with levels interconnected by large voids is an example of such a situation.3.3.2 Other Fire Safety SystemsThe presence of other systems (e.g. sprinklers) within the building to minimise the occurrence of a serious fire can greatly reduce the need for the structural elements to have high levels of fire resistance. In this regard, the uncertainties of all fire-safety systems need to be considered. Irrespective of whether the fire safety system is the sprinkler system, stair pressurisation, compartmentation or the system giving the structure a fire-resistance level (e.g. concrete cover), there is an uncertainty of performance. Uncertainty data is available for sprinkler systems(because it is relatively easy to collect) but is not readily available for the other fire safety systems. This sometimes results in the designers and building regulators considering that only sprinkler systems are subject to uncertainty. In reality, it would appear that sprinklers systems have a high level of performance and can be designed to have very high levels of reliability.3.3.3 Height of BuildingIt takes longer for a tall building to be evacuated than a short building and therefore the structure of a tall building may need to have a higher level of fire resistance. The implications of collapse of tall buildings on adjacent properties are also greater than for buildings of only several storeys.3.3.4 Limited Extent of BurningIf the likely extent of burning is small in comparison with the plan area of the building, then the fire cannot have a significant impact on the overall stability of the building structure. Examples of situations where this is the case are open-deck carparks and very large area building such as shopping complexes where the fire-effected part is likely to be small in relation to area of the building floor plan.3.3.5 Behaviour of Floor ElementsThe effect of real fires on composite and concrete floors continues to be a subject of much research.Experimental testing at Cardington demonstrated that when parts of a composite floor are subject to heating, large displacement behaviour can develop that greatly assists the load carrying capacity of the floor beyond that which would predicted by considering only the behaviour of the beams and slabs in isolation.These situations have been analysed by both yield line methods that take into account the effects of membrane forces (Bailey, 2004) and finite element techniques. In essence, the methods illustrate that it is not necessary to insulate all structural steel elements in a composite floor to achieve high levels of fire resistance.This work also demonstrated that exposure of a composite floor having unprotected steel beams, to a localised fire, will not result in failure of the floor.A similar real fire test on a multistory reinforced concrete building demonstrated that the real structural behaviour in fire was significantly different to that expected using small displacement theory as for normal tempera- ture design (Bailey, 2002) with the performance being superior than that predicted by considering isolated member behaviour.3.4 Prescriptive Approach to DesignThe building regulations of most countries provide prescriptive requirements for the design of buildings for fire.These requirements are generally not subject to interpretation and compliance with them makes for simpler design approvalapproval––although not necessarily the most cost-effective designs.These provisions are often termed deemed-to-satisfy (DTS) provisions. Allcovered––the provision of emergency exits, aspects of designing buildings for fire safety are coveredspacings between buildings, occupant fire fighting measures, detection and alarms, measures for automatic fire suppression, air and smoke handling requirements and last, but not least, requirements for compartmentation and fire resistance levels for structural members. However, there is little evidence that the requirements have been developed from a systematic evaluation of fire safety. Rather it would appear that many of the requirements have been added one to anotherto deal with another fire incident or to incorporate a new form of technology. There does not appear to have been any real attempt to determine which provision have the most significant influence on fire safety and whether some of the former provisions could be modified.The FRL requirements specified in the DTS provisions are traditionally considered to result in member resistances that will only rarely experience failure in the event of a fire.This is why it is acceptable to use the above arbitrary point in time load combination for assessing members in fire. There have been attempts to evaluate the various deemed-to-satisfy provisions (particularly the fire- resistance requirements)from a fire-engineering perspective taking into account the possible variations in enclosure geometry, opening sizes and fire load (see FCRC, 1999).One of the outcomes of this evaluation was the recognition that deemed-to- satisfy provisions necessarily cover the broad range of buildings and thus must, on average, be quite onerous because of the magnitude of the above variations.It should be noted that the DTS provisions assume that compartmentation works and that fire is limited to a single compartment. This means that fire is normally only considered to exist at one level. Thus floors are assumed to be heated from below and columns only over one storey height.3.5 Performance-Based DesignAn approach that offers substantial benefits for individual buildings is the move towards performance-based regulations. This is permitted by regulations such as the BCA which state thata designer must demonstrate that the particular building will achieve the relevant performance requirements. The prescriptive provisions (i.e. the DTS provisions) are presumed to achieve these requirements. It is necessary to show that any building that does not conform to the DTS provisions will achieve the performance requirements.But what are the performance requirements? Most often the specified performance is simplya set of performance statements (such as with the Building Code of Australia)with no quantitative level given. Therefore, although these statements remind the designer of the key elements of design, they do not, in themselves, provide any measure against which to determine whether the design is adequately safe.Possible acceptance criteria are now considered.3.5.1 Acceptance CriteriaSome guidance as to the basis for acceptable designs is given in regulations such as the BCA. These and other possible bases are now considered in principle.