助学本科考试-现代语言学

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单选题

一、单项选择题

1、The classic semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards is known as the____ approach to semantic study. （分数：1分）

A. naming

B. contextual

C. conceptualist

D. behaviorist

正确答案：C

2、In some sense the existence of taboo words stimulates the creation of______, serving as substitutes for the offensive language. （分数：1分）

A. euphemisms

B. taboo expressions

C. address terms

D. slang term

正确答案：A

3、When a word is employed as a medium of thinking by means of its conceptualizing system, we say it is used for _______ communication. （分数：1分）

A. . intrapersonal

B. interpersonal

C. individual

D. textual

正确答案：A

4、By the age of _____, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process. （分数：1分）

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

正确答案：C

5、_______ is the study of sound units that have distinctive value in human communication. （分数：1分）

A. A. Phonology

B. B. morphology

C. C. Lexicology

D. D. Phonetics

正确答案：A

6、The study of language as a whole is often called _______. （分数：1分）

A. particular

B. general

C. ordinary

D. generative

正确答案：B

7、_______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. （分数：1分）

A. Free

B. Bound

C. Root

D. Affix

正确答案：B

8、 The two clauses in a _____ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. （分数：1分）

A. simple

B. complete

C. complex

D. coordinate

正确答案：D

9、 What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a ____ system of grammatical knowledge. （分数：1分）

A. phrase

B. sentence

C. rule

D. symbol

正确答案：C

10、 Sense and reference are two related _______ different aspects of meaning. （分数：1分）

A. but

B. and

C. or

D. as well as

正确答案：A

11、The sentence "I like this shirt very much." has _____arguments. （分数：1分）

A. one

B. two

D. four

正确答案：B

12、 If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______. （分数：1分）

A. a sentence

B. an act

C. a unit

D. an utterance

正确答案：D

13、 Chinese is a major member of the ____ Family. （分数：1分）

A. Austronesian

B. Indo-European

C. Afroasiatic

D. Sino-Tibetan

正确答案：D

14、 ______ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. （分数：1分）

A. Apocope

B. Epenthesis

C. Metathesis

D. Assimilation

正确答案：C

15、The goal of _____ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations. （分数：1分）

A. psycholinguistics

B. sociolinguistics

C. historical linguistics

D. general linguistics

正确答案：B

16、12. For_____, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible. （分数：1分）

A. Watson

B. Plato

C. Aristotle

D. Bloomfield

正确答案：D

17、The meaning of a word or phrase depends largely on the communicative _______. （分数：1分）

B. context

C. response

D. answer

正确答案：B

18、In general ,the two-word stage begins roughly in the ______ half of the child's second year. （分数：1分）

A. early

B. late

C. first

D. second

正确答案：D

19、_______ can be simply defined as the speech sounds which have distinctive value when speaking a language. （分数：1分）

A. Phones

B. Sounds

C. Phonemes

D. Speech sounds

正确答案：C

20、 _____ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication. （分数：1分）

A. Phonology

B. Morphology

C. Lexicology

D. Phonetics

正确答案：A

21、Stress in English is used to ______ semantically important words. （分数：1分）

A. signal

B. stand out

C. identify

D. single

正确答案：A

22、 _______ are those that cannot be usedindependently but have to be combines with other morphemes, either free or bound. （分数：1分）

A. Free morphemes

B. Bound morphemes

C. Morphemes

D. Derivatives

正确答案：B

23、______ represents the basis for the meaning of a sentence, although it is not supposed to provide the full meaning of a sentence. （分数：1分）

A. Surface structure

B. Phrase structure

C. Transformational structure

D. Deep structure

正确答案：D

24、If two lexical terms consist for the same components, they are _____. （分数：1分）

A. homonymous

B. synonymous

C. hyponymous

D. antonymous

正确答案：A

25、When asked by his teacher that he was laughing at, one student answered "nothing". It is common knowledge that one will not laugh at nothing, so it is false and violates the maxim of _____. （分数：1分）

A. quantity

B. relation

C. quality

D. manner

正确答案：C

26、_____ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. （分数：1分）

A. Sound assimilation

B. Internal borrowing

C. Elaboration

D. Rule simplification

正确答案：A

27、When a _____comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, it because a Creole. （分数：1分）

