宏观经济学第二章课件
宏观经济学PPT课件第二章-国民收入核算
2、GDP测度的是最终产品的价值（包括有形的物质产品与无形的劳务），中间产品价值不计入GDP。最 终产品是指由最后使用者购买的产品，中间产品是指用于再出售而供生产别种产品用的产品。
3、GDP是一定时期内（往往为一年）所生产而不是所售卖掉的最终产品价值。 4、GDP是计算期内生产的最终产品价值，是流量而不是存量。流量是时期数，存量是时点数；流量来 自存量又归入存量。例如人口出生数与人口总数，就分别是流量与存量。这一说法的含义就是计算时不 应包括以前所生产的产品的价值。 5、GDP是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值，从而是一个地域概念。而与此相联系的GNP则是一个 国民的概念。两者的区别是：GDP是按“国土原则”来计算的，GNP是按“国民原则”来计算的。 6、GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。家务劳动等非市场 活动不计入GDP中。 注意：计入国内生产总值的项目必须要同时符合这几个附加条件！
基本的方法。
三、用支出法核算GDP
含义：是指通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出即核算最终产品的总卖价来计 量该时期的GDP。
在核算实践中，“核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出”具体表现就是核算一定地区 一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及出口这几方面支出的总和。由此引出相关概念：
现在主要采用SNA。
国民收入帐户
如果把一国经济比喻为一辆汽车，国民收入帐户就是汽车发动机的机械示意图。虽然它没有解 释发动机如何进行工作，但是标示了汽车关键部件的名称，并且显示了这些部件如何相互联系。 因而，如同想要安装发动机，必须首先读懂发动机机械示意图一样，要想理解宏观经济运行， 首先需要了解国民收入帐户知识。
曼昆宏观经济学中文第二章课件
PPT学习交流
1
在本讲，你将会学到:
…最重要的宏观经济统计量的含义和测量方法: • 国内生产总值 (GDP) • 消费者价格指数 (CPI) • 失业率
PPT学习交流
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国内生产总值: 支出和收入
两个定义:
• 对于国内生产的最终产品和服务的总支出 • 位于国内生产要素获得的总收入
• 我们（教科书）通常使用常价格实际 GDP。
• 这两种测量方法高度相关 • 常价格实际 GDP 更加容易计算
PPT学习交流
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将增长与波动分开
• 一个序列的趋势是这个序列低-频数的组成部分。 序列偏离其趋势的部分（序列在经济周期范围内 上升和下降的部分）被称为高-频数的组成部分。 去趋是将一个时间序列分解为高-频数部分和低频数部分的和。经济增长理论将注意力放在是什 么决定了经济时间序列中低-频数的运动这一问题 上，而经济周期理论则要研究高-频数运动的原因。
名义 GDP
实际 GDP
GDP 平减指数
通货膨胀率
2006 ￥46,200 ￥46,200 100.0
n.a.
2007 51,400
50,000
102.8
2.8%
2008 58,300
52,000
112.1
9.1%
PPT学习交流
38
理解 GDP 平减指数
GDP平 减 指 数100NGDPt100P1tQ1t P2tQ2t P3tQ3t
PPT学习交流
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实际GDP 控制了通货膨胀
名义 GDP 的改变可能由于: • 价格变化 • 产品数量变化
实际 GDP 的变化仅仅 由于数量变化, 因为实际 GDP 利用不变的基年价格测算。
《宏观经济学》全套课件 PPT
19世纪末20世纪初，资本主义开始从 自由竞争向垄断阶段过渡。在这一时期， 随着资本主义基本矛盾的加深，市场经 济体制的缺陷也日益明显，其中主要是 垄断现象的出现以及周期性经济危机的 加剧。垄断限制了竞争，市场无法自动 最优地配置社会资源，造成资源浪费， 市场效益低下，工厂倒闭，工人失业， “看不见的手”失灵了。此时，以马歇 尔为代表的新古典经济学理论诞生了。
三 庸俗经济学 （十八世纪末～）
创始人 萨伊 （十九世纪初）
马歇尔 新古典经济学（十九世纪末）
1890《经济学原理》
凯因斯主义经济学（二十世纪三十年代）
1936《就业、利息和货币通论》
新古典综合派 萨谬尔森 新自由主义经济学（七十年代后） 货币学派、供给学派、新制度学派、 理性预期学派
凯因斯强调，只有实行国家的调节， 才能使现行的经济形态免于全面毁灭， 才能使个人的动力得以有效地发挥作用。 而国家调节的重心在于“有效需求”的 管理。因此，凯因斯的理论又被称为需 求管理理论。 凯因斯的思想带来 30 年的繁荣第二次 世界大战以后，凯因斯的需求管理理论 和政策主张被西方许多国家所接受，从 而加强了政府对经济的干预。 凯因斯被称为宏观经济学之父 返回
古典经济学派的另一代表人物是 18 世 纪末 19 世纪初的法国经济学家萨伊。萨 伊的市场均衡理论，即“供给能够自动 创造其本身的需求”观点，也被称为 “萨伊定律”，是对斯密关于资本主义 “自动调节”观点的继承和发展。与斯 密一样，萨伊确信供给和需求终将均衡， 并把它上升为市场规律。
供给者一方面总是通过劳动创造效用 及产品价值，另一方面他同时要作为需 求者从市场上得到与供给价值相等的效 用。因此他得出结论：生产给产品创造 需求。 从而萨伊主张，政府不应干涉市场的自 发运动，不要限制价格和限制资本的流 向；要发展对外贸易，不要对外封锁。 萨伊的三位一体理论 返回
宏观经济学2 国民经济循环与国民经济收入理论ppt课件
$7,303.7 871.9
2,115.0 4,316.8
% of GDP 69.9%
8.3
20.2
41.3
可编辑课件PPT
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投资 (I)
定义 1: 花费于资本品 [生产要素] 的支出 定义 2: 为未来使用而购买的产品
包括: ▪ 企业固定投资
企业购买的新工厂和设备（不同于中间产品）
▪ 住房固定投资
家庭和房东购买的新住房
▪ 存货投资
企业产品存货的增加（减少就是负投资）
可编辑课件PPT
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美国的投资, 2002
$ billions
Investment
$1,593.2
Business fixed
1,117.4
Residential fixed 471.9
Inventory
3.9
% of GDP 15.2%
% of GDP 18.9% 6.6 2.4 4.3 12.2
可编辑课件PPT
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净出口 NX=（X－M）
净出口指净出口差额。即出口额减去进口 额以后的差额。
出口（X）:一个国家的产品和服务输出到国 外, 由国外的消费者, 生产者或政府对这些 产品或服务进行购买。
进口(M):是本国居民, 企业或政府对外国生 产的产品和服务的购买。
64.6 1453.9
524.8 929.1 -96.7 958.8 1055.5
资料来源：U.S.Department of Commerce.
可编辑课件PPT
人均 （美元）
30173 20487
5945 2461 12081 4620 3156 1222
241 5427 1959 3468 -361 3579 3940
宏观经济学ppt课件CHAP02 宏观经济学数据
slide 19
存量 vs. 流量 —— 例子
存量
流量
一个人的财富
一个人每年的存款
大学学历的人的数量 今年大学毕业生的人数
政府债务
政府预算赤字
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
slide 20
现在你试着判断以下数据:
存量或者流量？
你的信用卡上的余额 课堂之外你学习了多少经济学知识 你收集了多少张唱片 通货膨胀率 失业率
用之前得到的GDP值计算每一年的GDP平减指数
用GDP平减指数分别去计算2019-2019年、
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
slide 33
练习问题（第1部分）
产品 A
2019 价格 数量 $30 900
2019 价格 数量 $31 1,000
2019 价格 数量 $36 1,050
产品 B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205
计算每一年的名义GDP 。 以2019作为基年计算每一年的实际GDP。
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
slide 35
实际GDP剔除了通货膨胀因素
名义 GDP 的变化可能是因为：
价格的变化 产出数量的变化
实际 GDP 的变化只能是因为产出数量的变化， 因为实际GDP 是采用不变的基年价格计算出来的。