(i)compare the levels of safety (with respect to achieving each of the design objectives) of the proposed alternative solution with those asso- ciated with a corresponding DTS solution for the building.This comparison may be done on either a qualitative or qualitative risk basis or perhaps a combination. In this case, the basis for comparison is an acceptable DTS solution. Such an approach requires a “holistic” approach to safety whereby all aspects relevant to safety, including the structure, are considered. This is, by far, the most common basis for acceptance.(ii)undertake a probabilistic risk assessment and show that the risk associated with the proposed design is less than that associated with common societal activities such as using pub lic transport. Undertaking a full probabilistic risk assessment can be very difficult for all but the simplest situations.Assuming that such an assessment is undertaken it will be necessary for the stakeholders to accept the nominated level of acceptable risk. Again, this requires a “holistic” approach to fire safety.(iii) a design is presented where it is demonstrated that all reasonable measures have been adopted to manage the risks and that any possible measures that have not been adopted will have negligible effect on the risk of not achieving the design objectives.(iv) as far as the building structure is concerned,benchmark the acceptable probability of failure in fire against that for normal temperature design. This is similar to the approach used when considering Building Situation 1 but only considers the building structure and not the effects of flame or smoke spread. It is not a holistic approach to fire safety.Finally, the questions of arson and terrorism must be considered. Deliberate acts of fire initiation range from relatively minor incidents to acts of mass destruction.Acts of arson are well within the accepted range of fire events experienced by build- ings(e.g. 8% of fire starts in offices are deemed "suspicious"). The simplest act is to use a small heat source to start a fire. The resulting fire will develop slowly in one location within the building and will most probably be controlled by the various fire- safety systems within the building. The outcome is likely to be the same even if an accelerant is used to assist fire spread.An important illustration of this occurred during the race riots in Los Angeles in 1992 (Hart 1992) when fires were started in many buildings often at multiple locations. In the case of buildings with sprinkler systems,the damage was limited and the fires significantly controlled.Although the intent was to destroy the buildings,the fire-safety systems were able to limit the resulting fires. Security measures are provided with systems such as sprinkler systems and include:- locking of valves- anti-tamper monitoring- location of valves in secure locationsFurthermore, access to significant buildings is often restricted by security measures.The very fact that the above steps have been taken demonstrates that acts of destruction within buildings are considered although most acts of arson do not involve any attempt to disable the fire-safety systems.At the one end of the spectrum is "simple" arson and at the other end, extremely rare acts where attempts are made to destroy the fire-safety systems along with substantial parts of thebuilding.This can be only achieved through massive impact or the use of explosives. The latter may be achieved through explosives being introduced into the building or from outside by missile attack.The former could result from missile attack or from the collision of a large aircraft. The greater the destructiveness of the act,the greater the means and knowledge required. Conversely, the more extreme the act, the less confidence there can be in designing against such an act. This is because the more extreme the event, the harder it is to predict precisely and the less understood will be its effects. The important point to recognise is that if sufficient means can be assembled, then it will always be possible to overcome a particular building design.Thus these acts are completely different to the other loadings to which a building is subjected such as wind,earthquake and gravity loading. This is because such acts of destruction are the work of intelligent beings and take into account the characteristics of the target.Should high-rise buildings be designed for given terrorist activities,then terrorists will simply use greater means to achieve the end result.For example, if buildings were designed to resist the impact effects from a certain size aircraft, then the use of a larger aircraft or more than one aircraft could still achieve destruction of the building. An appropriate strategy is therefore to minimise the likelihood of means of mass destruction getting into the hands of persons intent on such acts. This is not an engineering