A. lingua franca

B. contact language

C. local language

D. pidgin

正确答案：D

28、 _____ is the language center responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa. （分数：1分）

A. Wernicke’s area

B. The angular gyrus

C. Broca’s area

D. All of the above

正确答案：B

29、The _____ approach was fonded on the belief that it was possible to predict what problems the SLA would face and the errors they would make by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems. （分数：1分）

A. error analysis

B. contrastive analysis

C. componentional analysis

D. istorical and comparative linguistics

正确答案：B

30、A compound word consists of_____. （分数：1分）

A. two words

B. two morphemes

C. two root morphemes

D. two or more morphemes

正确答案：C

31、Conventionally a ______is put in slashes. （分数：1分）

A. allophone

B. phone

C. phoneme

D. morpheme

正确答案：C

32、The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes refered to as_________. （分数：1分）

A. gottis

B. vocal cavity

C. pharynx

D. uvula

正确答案：A

33、A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____. （分数：1分）

A. minimal pairs

B. allomorphs

C. phones

D. allophones

正确答案：D

34、Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? （分数：1分）

B. [m]

C. [b]

D. [p]

正确答案：A

35、What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? （分数：1分）

A. Voiceless

B. Voiced

C. Glottal stop

D. Consonant

正确答案：B

36、The word TB is formed in the way of _______. （分数：1分）

A. acronymy

B. clipping

C. initialism

D. blending

正确答案：C

37、All of them are meaningful except for ______. （分数：1分）

A. lexeme

B. phoneme

C. morpheme

D. allomorph

正确答案：B

38、Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____. （分数：1分）

A. lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. function words

D. form words

正确答案：A

39、The head of the phrase "the city Rome" is ______. （分数：1分）

A. the city

B. Rome

C. city

D. the city and Rome

正确答案：D

40、_______ does not belong to major syntactic categories. （分数：1分）

A. Auxiliary

B. NP

C. N

正确答案：A

41、The criterion used in IC analysis is ______. （分数：1分）

A. transformation

B. conjoining

C. grouping

D. substitutability

正确答案：D

42、In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) _____clause. （分数：1分）

A. finite

B. non-infinite

C. embedded

D. matrix

正确答案：C

43、Idioms are _____. （分数：1分）

A. sentences

B. naming units

C. phrases

D. communication units

正确答案：B

44、________describes whether a proposition is true or false. （分数：1分）

A. Truth

B. Truth value

C. Truth condition

D. Falsehood

正确答案：B

45、Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or ______which can not be determined by the context. （分数：1分）

A. homonymy

B. antonymy

C. meronymy

D. synonymy

正确答案：A

46、_______ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories. （分数：1分）

A. Austin

B. Searle

C. Sapir

D. Chomsky

正确答案：B

47、Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most tapical of the ______. （分数：1分）

A. declarations

B. directives

C. commissives

D. expressives

正确答案：C

48、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called_______. （分数：1分）

A. semantics

B. pragmatics

C. sociolinguistics

D. psycholinguistics

正确答案：B

49、Romance languages include the following languages excep_______. （分数：1分）

A. Italian

B. French

C. English

D. Spanish

正确答案：C

50、The only major language that used a(n) ________ writing is Japanese. （分数：1分）

A. syllabic

B. logographic

C. ideogram

D. tone

正确答案：A

二、名词解释

1、V owel

A vowel is a sound in forming which the air that comes from the lungs meets which no obstruction of any kind in the throat,the nose or the mouth.

2、Slang

It refers to casual, very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.

3、Suprasegmental feature

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are

called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.

4、Suprasegmental feature

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. the main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.

5、Move

It is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any costituent movement

6、Back clipping

It means one or more are deleted form the end of the word. It is the most common type of clipping, like auto from automobile.

7、Speech variety

It is a term sometimes used instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin , creole, etc. Because it is concered more neutral than such terms It may also be used for different varieties if one language ,e.g.American English, Australian English, Indian English.

8、Sense

Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.

9、Predication analysis

It is to break down the sentence into their smaller constituents:argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the

argument. The argument is the logical participant.

10、Ethnic dialect

It is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional difference. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.