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
slide 36
美国1950-2019年间名义和实际GDP
那么当年存货投资为20亿美元。
注意，存货投资可以为负（此时意味着当年的存
货减少）
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
slide 15
美国2019年投资
投资 企业固定投资 住房投资 存货
中科大宏观经济学第二章简单的凯恩斯模型精品PPT课件
型
国民收入决定的古典模型 消费、储蓄和投资函数 均衡国民收入的决定 乘数原理
10.10.2020
中国科学技术大学人文与社会科学学院 臧武芳
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宏 第一节 国民收入决定的古典模型
观
经
济 学
一、萨伊法则
·
国
民
收
入 决
二、古典模型的理论要点
定
：
简
单 的 凯
三、充分就业均衡(收入自动均衡论)
恩
斯
模
型
10.10.2020
恩
斯 模
0＜△S/△Y＜1。
型
10.10.2020
中国科学技术大学人文与社会科学学院 臧武芳
21
宏
观
经
济 学
① MPC+MPS≡1
·
国
② APC+APS≡1
民 收
③APC＞MPC
入
决 定
④APS＜MPS
：
简
单
的
凯
恩
斯
模
型
10.10.2020
中国科学技术大学人文与社会科学学院 臧武芳
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宏
观 经
6.投资函数及曲线
→ w↓ → Nd↑ → Ns=Nd； 若Ns＜Nd → w↑ →Nd↓
→Ns=Nd。
10.10.2020
中国科学技术大学人文与社会科学学院
臧武芳
10
宏
3.具有完全弹性的利息率r能够保证投资完全吸
观 经
收充分就业下的国民收入所提供的储蓄量。由于Y(国
济 学
民收入)—C(消费)=S(储蓄)，如果Y－ C↓=S↑→ r↓
23
第三节 均衡国民收入的决定
宏观经济学——第二章简单国民收入决定模型精品PPT课件
1）AD分析的前提假定 2）总产出与总支出 3）简单国民收入决定三种模型 4）乘数效应和加速数效应
1
国民收入决定模型
简单国民收入决定（产品市场） IS-LM模型（产品市场、货币市场） AD-AS模型（产品、货币、劳动市场） IS-LM-BP模型（产品、货币、劳动、国
际市场）
2
AD分析的前提假定
第一层次：经济中存在生产能力的闲置
劳动力、资本
第二层次：价格水平不变（Downward Rigidity）
工资、物价
第三层次：既定的价格水平下，总供给量是无限的。
第四层次：凯恩斯定律（而不是萨伊定律）
------假文凭
------买鸟放生
3
总产出与总支出(1)
18
三部门几何模型 45º线 AD=(a+bTR0 -bT0 +I0 + G0)+bY AD
即：AE ≡ C ＋ I ＋ G+ NX
6
总量失衡与均衡
总产出与总支出不一致带来总量失衡问题。 如果总产出方面因为地震，罢工等供给冲击 （shock）下降，原先支出和消费水平便无 法维持；如果消费或投资下降，即支出环节 发生“漏泻”（leakage），有效需求不足， 同样会导致经济运行困难。
因而，总供给等于总需求宏观经济均衡条件， 归结为总产出等于总支出条件，即：
费者怎样判断未来收入水平？有关假说如绝 对收入假说（absolute income hypothesis）， 生命周期假说（life cycle hypothesis ），恒 久收入假说（permanent income hypothesis） 假说等。
9
简单消费函数
宏观经济学课件chapter02精选全文
可编辑修改精选全文完整版宏观经济学课件chapter02Macroeconomics, 6e (Blanchard/Johnson)Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book2.1 Multiple Choice Questions1) Fill in the blank for the following: GDP is the value of all ________ produced in a given period.A) final and intermediate goods and services produced by the private sector onlyB) final goods and servicesC) final and intermediate goods and services, plus raw materialsD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 12) When using the income approach to measure GDP, the largest share of GDP generally consists ofA) interest income.B) labor income.C) indirect taxes.D) profits.E) capital income.Answer: BDiff: 13) For this question, assume that 1980 is the base year. Given macroeconomic conditions in the United States over the past three decades, we know thatA) nominal GDP is always smaller than real GDP since 1980.B) real GDP and nominal GDP would be equal for the entire period.C) real GDP is larger than nominal GDP from 2002 to 2008.D) real GDP and nominal GDP were equal in 1980.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 24) Suppose nominal GDP increased in a given year. Based on this information, we know with certainty thatA) real output has increased.B) the price level (GDP deflator) has increased.C) real output and the price level (GDP deflator) have both increased.D) either real output or the price level (GDP deflator) have increased.E) real output has increased and the price level has decreased.Answer: DDiff: 25) Use the following information to answer this question. If nominal GDP rises from $100 trillion to $120 trillion, while the GDP deflator rises from 2.0 to 2.2, the percentage change in real GDP is approximately equal toA) -10%.B) 10%.C) 20%.D) 9.1%.E) 0%.Answer: DDiff: 26) Hedonic pricing isA) the way that luxury goods are priced in a market economy.B) the tendency for the inflation rate to rise by greater and greater amounts.C) the tendency for nominal GDP to rise when the price level rises.D) the process of translating nominal GDP into real GDP.E) the process of pricing individual characteristics of a good or service.Answer: EDiff: 17) In a given year, suppose a company spends $100 million on intermediate goods and $200 million on wages, with no other expenses. Also assume that its total sales are $800 million. The value added by this company equalsA) $200 million.B) $300 million.C) $500 million.D) $700 million.E) $800 million.Answer: DDiff: 28) A firm's value added equalsA) its revenue minus all of its costs.B) its revenue minus its wages.C) its revenue minus its wages and profit.D) its revenue minus its cost of intermediate goods.