solution associated with the building structure.It should not be assumed that structural solutions are always the most appropriate, or indeed, possible.In the same way, aircrafts are not designed to survive a major fire or a crash landing but steps are taken to minimise the likelihood of either occurrence.The mobilization of large quantities of fire load (the normal combustibles on the floors) simultaneously on numerous levels throughout a building is well outside fire situations envisaged by current fire test standards and prescriptive regulations. Risk management measures to avoid such a possibility must be considered.4 CONCLUSIONSificantly from other “loads” such as wind, live load and earthquakes in significantlyFire differs signrespect of its origin and its effects.Due to the fact that fire originates from human activities or equipment installed within buildings, it is possible to directly influence the potential effects on the building by reducing the rate of fire starts and providing measures to directly limit fire severity.The design of buildings for fire safety is mostly achieved by following the prescriptive requirements of building codes such as the BCA. For situations that fall outside of the scope of such regulations, or where proposed designs are not in accordance with the prescriptive requirements, it is possible to undertake performance-based fire engineering designs.However,。
火灾自动报警系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
火灾自动报警系统中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译文献Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through thesensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarmfrom the scene or reports to the police through the special electriccable near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through manyyears research and the development, the present alarm apparatus maysay is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatusrapid development and the social each domain anxious need, can theapplication domain be more and more many, specially is rapidlydevelops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarmapparatus already became reports to the police a domain hot spot,because it used was not the obviously infrared acquisition, thereforehad the hiding to be good, characteristic and so on security. Theinfrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divideinto the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the infraredacquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, thesensitivity high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs tocool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examinationsensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisitionsensor is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the infraredacquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared radiationtemperature increment, the temperature elevates causes the sensorinterior certain physical quantities changes, through examinationphysical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind ofsensor works under the room temperature condition,examinationsensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick,moreover has nothing to do with with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background radiationthe limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs isthe passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisitionaid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released theelectricity the principle, hotly releases content and so on manyalarm circuit which the electric detector the characteristic,the BISS0001 signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finallydesigned completes has hotly released the electricity infrareddetection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it is easy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led to a significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures.For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance .In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Goog leruined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so that people should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination ofThe United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automatic fire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and take effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other place of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting facilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. From automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system.Fire detectors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with high temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals through the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into sound and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing theroom number; while also monitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extinguishing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and light show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of themachine-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In addition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to the fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of a button fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smoke, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature.Photographic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to the fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the time. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant systems, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire doors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automatically or manually issue commands to start the corresponding device.