电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and financial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channelfor businesses to contact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Companies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW(Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based onrelatively expensive traditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utiliseall three components to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businessesshould investigate the implications of these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we curr ently call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of thistechnology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involvedin marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required by the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the transaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he couldn’t tell if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. Bysatisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways ofacquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered the channels through which companies and customers maintaintheir relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to make a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolutionin marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenience shoppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet privacy and security, in thecontext of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So whyis it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust andsecurity which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electronic community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that tryto advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customerloyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate)is still applicable, but now operates in a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this moredifficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by thefollowing example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large,multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Telnet sy stem to support EDI-like connections to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed throughMinitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into the development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。
相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。
因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。
专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。
网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。
虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。
那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。
我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。
体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。
收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。
同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。
学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。
目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。
因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。
零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。
重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。
电子商务 外文翻译
B2B e-marketplace:an e-marketing framework for B2B commercePurpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities.Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed,and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing.The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment.This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets.Research limitations/implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international,the empirical study was restricted to China,Malaysia,and Singapore.Therefore,the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries.Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited.Practical implications– The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace.The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities.Originality/value–Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing,this study is significance to:SMEs, marketers,information technology practitioners,and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes.BackgroundThe development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions”According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally,e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers.Strauss and Frost (2001)support the above statement and suggested that,sales,public relations,direct marketing,and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy.B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers.The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array ofsuppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing,2004).However,small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how theirbusinesses can gain benefits from B2B e-marketplace.With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. Nonetheless, there is limitation on how to explore the opportunities for SMEs in benefiting from the emergent e-marketing practices, derive from the B2B e-marketplace.Review of e-marketing performances in B2B e-marketplaceThe internet is the foundation for B2B commerce that provides the technology and platform to enable this business relationships work effectively.B2B transactions over public and private sectors uses the internet as a delivery vehicle for transactions including;financial transfer,on-line exchanges,auctions,delivery of products, and services (O’Reily and Finnegan, 2007). Many pra ctitioners are predicting B2B commerce is expected to have a massive growth and majority of the organisations will have to give consideration to involve with B2B commerce. Referring to Figure 5, B2B consists of three main elements and the e-marketplace performs the main tasks such as sourcing, automated purchasing, processing to facilitate the sellers and buyers to do business transactions.Laudon and Laudon (2000)stated that B2B e-marketplace refers to the exchange of information,products, services,and payment via the internet between buyers and sellers.B2B e-marketplaces are typically defined as inter-organisational IS through which multiple buyers and sellers interact