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) Suppose you are provided with the following data for yourcountry for a particular month: 200 million people are working, 20 million are not working but are looking for work, and 40 million are not working and have given up looking for work. The official unemployment rate for that month isA) 7.7%.B) 9.1%.C) 10%.D) 23%.E) 30%.Answer: BDiff: 110) In the United States, someone is classified as unemployed if he or sheA) does not have a job.B) does not have a job, or else has a job but is looking for a different one while continuing to work.C) does not have a job, has recently looked for work, and is collecting unemployment insurance.D) does not have a job, and is collecting unemployment insurance.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 111) An individual is said to be a discouraged worker if he or sheA) is working, but prefers not to work.B) is working part time, but would prefer a full time job.C) is working in jobs she/he is not suited for.D) wants to work, and is actively searching for a job.E) wants to work, but has given up searching for a job.Answer: EDiff: 112) Which of the following tends to occur when the unemployment rate increases?A) a reduction in the labor force participation rateB) a reduction in the number of discouraged workersC) an increase in the number of employed workersD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 113) Labor income's share in an advanced country is likely to beA) 70%.B) 45%.C) 29%.D) 10%.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 214) The labor force in the United States is defined asA) the total number of individuals who are employed.B) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed and the officially unemployed.C) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed, the officially unemployed, and discouraged workers.D) the total number of individuals who are 16 years old and older, but not retired.E) none of the aboveAnswer: BUse the information provided below to answer the following questions.Suppose a country using the United States' system of calculating official unemployment statistics has 100 million people, of whom 50 million are working age. Of these 50 million, 20 million have jobs. Of the remainder: 10 million are actively searching for jobs; 10 million would like jobs but are not searching; and 10 million do not want jobs at all.15) Refer to the information above. The labor force isA) 20 million.B) 40 million.C) 60 million.D) 80 million.E) 100 million.Answer: CDiff: 216) Refer to the information above. The labor force participation rate isA) .2.B) .3.C) .4.D) .6.E) .8.Answer: DDiff: 217) Refer to the information above. The official unemployment rate isA) .1.B) .2.D) .4.E) .66.Answer: CDiff: 218) The GDP deflator provides a measure of which of the following?A) the ratio of GDP to the size of the populationB) the ratio of GDP to the number of workers employedC) the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDPD) the price of a typical consumer's basket of goodsE) real GDP divided by the aggregate price levelAnswer: CDiff: 119) Which of the following calculations will yield the correct measure of real GDP?A) divide nominal GDP by the consumer price indexB) divide the GDP deflator by the consumer price indexC) multiply nominal GDP by the consumer price indexD) multiply nominal GDP by the GDP deflatorE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 220) The prices for which of the following goods are included in both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index?A) goods bought by householdsB) goods bought by firmsC) good bought by governmentsD) goods bought by foreign households (i.e., exports)E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 221) Suppose we switch the base year from 2000 to 2008. This change in the base year will causeA) nominal GDP in every year to increase.B) nominal GDP in every year to decrease.C) both nominal and real GDP in every year to decrease.D) real GDP in every year to decrease.