(A) of the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire detectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fireresponse parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detectors, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Different types of fire detectors for different types of fires and different places. Manual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable component of the.(B) the fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control functions with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire detectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the system itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors Shuchu; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Zhishi specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some devices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not complete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm controller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm device fire alarm control belong.The basic function of fire alarm control are: the main power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge function, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memoryfunction, clock function unit, with priority being given fault function fire alarm, sound alarm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) fire alarms in automatic fire alarm system to send different from the environment, sound, light the fire alarm signal device called the fire alarms. It sound, light and sound approach to the issue of fire alarm signals alarm area to warn people to adopt safe evacuation, fire fighting and rescue measures.D) Fire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receiving the fire alarm, automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipment and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Include fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hydrant system control devices, smoke exhaust system and air conditioning and ventilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control device, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fire communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting control devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normally installed in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized control.While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located in the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control.(E) fire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fire, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测，产生报警信号，从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警，从而引起人们的警觉。
消防应急预案中英文对照
I. IntroductionThe Fire Emergency Plan is designed to provide a comprehensive and systematic approach to responding to fire emergencies within the organization. This plan aims to ensure the safety of all personnel, minimize property damage, and facilitate a quick and effective response to any fire incident.II. Scope of the PlanThis plan applies to all employees, visitors, and contractors within the organization. It covers all areas and facilities under theorganization's jurisdiction.III. ObjectivesThe primary objectives of this fire emergency plan are as follows:1. To ensure the safety of all personnel in the event of a fire.2. To minimize property damage and disruption to business operations.3. To provide clear instructions for fire prevention, detection, and response.4. To ensure compliance with local fire safety regulations and standards.IV. ResponsibilitiesA. Management1. Appoint a Fire Safety Officer (FSO) responsible for the implementation and maintenance of this plan.2. Conduct regular fire safety training for all employees.3. Ensure that fire safety equipment is properly maintained and operational.B. Employees1. Familiarize themselves with this plan and the procedures outlined within.2. Report any fire hazards or potential fire risks immediately to the FSO.3. Participate in fire drills and training sessions.C. Visitors and Contractors1. Be aware of fire safety procedures while on the premises.2. Follow the instructions of the FSO or designated personnel in the event of a fire.V. Fire PreventionA. General Fire Prevention Measures1. Regularly inspect and maintain electrical systems and equipment.2. Ensure proper storage and handling of flammable materials.3. Establish and enforce a smoking policy.B. Specific Measures1. Install and maintain smoke detectors in all areas.2. Provide fire extinguishers in designated locations.3. Ensure exits and emergency routes are clear and well-marked.VI. Fire DetectionA. Smoke Detectors1. Install smoke detectors in all areas where they are required by law.2. Test smoke detectors monthly and replace batteries as necessary.B. Fire Alarms1. Install fire alarms in all areas where they are required by law.2. Test fire alarms monthly and ensure they are functioning properly.VII. Fire ResponseA. Early Warning1. Upon detecting smoke or fire, immediately activate the nearest fire alarm.2. Sound the alarm by pulling the nearest fire alarm pull station.B. Evacuation1. Evacuate the building immediately using the nearest exit or emergency route.2. Close all doors behind you to prevent the spread of fire.3. Do not use elevators during an evacuation.C. Assembly Point1. Proceed to the designated assembly point.2. Do not re-enter the building until authorized by the FSO or emergency services.D. Fire Extinguishing1. Use a fire extinguisher only if you are trained and confident in its use.2. Aim the extinguisher at the base of the fire and sweep from side to side.VIII. Post-EvacuationA. Report1. Report any injuries or missing persons to the FSO or emergency services.2. Provide assistance to others as needed.B. Damage Assessment1. Assess the extent of the damage and report it to management.2. Document the damage for insurance purposes.IX. Training and DrillsA. Regular Training1. Conduct fire safety training sessions for all employees at least annually.2. Provide training on the use of fire extinguishers and emergency procedures.B. Drills1. Conduct fire drills at least twice a year.2. Ensure that all employees are familiar with the evacuation procedures.X. Review and UpdateThis fire emergency plan will be reviewed and updated annually or as required by changes in the organization or local regulations. All employees will be informed of any changes to the plan.---消防应急预案I. 引言本消防应急预案旨在为组织内部火灾应急提供全面、系统的应对方法。