electronically to identify potential trading partners, select them and execute transactions (Rohmtal.2004). Argued that, B2B e-marketplace is able to remove some of the inefficiency of traditional business functionality and allows partners to streamline their marketing activities by sharing information instantaneously.In recent years,B2B e-marketplace have improved/enhanced the extent of e-marketing activities;providing to all marketers especially to SMEs. Recent studies (Narayanasamy ET al.2008; Pavaloia, 2009) are indicative of the fact that SMEs have started to respond positively to the changes brought about by the internet technologies.While the main concerns of SMEs are related to the generic SMEs characteristics of limited time/resources and expertise,B2B e-marketplace provide a favorable environment for SMEs to;lower operating and marketing cost, better opportunity to promote their products/services,and enrich their overall marketing communications mix. Overall,the benefits of B2B e-marketplace as reported by many academics and practitioners include:reducing search costs by facilitating comparison of price, products, and services(Kandampully, 2003; Bakos, 1998; Kaplan and Sawhney, 2000);.improving production and supply capability (Barua et al. , 1997; Albrecht et al. ,2005);.improving personalization and customization of product offerings (Bakos, 1998);.enhancing customers relationships (Kierzkowski et al. 1996);.reducing marketing costs compare to traditional marketing media (Sculley andWoods, 2001);.reducing numbers of marketing staff (Gloor, 2000).However,the current literatures do not fully explore the issues relating to the performances of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective. In addition, much of the research is focused on particular research areas of interest often ignoring the links to others dimensions in particular e-marketing services.Hence,there are concerns that the despite the efforts to promote adoption of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective, SMEs are not fully aware of the opportunities and benefits (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). The literature provides insights into the current level of internet-enabler marketing technologies from B2B e-marketplace to the marketers. The online and offline publications from both academics and practitioners indicated that,e-marketing via B2B e-marketplace is a modern marketing practice for buying and selling goods/services,exchange information/ideas via the internet associated with communication and promotional purposes.The frameworks suggested by various authors including Chaffey (2004), Gloor (2000),Kierzkowski et al.(1996) makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the areas of e-marketing that has the potential to create competitive advantage and enhance customer value. However, it appears that there is limited exploitation of such frameworks by industry professional. In order to develop a better understanding of the topic under study,this paper will adapt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating;traditional SMEs marketing,e-marketing,IS/IT,and B2B e-marketplace to develop an e-marketing framework that will offer a greater value for SMEs.B2B 电子商务市场：电子营销的 B2B 电子商务框架背景自上世纪 90 年代互联网作为一种全球共享信息的工具，互联网开辟了一种新的营销模式。
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文文献信息: Maribel P. The research of rural e-commerce pattern [J]. Information Systems Research, 2016, 12(2): 60-71.原文The research of rural e-commerce patternMaribel PAbstractBased on the characteristics of rural areas, regional scattered small-scale production, is put forward for regional trade core e-commerce concept, namely, region to region (both A2A), area of business (A2B) and business to regional (B2A) model. Discuss the connotation of the three models and basic methods. To build agricultural product supply, high benefit value chain, and put forward the rural regional collaborative e-commerce model (ABC), and discusses the collaborative approach, namely technology together, data and business synergy together. Rural electronic commerce is discussed, the key technologies to be solved in the dynamic planning, logistics business matching and human-computer interaction technology, agricultural knowledge search engine.Keywords: Rural electronic commerce; Collaborative commerce; Logistics; The cloud service1 IntroductionMergence, dispersion of agricultural production and the regional, low-value and perishable, large range of agricultural products, such as top factors greatly restricted the agricultural production industrialization, modernization and radiation area of the market. These characteristics of agricultural production is the difficulty to realize e-commerce, e-commerce comes in. Realizethe electronic commerce mode must be built the following three elements: business model, logistics mode and operation platform. Its core value is the service "three rural", promote the circulation of agricultural products, promote agricultural technology popularization of science and technology, and ensure that all parties involved. Implement approaches should be considered in the rural economic base, cultural education, regional characteristics, to build a system of high value chain, low cost. Therefore, put forward a region as thecore of rural e-commerce mode, and study to achieve this goal of the rural model of e-commerce, logistics and related key technologies.2 The rural electronic commerce modelDue to the dispersion can't produce scale effect to agriculture, rural areas and farmers, thus to an area as the core to form a group of unity in the face of distributors, suppliers, customers, in order to achieve better returns. Construction of regional sales network the main node is the kiosk, a kiosk represents a small region (country), by the kiosk connected together to form a larger area, then step by step together constitute a huge sales network. The researcher is the bridge of farmers and the network, agent role; information. The logistics node is polymerization and divergent role. Represented by the area can be formed three main business models, namely, both A2A, A2B, B2A and thus form a comprehensive, the countryside electronic commerce system.2.1 A2A modelBoth A2A modes (Area to Area) are the Area of