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 222) Pure inflation occurs whenA) nominal wages rise faster than all prices.B) all prices rise faster than nominal wages.C) all prices and nominal wages rise by the same percentage.D) the GDP deflator and Consumer Price Index rise by the same percentage.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 223) One of the reasons macroeconomists have concerns about inflation is that inflation causesA) real GDP to rise.B) nominal GDP to fall.C) wages to rise as fast as prices.D) real GDP to exceed nominal GDP.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 124) Changes in GDP in the short run are caused primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) technology.D) capital accumulation.E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 225) Changes in GDP in the medium run are determined primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) monetary policy.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 226) Changes in GDP in the long run are determined primarily byA) monetary policy.B) fiscal policy.C) demand.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 227) Which of the following prices will be used when calculating the rate of growth of real GDP between the year's 2005 and 2006 using the chain method?A) prices in the base year (2002)B) prices in 2005C) prices in 2006D) the average of prices in 2005 and 2006E) prices in 2005, 2006, and in 2002 (the base year)Answer: DDiff: 228) Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect output in the long run?A) technologyB) monetary policyC) the size of the labor forceD) the capital stockAnswer: BDiff: 129) The Okun's law shows the relationship betweenA) inflation and unemployment rate.B) output growth and unemployment.C) inflation and output growth.D) output growth and money supply.Answer: BDiff: 230) The Phillips curve describes the relationship betweenA) output growth and unemployment.B) inflation and output growth.C) output growth and money supply.D) inflation and unemployment .Answer: DDiff: 231) Prices for which of the following are included in the GDP deflator, but not included in the Consumer Price Index?A) firms' purchases of new equipmentB) intermediate goods and servicesC) consumption of goodsD) consumption of servicesAnswer: ADiff: 132) Macroeconomists are concerned about changes in the unemployment rate because changes in the unemployment rate provide information aboutA) the state of the economy.B) the welfare of those who are unemployed.C) none of the aboveD) both A and BAnswer: DDiff: 133) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents nominal GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: BDiff: 134) Deflation generally occurs when which of the following occurs?A) the consumer price index is greater than the GDP deflatorB) the consumer price index decreasesC) the rate of inflation falls, for example, from 4% to 2%D) nominal GDP does not changeAnswer: BDiff: 135) During the mid-1980s, we observed a significantreduction in oil prices. In the United States, we would expect that this reduction in oil prices would causeA) a larger reduction in the CPI compared to the GDP deflator.B) an equal reduction in the CPI and GDP deflator.C) a larger reduction in the GDP deflator compared to the CPI.D) no change in the CPI and a reduction in the GDP deflator.Answer: ADiff: 236) Suppose nominal GDP in 2009 does not change (compared its previous level in 2008). Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP increased during 2009.B) the GDP deflator increased during 2009.C) both the GDP deflator and real GDP fell during 2009.D) more information is needed to answer this question.Answer: DDiff: 237) During the late 1990s, Japan experienced reductions in the GDP deflator. Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP fell during these periods.B) real GDP did not change during these periods.C) the overall price level in Japan decreased during these periods.D) both real GDP and the overall price level decreased during these periods. Answer: CDiff: 238) Hedonic pricing is used toA) convert nominal values to real values.B) calculate the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP.C) measure the rate of change in real GDP.D) obtain chain-weight indexes.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 139) GDP in current dollars is equivalent to which of the following?A) real GDPB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in 2000 dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 140) Which of the following does NOT represent real GDP?A) GDP in current dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsAnswer: ADiff: 141) which of the following represents real GDP?A) GDP in constant dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) all of aboveAnswer: ADiff: 142) According to convention, a recession is referred to if an economy goes throughA) at least two consecutive quarters of negative growthB) at least three consecutive quarters of negative growthC) at least four quarters of negative growthD) at least two consecutive months of negative growthAnswer: ADiff: 143) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents real GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: ADiff: 144) Measures of aggregate output have been published on a regular basis in the United States sinceA) 1947.B) 1933.C) 1917.D) 1946.Answer: ADiff: 145) Which of the following about capital income is NOT correct?A) it refers to a firm's revenue.B) it is also called profit income.C) it goes to the firms.D) it accounts for less than 35% of income in advancedcountries.Answer: ADiff: 146) Which of the following about the Phillips curve is NOT correct?A) It shows the relation between GDP growth and unemployment.B) It has been redefined as a relation between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.C) It was first explored by A. W. Phillips.D) The curve is downward sloping.Answer: ADiff: 12.2 Essay Questions1) Explain the three ways GDP can be measured.Answer: GDP can be measured three ways. First, GDP represents the market value of the final goods and services produced in the economy during a given period. This would be obtained by adding C, I, G, and NX. Second, GDP is the sum of the value added by firms. The value added for a firm equals the value of the production (at that stage of the production process) minus the value of the intermediate goods (excluding labor services). The final value of aggregate output can be calculated by either summing the value of all final goods and services OR by summing the value added of all goods and services at each stage of production. And finally, GDP is also the sum of all incomes earned in a given period.2) First, define nominal GDP and real GDP. Second, is it possible for nominal GDP in a year to be less than real GDP in the same year? Explain.Answer: Nominal GDP represents the value of goods and services produced using current prices. Real GDP measures the value of the same goods and services using some base year prices. It is possible for nominal GDP to be less than real GDP in a given year. Given the definitions of the two variables, this will occur if prices in that year are simply less than prices in the base year. If, for example, the base year is 2002, it will generally be the case that nominal GDP will be less than real GDP for those years prior to 2002 given that prices have generally risen in all years. 