消防 毕业论文外文文献翻译
外文翻译-原文部分Fire FightingAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basisThe fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis:1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word:"Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning. 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector. The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the liftwell are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector.The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front ofroom, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls. Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the workingmode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also shoulddemonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition.3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.附录B：外文翻译-译文部分消防随着我国经济发展的快速发展，人们的生活水平的不断提高，城市一天一天的膨胀，城市建设要多方面发展。
土木工程建筑外文翻译外文文献高层建筑的消防安全设计
土木工程建筑外文翻译外文文献高层建筑的消防安全设计Fire Safety Design for High-rise BuildingsKeywords: fire safety, high-rise buildings, means of escape, fire resistant materials, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, fire risk assessment, emergency plans1. Introduction2. Means of Escape3. Fire Resistant Materials4. Fire Detection and Alarm SystemsEarly detection of a fire is crucial to allow for the safe evacuation of occupants. High-rise buildings should be equipped with fire detection and alarm systems, including smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual call points. These systems should be interconnected and monitored to ensure prompt notification of a fire.5. Fire Suppression Systems6. Fire Risk AssessmentBefore occupancy, a fire risk assessment should be conducted to identify potential fire hazards and ensure appropriate fire safety measures are in place. This assessment should considerthe building's use, occupant load, and fire resistance ofconstruction materials. Regular fire risk assessments shouldalso be conducted to address any changes in building use or occupancy.7. Emergency PlansHigh-rise buildings should have well-defined emergency plans that outline the actions to be taken in the event of a fire. These plans should include procedures for evacuating occupants, contacting emergency services, and isolating fire-affected areas. Regular drills and training sessions should be conducted to familiarize occupants with the emergency procedures.8. ConclusionFire safety design is critical in high-rise buildings to protect the lives of occupants and minimize property damage. Designers and engineers should consider means of escape, fire resistant materials, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, fire risk assessments, and emergency plans when designing a high-rise building. By implementing these measures effectively, the risk of fire-related incidents can be significantly reduced.。
土建专业毕业设计外文翻译---高层商住楼消防设计探讨
外文资料及翻译Fire in high-rise building designFire in high-rise building design in recent years, the city's commercial and residential design process, encountered a new problem is the fire department for public security for a class of high-rise residential elevators and the Office of Public hallway with Automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system. Past, Design for the present "Tall Buildings design of fire safety regulations" (GB 50045-1995) (hereinafter "high regulation"), automatic sprinkler system installed .6.2 scope of section 7 of the understanding of the domestic excluded. Fire in high-rise building design of the conventional practice of using the whole floor, generally located fire hydrant system, Skirt-building basement and the installation of automatic sprinkler systems. Therefore, the lift pump spray option is lower, the output is smaller. In practical projects have encountered this kind of example : a 28-storey buildings in the residential and commercial fire inspection, public security and fire prevention departments requiring layers of elevators and corridors to increase sprinkler system. That the owners have had to make fire sprinkler pump, the staircase installation of fire sprinkler pipes and sprinkler heads. The results will not only increase the construction costs, also affected the Office of the lift cosmetic and progress of the project. Under the "high regulation,"Section 2 of Chapter VII of the fire water, we can see a kind of high-rise building fire hydrant water for the indoor 20 L / s, and a category of high-rise commercial indoor water hydrant to 40 L / s, the difference was doubled. To a30-storey residential buildings and a composite of the same height (24m following skirt building for commercial purposes, for its residential) as an example, to analyze the fire danger. For composite skirt building, as shopping malls, restaurants, etc., because of their luxurious decoration, with central air-conditioning system Fuel more, the risk of fire is greater. Case of fire, the fire water needs are greater. But skirt building height of the building "24m, at the scope of fire engines to put out the firewithin, I can get external support. As long as the initial fires effectively controlled, it is easy to fight the fires. Therefore, the increased part of the skirt building fire water skirt building and the installation of automatic sprinkler systems appear to be necessary. On the residential portion of the composite, I believe with a purely residential buildings can be treated the same. But the fire design, the composite hydrant system is based on 40 L / s design. Meanwhile, ordinary residential buildings are based on 20 L / s design, it is clear the former fire in residential water layer is a surplus. Then, the fire department asked the Office of Residential Elevator layer and the public sidewalk installed sprinkler system, they can use the surplus in this part of the fire contained, In other words layer residential sprinkler system can use the fire hydrant system pumps, fire and the total water consumption unchanged.Most residential tower floor of the typical residential floor elevator and the Office of the general public sidewalk installation of 5 ~ 8 nozzle it will satisfy requirements , equal to a water gun fire of consumption, coupled with 20 L / s hydrant water usage. Residential water layer fire not more than 40 L / s. But residential layer spray Standpipe to set up independently, based in the First Floor Wet alarm valve, hydraulic alarms based on duty nearby. If the nozzle for each five dollars, the entire building housing the nozzle layer is not more than 150, the system is obviously very small. In order to reduce construction costs, I believe it may be possible to omit the typical gauges and flow control valves, In the bottom of the standpipe installed a total control valve and flow indicator. Once the fire floor, blasting sprinkler head, wet alarm valve hydraulic alarm after alarm signal will be issued. but each floor smoke detector will send out alarm signals to direct the fire site. If the nozzle mistaken burglary, the alarm will hydraulic action, instructions to staff on duty to inspect mistaken burglarylocations.For purely residential floor of a high-rise building category, residential elevators and the Office of sidewalk are required to spray for protection, I believe sprinkler system and fire hydrant system is also suitable for fire pump, but adjustments to the fire pump flow, Additional that is the typical number of nozzles can flow. Taking into account the role of sprinkler system time with the fire hydrantsystem, the pump should be separately installed pipeline, When the fire time to "cut off one hour after the water spray system. For ordinary residential buildings, as long as the roof water tanks fire high over the top Hydrant 7 m, enough to satisfy the most vulnerable point nozzle area refers to the minimum working pressure of 490kPa requirements. Therefore, the whole system on the fire without further Regulators pump.To maintain the residential elevators and the Office of the beautiful hallway, with no ceiling, use wall-nozzle, Spray deposition pipeline dark wall. Sprinkler system in the top end of trial should be established valve and pressure gauge.Above, the senior fire protection design, Residential layer spray system can use the fire hydrant system pump, and no up a separate spray pump, thereby saving investment and reduce the size of the pumping station. When the residential-only elevators and the Office of Public sidewalk installation of sprinkler systems, only a few of each nozzle closed, Spray only to the bottom of the standpipe installation of control valves and flow indicator, without the need to set up on each floor. References :[1] GB 50045-1995, fire protection design of tall buildings norms [S].高层商住楼消防设计探讨在最近几年广州市的商住楼设计过程中，遇到的一个新问题是公安消防部门要求对一类高层住宅的电梯厅和公共走道部分设自动喷水灭火系统。
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商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献原文:Analysis of and Study on the Difficulties in the Fire Protection Designof Large Commercial ComplexAbstractFire properties of the large commercial complex has been summarized. Based on the fact that there are contradictions between what is required for the large commercial complex in the fire code and the real application in practice, difficulties in fire protection of designing large commercial complex have been analyzed.Key words:large commercial complex; fire protection design; difficulty; research status 1. IntroductionIn recent years, more and more large commercial complexes have appeared in China. These complexes integrate different businesses into on large building, where customers can do shopping, eat or enjoy themselves. According to the statistics, nearly 200 large complexes in China now have indoor walking street, with different kinds of shops standing along both sides. And what’s more, the indoor walking street shares the large space with the atrium.Generally speaking, the large commercial complex is multi-functional with high fire load and large assembly of people. The mechanism of the occurrence of fire is different from that of the ordinary buildings and the fire loss is also heavier. As a result, this kind of commercial complex needs higher fire safety. However, the current national fire code only gives the minimum requirements. No specific fire safety objectives are provided. Therefore, it is quite important to understand the design and research status of the large commercial complex and to provide safe, reasonable and economical fire design method.2.Characteristics of large commercial complex fire商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献2.1 High fire occurrenceThere are heavy fire loads inside the large commercial complex, which include merchandises like clothes, shoes, hats and