regional pattern. Will be scattered small farmers, the collection of the minor agricultural production to the cities, distribution toconsumers, need a set of organized, perfect sales network system, including business mode and the logistics distribution system. Business model is the most basic function is to establish a farmers' market on the net, for online transactions decentralized farmers supply and demand information, industry information, market information, and send the customer feedback information to farmers on a regular basis. Logistics distribution system to be in a kiosk Mei Village construction and set up more than a messenger, and feedback to the farmers purchasing information and collecting information of agricultural products. In short-range Mei Village set of logistics, the concentration of distribution; Composed of kiosk logistics network by chain transmission to realize the rapid delivery of logistics. Through the information of the supply and demand information and logistics information platform for unified management and scheduling. The researcher and logistics agent can be held by a rural transportation profession of part-time, in order to reduce system operating costs. Through this kind of distribution system and the supporting information platform canprovide regional rural e-commerce services. Both A2A modes centered on the core idea of region, radiation surrounding areas at the same time; mainly for the region of agricultural products and agricultural production and business operation entities to provide e-commerce services. Farm shop provides the information of agricultural products distribution and virtual display network platform, at the same time can provide the first-of-the-season products trading market and offline trading services. 2.2 A2B modelA2B model (Area to Business) the Area of Business model. In the new rural construction pushing moronic Hamamatsudemands for agricultural products deep processing, for the scope of agricultural products marketing, economies of scale will have a big breakthrough. But the size of the agricultural cooperatives is not big, should also form the regional advantage, e-commerce activities. The task of the kiosk can be borne by the professional cooperatives, and broker’s professionals of the main agricultural cooperatives. The basic idea of A2B model is similar to an area of agricultural information gathered, futures information, this information can be also can be the spot information, and published on the Internet, sales to the businessman. Mainly provide online trading services, such as bidding, futures, contracts, Internet, etc. Complete logistics, on the other hand, with the help of a third party's logistics system. Heart A2B model is to create a virtual professional market, correspond to that of the real market.2.3 B2A modelB2A mode (Business to Area) is merchants and regional model. In the region's farmers need all kinds of agricultural materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers, etc., concentrated accesses by unified procurement to suppliers, in order to reduce the intermediate links, lower the price? Merchants can also by the researcher and kiosk, online survey and product promotion, to farmer’s agricultural materials message (e.g., price information, performance information, etc.).Supply and demand information collected through a unified, unified resource allocation, businesses focus to regional sales of agricultural materials, to reduce costs and expand sales area. This is a win-win pattern on both sides. Here, stood up and the function of logistics transit information.3 ABC modelIn order to further reduce the risk of the production and sale of agricultural products, the ABC model should be introduced in the rural electronic commerce. The ABC model is (Area & Business Chain Collaboration) Area and Business synergy model. Agricultural production cycle is long, the demand of the market is difficult to define, as a result, the area (producers and consumers), and agricultural products to distributors, agricultural materials suppliers, such as agricultural materials manufacturers formed a kind of symbiosis, interaction relations of the chain. Regional farmers by participating in collaborative commerce establish new value chain orientation, the value chain to regional business (A2B) or business as a support on the relationship between the regional (B2A);And through the parties work together to expand value become a collaborative network, provide area between farmers and merchants more effective communication channel, product circulation mechanism and information service mode, will demand chain and supply chain, make the parties get maximum benefit. Integrated use of the Internet and multimedia technology (especially the 3 d technology), cloud computing technology and modern management technology, the area and virtual set up businesses, enterprises, upstream and downstream manufacturers, the supply of agricultural materials, agricultural production, agricultural products processing, logistics tracking and certification regulation and organic together, realize information sharing and collaborative work, to achieve dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Through collaborative e-commerce platform to provide integrated business activities for all parties, the "production, supply and sale" to form a chain of high efficiency, high benefit, high specification, carry out performanceof agricultural products (business model, including production, processing, product design, distribution, transportation, distribution, retail and related services, etc.) and business integration, building integrated virtual national and global market. Be very perfect, corresponding e-commerce mode function should provide business matching services, online services, online services, online payment services, signing a contract intelligent searchand match, agricultural products market price and trend analysis, assistant decision making and OLAP services online. The main coordinating function of ABC model includes technical coordination, data and business synergy together.3.1The technology togetherTechnology synergy instigating build platform has good integration, scalability, portability, consistency, standardization and manageability. Cloud computing is an optimal mode. Cloud technology can be divided into three levels of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. SaaS (Software as a Service) is a Software as a Service layer, the function of this layer is applied as a Service to the guess households. Users can use them directly through a web browser running on the cloud, and not need to install. PaaS (Platform as a Service) is a Platform as a Service layer; the function of this layer is a development Platform as a Service to the user. Users can in a, including all kinds of components, documentation, and testing environment, the development of the platform is very convenient to write application, and whether the deployment or at run time, the user doesn't have resources such as servers, operating systems, storage management, the tedious work of PaaS supplier is responsible for handling. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is the infrastructure as a Service layer, the function of this layer is thevirtual machine or other resources as a Service to the user, the user can get what he needs from suppliers or storage of virtual machine and other related resources to load the application, at the same time, the management of the infrastructure will have to be completed by the IaaS provider. These characteristics of cloud model, such as convenient operation, system function extension is convenient, save money, etc., especially suitable for rural information environment.3.2 Data togetherIn ABC brought together all of the information on the mode of collaborative supplies chain, information resource covering rural economy basic link such as production, agricultural capital, market, management, science and technology, etc. Its characteristic is there are many different kinds of information, sources, different standards, overlapping, do not have a unified data format; storage distribution area is large, different database platform. Therefore, data coordination is particularlyimportant. Data collaborative goal is to distribution in the network virtual together all kinds of data, to meet the requirements of the cooperative parties for data sharing, to facilitate the synergy of business. Synergy is the core of data exchange platform, will all kinds of data into a unified standard, the various heterogeneous, distributed data sources in the standard Web services, to shield the difference between the data source. Virtual technology using cloud services provide a uniform data access. Cloud services that cloud storage system structure, the storage system is composed of distribution around a storage device, through clustering function such as grid computing, distributed file system or similar unite to work together, and through the service software to provide storage services to usersand access the service.3.3 Businesses togetherBusiness synergy is auxiliary area on the supply chain, suppliers, manufacturers, customers; realize the online orders and plan coordination and management of the production process, the enterprise internal management, improve management and high production efficiency, help enterprise to realize the business collaboration between different departments, branches. Main technology is through the integration of ERP, SCC, CRM, CAM, information system, EDI, instant communication, such as module, realize the sharing of data and information transmission based on workflow, and makes the whole chain business coordination function, build a unified, huge virtual enterprise, the upstream suppliers, middle reaches of the manufacturers, area farmers and downstream customers closely linked together, to create a service chain of supply, production, sales service. Because ABC chain store large amounts of data, can build all sorts of data warehouse and data mart, processing all kinds of data mining and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) analysis; Can provide all kinds of auxiliary decision scheme, such as resources, coordination, profit distribution, and even cultural synergy, etc., is the user seize market opportunities, to maximize the interests of the perfect protection.译文农村电子商务模式研究Maribel P摘要基于农村地区小生产、区域分散等特点，提出以区域为交易核心的电子商务理念，即区域对区域（A2A）、区域对商家（A2B）和商家对区域（B2A）模式。
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。
电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献In this model。
the XXX its own logistics system。
the enterprise can control the entire process of delivery。
XXX。
this model requires a XXX.3.Third-party logistics model.XXX ns to a third-party logistics provider。
The third-party logistics provider handles the entire logistics process。
XXX。
the enterprise may lose some control over the logistics process and may have to pay higher fees for the services provided.Second。
the impact of electronic commerce on physical n1.Shortening of the n chain.XXX intermediaries in the n process。
such as XXX.2.Increased demand for logistics services.As more consumers shop online。
XXX.3.XXX.Electronic commerce has led to the XXX logistics models。
XXX connect consumers with individuals who XXX.Overall。
electronic commerce has had a significant impacton physical n。
电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade E-Commerce is doing business through electronic media or the practice of buying and selling products and services over the Internet,utilizing technologies such as the Web,Electronic Data Interchange(EDI),Email,electronic fund transfers and smart cards,without face-to-face meeting between two parties of the transactions.In brief,E-Commerce is the online exchange or sale and purchase of goods and services.The BackgroundWith the extension of internet in application area, from academies, enterprises tothe government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or can’t go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future.Abstract：The 21st century is the century of the network, with the growing popularity of the network, making e-commerce has become the most important international trade as a means of convenient e-commerce has brought the entire international trade an in-depth change, a great impact the development of international trade.In this paper, the impact of electronic commerce on international trade research, first on the meaning and mode of e-commerce and international trade, a simple introduction