3) Explain whether it is possible for nominal GDP to increase and real GDP to decrease in the same period.Answer: Nominal GDP can rise because either the price level is rising or the real quantity of goods and services produced has increased. Nominal GDP can increase while real GDP falls if the increase in the aggregate price level is larger (in a proportionate sense) than the drop in real economic activity.4) Explain the difference between the unemployment rate and the participation rate.Answer: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force (those employed and unemployed) that is unemployed. The participation rate is the percentage of the working age population that is in the labor force.5) Explain how the existence of discouraged workers alters the extent to which the official unemployment provides an accurate measure of the use of labor resources.Answer: Discouraged workers are those individuals who have decided to stop searching for employment because they have become "discouraged" about employment opportunities. At some point, these individuals will no longer be considered as part of the labor force. The existence of discouraged workers willcause the official unemployment rate to provide an under-estimate of the underutilization of labor.6) Briefly explain why the reported official unemployment rate in Spain in 1994 may have provided an over-estimate of unemployment in Spain.Answer: The relatively high unemployment rate in Spain is partly the result of a relatively large underground economy. The underground economy is that part of the economy not measured in official statistics. After taking into account those individuals who are "employed" in the underground economy, the unemployment rate in Spain would have been lower (but still relatively high).7) What are the social and economic implications of unemployment? Explain.Answer: Economic implications: signal of economic activity and measure of the utilization of labor. Social implications: the emotional and psychological suffering that occurs as a result of being unemployed.8) Explain what factors cause changes in output in: (1) the short run; (2) medium run; and (3) long run.Answer: In the short run, demand factors primarily cause changes in output. In the medium run, factors such as the technology, amount of capital, and the skill and size of the labor force (supply factors) affect output. And in the long run, the education system, saving rate, and role of government affect economic activity.9) Will the CPI and GDP deflator always move together? Explain.Answer: No they will not. Some of the goods included in the GDP deflator (some investment goods) are not included in theCPI. Some of the goods included in the CPI (foreign goods) are not included in the GDP deflator.10) Explain how inflation can lead to distortions.Answer: First, not all prices and wages adjust automatically when inflation occurs. Second, variations in relative prices (which occur when there is not pure inflation) can lead to uncertainty. Inflation can also lead to distortions if the tax system is not adjusted when inflation occurs (e.g. nominal income tax brackets).11) Explain why economists care about inflation.Answer: Inflation will cause relative prices to change. It will also cause changes in the distribution of income. Inflation will lead to other distortions such as tax distortions and uncertainty.12) Explain Okun's Law.Answer: It shows the relationship between GDP growth and unemployment rate. If output growth is high, unemployment will decrease.13) Explain the Phillips curve.Answer: It shows the negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate. After 1970s, it was redefined as the relationship between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.14) Explain why the Phillips curve on average is downward sloping.Answer: When unemployment becomes very low, the economy is likely to overheat and this will lead to upward pressure on inflation.15) Explain why economists care about unemployment.Answer: First, they care about unemployment because of its direct effect on the welfare of the unemployed. Unemployment is often associated with financial and psychological suffering.Second, they care about unemployment because it provides a signal that the economy may not be using some of its resources efficiently.16) Can an economy maintain high output growth, low unemployment, and low inflation at the the same time? Explain.Answer: It would be very hard to achieve the three objectives at the same time. High output growth leads to low unemployment, which is likely to put pressure on inflation.。