combustible decorations. It is widely recognized that electricity is the important factor to cause fire hazard. Therefore, to provide electricity among these combustibles is very dangerous. However, in the large commercial complex, electric systems and equipment are installed to provide electricity for lighting, ventilating and air conditioning. If there is short circuit, spark, poor contact or long time electrifying of the lights or electric heater, fire may be caused. In addition, other factors like improper welding, lighted cigarette ends or arson can cause fire too. 2.2 Quick spread of fire and smokeIf fire occurs in a large commercial complex, it can spread very quickly and grow into a large fire in a short time, while the shelter of the rack usually decrease the sensitivity of the fire detection system and cause delay. As a result, fire can’t be detected and controlled timely. The other reason for quick fire spreading is that the vertical space formed by the atrium and escalators in the complex may help fire and smoke to spread to the whole building.2.3 Large casualties and property lossThe large commercial complex usually accommodates valuable merchandises and facilities. Once there is a fire, big property loss is inevitable. And what’s more fatal is that there are usually large assemblies present. The heavy smoke with CO, CO2, NOx, HCN not only affects the safe and quick evacuation of the people, but also put them in danger. According to the statistics of Japan and UK, the percentage of deaths caused by suffocation in the fire can be as high as 78.9%. As a result of a complicated layout, large assembly of people, long time to evacuate, the large commercial complex is susceptible to fatal fire accidents which usually suffer heavy casualties. For example, on Sept. 30, 1997, a fire occurred in a supermarket on the third floor of a shopping mall in Changchun, Jilin province. It caused 11 deaths and 2 injuries. The burning area reached 4500m2 and most of the commodities inside the supermarket were burnt. The direct property loss was RMB 14,611,000 Yuan.商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献3.Analysis of difficulties in fire protection design of large commercial complexComparing with the ordinary building, the commercial complex is large and usually multi-functional. During the construction, new materials, technologies and structures are employed, which often bring about difficulties in its fire protection design.3.1 There are no applicable requirements for the fire protection design of the complex in the current national fire codeFor the fire protection design of a large commercial complex, the current national standard has covered the following points:（1）the building style and the distribution of business operations inside the complex; （2 ）the style of the indoor walking street;（3 ）how to determine the fire load of the complex;（4）if the walking street inside the complex can be used as a safe evacuation area? If yes, what kind of conditions should be provided;（5）the occupancy density, fire fighting equipment, smoke control pattern as well as other important design parameters;（6）the size and separation of the shops along the both sides of the walking street.3.2 There are limitations in the fire code for the fire designing of the large commercial complexHere just gives an example to illustrate the limitation. The requirements for the evacuation of the people in “Code for design of shop buildings”JGJ48-88 can’t meet the need of the evacuation system of the large commercial complex. Personnel convert quantity in JGJ48-88 is based on the business area and the area of the storage, which is totally unfit for the new layout of a complex with modern ideas and novelties. The evacuation width calculated according to the method given in JGJ48-88 is usually too big. As a result, more staircases will be required, which not only brings great difficulties in the designing of the evacuation system, but also create enormous waste. At the same time, the layout, structure as well as the aesthetic quality of the complex will be affected商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献too.[68~70] Therefore, it is improper to determine the evacuation width or other parameters according to the calculation method given in the current standard.3.3 Some of the requirements in the current code can’t be im plemented easily in the fire protection design of large commercial complex（1）Fire compartmenttion.It is required in the current fire code that the fire compartment of the commercial buildings shall not be larger than 5000m2. However, the building area of a large commercial complex is usually as big as hundreds of thousands of square meters. If the fire compartment is divided strictly according to the requirements of the fire code, many many fire compartments, staircases and exits will be provided. The result of this is that the arrangements of the business area will be greatly affected and the function of the complex will be completely limited.（2）Fire separation.The typical problem for the fire protection design of large commercial complex is that its trave l distance and evacuation width can’t meet the requirements of the code.“Code for design of building fire protection and prevention” GB 50016-2006 requires that the linear distance between any point in the shopping areas inside the Class A and Class B buildings and the nearest exit should not be larger than 30m; when the building is protected completely by sprinkler system, the maximum safe travel distance shall be 37.5m; the end of the staircase on the first floor shall be provided with exit directly leading to outdoor or shall be enlarged. When the building is not more than 4 stories, the exit directly leading to outdoor can be located at the place that is not more than 15m away from the staircase. But in practice, it is not enough for large commercial complex to provide emergency staircases only at the periphery of the building because the complex is usually quite long and deep. Therefore, more staircases shall be provided in the middle. According to the requirements of the fire code, these staircases in the middle part of the building must have exits directly leading to the outdoor, which is completely out of the question.