to basic concepts,followed by analysis to identify the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and found that not only e-commerce promote the rapid development of international trade transactions, but also changed the way of making small and medium enterprises to become more involved in international trade to; and making the international market truly be realized, but also the international trade business management major changes.Key Words：Electronic commerce; international trade; InternetIntroductionIn recent year, e-commerce has emerged as the fastest growing sector of the world marketplace. Despite the contraction in the high-tech industry during the recent recession, firms have continued to enter and expand their presence in e-commerce, and consumers have increased the number of purchases made online. E-commerce currently represents a very small share of overall commerce, but it is expected to continue to expand rapidly in coming years. As e-commerce grows, so will its impact on the overall economy.1．The Overview of E-commerce1.1 The Meaning of E-commerceE-commerce usually refers to the use of computer technology, network technology and telecommunication technology to achieve the entire business process become computerization, digitization and networking.E-commerce is a new business model making that both buyers and sellers do not have to meet each other in various business activities in a wide range of business around the world trade. It also contributes to the consumer's online shopping, online transactions between merchants and online electronic payment in different business activities, trading activities, financial activities and activities related to integrated services in the Internet, an open network environment which based on WEB / server applications ways.E-commerce permeates every stage of trade activities, including information exchange, pre-sales service, sales, electronic payments, transportation, the formation of virtual enterprise and sharing resources. The participants of E-commerce include consumers, vendors, suppliers, financial institutions, enterprises, government and other institutions or individuals, whose purpose is to achieve a business and the whole society efficiency and low-cost trade.1. 2 The E-commerce PatternThe E-commerce pattern is refers to the basic mode which the enterprises obtain the business income using the Internet development management, it is based on a certain technology based commercial operation way and the profit pattern in the network environment. The research and the analysis of the E-commerce pattern’s classified system is helpful in unearths the new E-commerce pattern, provides the way for the E-commerce pattern innovation and be helpful in the enterprise formulates the specific E-commerce strategy and the implementation step. The E-commerce pattern can establish different classification framework from different angles. From the traditional viewpoint, E-commerce pattern is summed up as B2C(Business to Consumer), B2B(Business to Business), C2B(Consumer to Business), C2C(Consumer to Consumer), B2G(Business to Government), BMC（Business Medium Consumer）..1.2.1 The Emergence of E-commerceDuring the 1940s’ and 1950s’, the fiber optic communication technologies and computer technology based on microelectronics has detonated the information technology revolution which still has not ceased until now. Whether it is data processing or information transmission, the human beings have entered an unprecedented era of efficient. In the 1970s, the production of EDI technology (Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Data Interchange) causes the people began to try to exchange business data automatically between different computers, which is the primary form of e-commerce.E-commerce originated in the 1960s’ and development in the 1990s’, and the important conditions of its emergence and development are mainly:● Government's support and impetusAfter the European Union issued Europe Electronic Commerce Agreement in 1997 and the US issued the “Framework for Global Electronic Commerce”, the electron ic commerce has been valued by the governments all over the world.● Widespread use of computerIn the recent 30 years, the faster speed of computer's processing, the stronger handling ability, the lower price and the broader application area provided the solid foundation for use ofE-commerce.● Popularity and maturity of the networkUp to December 31, 2008, the Chinese net citizen achieves at 298, 000, 000 people, and the popularizing rate achieves 22.6%, which surpasses the global average level.● Impeccable network serviceAccording to the statistics, there are more than 4000 influential websites in the world, and almost every website can provide the electronic commerce information and the service. And theOn-line payment technology and the electronic currency payment technology are reliable and popular used all over the world.A recent study of the marketplace by Nielsen//Net Ratings found more than 200 million Americans (or 75%) are using the Internet. Those who shopped online in 2003 spent $17.2 billion online in just the fourth quarter alone. Research firms anticipate that, in 2004, the number of online shoppers will increase by 14 percent, representing 30 percent of the U.S. population. In four more years, half the country’s population will be purcha sing online.1.2.2 The Meaning of International TradeThe international trade refers the exchange between commodity and service in different countries (and/or area), the business of buying and selling commodities beyond national borders. It is the international shift of commodity and service which is also called the world trade and composed of two parts, imports and exports.International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.2 The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade2.1 Promote the Rapid Development of International TradeThe electronic transaction can replace other trading method to a certain extent. In this case, the rise in e-commerce trade will offset the decline in trade in other ways. For example, the increase of international commercial volume through the Internet means the decrease of the volume through the mail or services across the border. However, electronic commerce improve the