11、Pitch

Pitch is a suprasegmental feature, whose domain of application is the syllable. Different rates of vibration produce what is known as different frequencies, and in auditory terms as different pitches. Pitch variations may be dinstinctive like phoneme, that is, when they may contribute to distinguish between different words. In this function, pitch variations are called tones.

12、Diachronic linguistics

It is a study of a language through the course of its history；therfore, it is also called historcial linguistics.

13、Illocutionary act

It is using a sentence to perform a function. For example, shoot the snake may be intended as an order or a piece of advice.

14、Semantic shift

It means that the meaning of a word takes a departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For example, the meaning of teeth has a semantic shift when it is used in the phrase the teeth of a comb.

15、Epenthesis

It is a process in which a vowel or consonant may be inserted to the middle of a word. For example, by insertion of, Old english word glims changed into glimpse.

16、Bound morpheme

It is a morpheme which can not stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at lest one other morpheme, free or bound, like un- in unhappy, past tense morpheme in worked.

17、Registers

Language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated which the social or regional grouping of their customary users. Registers are also called situational dialects.

18、Performatives

They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are not verifiable, in other words, performatives are utterances that prefome an act—“do things”.

19、Utterance meaning

It is the meaning a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context situation..

20、Sentence meaning

It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.

21、Truth condition

It is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false.

22、Deep structure

It is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence an underlying level of structural organization which specifies or the facters governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.

23、Syntactic category

It is a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as subject or object.

24、Minimal pair

When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position in the string, the two form are said two form a minimal pair.

25、Displacement

It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

26、V oicing

It is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the viberation of the vocal cords.

27、Euphemism

It is a mild, indirect or less offensive words or expression that replace a taboo word.

This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first ,while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second

The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e. the speech sounds

It is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number ,person ,finiteness ,aspect and cases to which they are attached.

It refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form ,for example ,different word are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both.

A hypothetical innate mechanism every human child is believed to be born with , which allow them to acquire language.

It is known as a process in which final vowels may be lost .for example ,the Old English word help developed into help in Modern English

Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence .It is the basic unit in the semantic analysis of the a sentence .A predication consist of argument and predicate

It refers to the samesness or close similarity of meaning .The relation between lorry and truck ,room and chamber are example of synonymy

A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze wore meaning ,which believe that the meaning of a word can be further divided into smaller units called semantic features

It is system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being .It consists of a set of general conditions ,or general principles ,that generate phrases and sentences

They are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves

Design features refers to defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any other animal system of communication .They are arbitrariness, productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural teansimission

The transcription with help of the diacritics ,so that can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for the purpose of the phonetic research

It is a study of a language through the course of its history ;therefore ,it is also called historical linguistics

It is also called standard variety .It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language

It is an organizational principle which thinks of the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related ,rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary

It is the study of meaning communicated through language .The basic task in semantic is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language

It is what a linguistic from refers to in the real word ;it is a matter of the relationship between the form and reality

It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic from and what it refers to ;rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

The smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content ,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning ,whether it is lexical or grammatical

Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of religion ,politeness etc.

Children’s telegraphic speech :Children’s early multiword speech that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes

The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition ,during which children can acquire language without formal instruction

successfully and effortlessly.

填空题：

答案：verbal

答案：metalingual function

答案：pooh-pooh

答案：language

答案：speech

答案：airstream

答案：friction

答案：height

答案：obstruction

答案：the maximal onset principle

答案：initialism ;acronym

答案：vocabulary

答案：Backformation

答案：morphemic

答案：derivative; compound

答案：Sense

答案：collocational

答案：Gradable

答案：Declarative

答案：emotive

答案：aming

答案；sentence

正确答案：finite

答案：Exocentric

答案:deep

答案：Coordinate

答案：locutionary

答案：Constatives

答案：perlocutionary

答案：Directives

答案：Performtives

答案：Gender

答案:borrowing; word-formation

答案：foreign

答案:The Canterbury Tales

答案：comparative

答案：vernacular

答案：community

答案：creole

答案：euphemism

答案：lateralization

答案：hemisphere

答案：cerebral

答案：neurons

答案：critical

答案：standard

答案：Interlanguage

答案：arbitrary

答案：hierarchical

答案：General