“Code for fire protection design of tall buildings” GB 50045-95(2005 edition) requires that the linear distance between any point in the shopping areas and the nearest商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献exit should not be larger than 30m. In practice, the emergency staircases of the high-rise commercial buildings are also provided at the periphery of the building. The linear distance between the least favorable point to the nearest staircase is often larger than 30m. But in order to meet the requirement of the tall building code, staircases in the middle of the building must be provided. However, the staircases in the middle of the building can’t directly lead to outside.（3）Fire fighting.Both “Code for design of building fire protection and prevention” and “Code for fire protection design of tall buildings” require that where the length of the building along the street is more that 150m or the total length of the building is more than 220m, a well situated fire vehicle access shall be provided to cross the building. For large commercial complex, it is quite difficult to provide fire vehicle access to cut the building apart. Therefore, in practice, many designers propose to use the walking street as the fire vehicle access, but it can’t meet the fire fighting need of the fire vehicles.4.Current research status at home and abroadCurrently in China, the researches on the fire protection design of large commercial complex mainly focus on the analysis of some fire protection system.Zhao Hualiang analyzed the commonly used index and parameters of evacuation design. Parameters used for design of evacuation system of large commercial complex such as number of people, evacuation width, travel distance as well as emergency lighting have been discussed.Aim at the difficulties in designing of the fire partition in commercial construction, Zheng Yanqiu analyzed the general requirements for the design of the sunk plaza, fire compartment, protected evacuation passage and atrium. The application of cesium and kalium fire protection glass and toughened glass protected by water sprinkler as the fire partition was also studied.Guo Jinjun and Zhao Lijun introduced the difficulties in the designing of water based fire fighting systems as well as the solution.商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献Guo Xiaolong and Wang Lingjian introduced a method to solve the problem of fire separation of a large commercial complex as well as atrium smoke extraction by separating inner atrium and horizontal sliding skylight.“Code for fire protection design of large commercial complex in Chongqing” provides a method to calculate the width of exit and series of parameters that are applicable for Chongqing city. In the code, the concept of calculating the width of the exit based on the fire compartment was put forward for the first time. The requirements that the exit can be borrowed or shared by the adjoining fire compartments are provided and the calculation method to calculate this kind of exit is given. For the shopping malls with quite many stories above ground, this local code of Chongqing introduces the concept of “refuge space”, which provides favorable conditions for the emergent evacuation of the people.Aiming at the problems in the requirement of the fire code-“if the building area of an underground shopping mall is larger than 20000m2, fire wall shall be used to separate it and there shall be no openings in the fire wall”, Kang Dasheng and Wang Jinling suggested to provide a so-calle d “open fire isolating area” (sunk space) and “closed fire isolating area” . They also suggested to provide an emergency passageway less than 55m long on the first underground floor to directly lead to the outside of the building. For those large space areas like the atrium and indoor walking street, they suggested to install intelligent sprinkler system especially for large space areas.The above mentioned researches mainly focus on the problems in the design of the commercial buildings. Solutions from the experiences during design, review and construction have been proposed, but they are not complete and thorough. The results can’t be generalized.Some foreign building and fire codes have some requirements for the fire protection of commercial buildings. For example, building code of Canada, fire code of Singapore, building code of New Zealand and the “Uniform Building Code” of NFPA etc. However, these requirements are mainly applicable to ordinary shops, not the large commercial complexes in China.商场消防设计中英文对照外文翻译文献5.ConclusionIn order to solve so many practical problems encountered in the fire protection design of the large commercial complex, to evaluate the fire safety performance of this kind of building scientifically, and to define the scientific, reasonable and economic fire safety system, it is necessary to study the key technology of fire protection based on the practical fire loads and occupant density in the large commercial complex in China. Through this research, the related technical requirements of fire protection design were determined, and the scientific, reasonable and economical method of fire protection design was proposed. 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