transaction efficiency and creates the extra commercial opportunity unceasingly by reducing the transaction cost and the price, which on one hand from the superiority that the electronic commerce can reduce the price and increases the international demand; On the other hand it can create the new trade partner and develop the new business partner, making these overtop cost or implementation difficulties transaction becomes feasible.Moreover, electronic commerce can be supplement of the traditional transaction method to complete the transaction together with the transportation of tangible goods. For example, electronic commerce can be the supplementary means of trade through advertisement, marketing, purchase and electronic payment. In short, electronic commerce makes the cross-border transfer of information and resource sharing truly meet the requirements as breaking the space and time limit, thus promoted the international trade development.websites through the provision of goods price and seeking the lowest prices all over the world and use the online auction bidding and other forms of collective bargaining to buy goods at lower prices. This can reduce the prices of imported goods in the country and be conducive to the development of the country's import trade and growth, and form the expansion effects of trade to a certain extent. 2.2 Changed the Trade ModeThe traditional marketing model is the first with the product to look for customers, and sellers are basically telephone communication, mailing product catalogs, all kinds of exhibitions, and so the traditional way to exchange views and suggestions. The changes arising from electronic eommerce marketing, the promotion of international trade, marketing, generate new forms of marketing - e-marketing (e-marketing). E-marketing, there are two meanings: one refers to the use of electronic means of marketing; the other one refers to the Internet as the core e-marketing. However, the latter is developing as a modern international trade, an important way of marketing.The emergence of e-commerce makes a significant change in the trade transactions of the international market, and contributes to the appearance of the virtual trading market without cashtransaction. Electronic commerce developed a brand-new opening, multi-dimensional, the three-dimensional market environment through the exchange of on-line “virtual” information, which broke through the premise condition in which traditional market must take certain time and area. the whole world are connected into a unified "big market" by the information network, promoting to form a world economics marketability. Meanwhile, it drove the development of our country’s social economy in great extent and urged deepen the reform of our country’s enterprise in industrial structure and the trading mode.The existing network has achieved the real-time transmission and exchange of the standard format among the business users document such as contracts, bills of lading, invoices and so on). Both buyers and sellers can handle the order, the negotiations, signing, the declaration, the inspection, the chartering, the taxes payment and other trade service procedure directly online, which reduced the trading hours greatly and made the transaction more fast and convenient and promote the working efficiency of the finance, the customs, the transportation and the insurance. The capital, the commodity and the technology brought by the fast flowing information accelerate the global flows of production elements and promote network economy to the computer network technology as the platform and electronic commerce for the pattern in the rapidly developing economy world. The economic and trade and the connection among countries can strengthen greatly under this kind of network trade's environment and bring the new energy and spirit to the development of world’s economic.2.3 Making SMEs More Involved in International TradeThe rapid development of e-commerce in the world makes the position where the large enterprises plays a leader role in the international trade in traditional trade pattern decrease day by day and ushered a brand-new development opportunities and a broader international market. The emergence of electronic commerce makes the Small and medium-sized enterprises have more opportunities to show their good brand image and product on the international stage, which is mainly manifested in two aspects:On the one hand, e-commerce is helpful for the small and medium-sized enterprise displays its unique superiority of products and greatly develops the brand products. in environmental impact of the traditional mass production and marketing, people often tend to buy the most satisfying products in the lowest price, which often has the relative advantage of the advantage in large scale of economies, mass production capabilities by large enterprises, the formation of cost, so that to bea dominant position in the small and medium-sized enterprise competition. However, electronic commerce provided customers an effective way that they can talk face to face with manufacturers of products and ordered services personalized, by which customers can massively visit enterprise's related website, describe their products and business needs and different requirements in the web sides, and make a transform from large scale production's pattern into the personalized product ordering pattern。
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译 )译文：跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起，往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。
我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。
我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。
分析结果表明，相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。
然而，语言相关的交易成本的增加。
此外，网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。
在平衡，没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。
我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。
在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1 %可以增加多达7 %的跨境电子商务。
我们还表明，在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。
关键词电子商务 / 引力方程 /欧盟1. 介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。
互联网的兴起，更一般地，数字通信技术，具有 LED 许多观察家宣布，距离“死”（Cairncross，1997）。
在这方面，它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。
在传统的线下实物商品贸易，证据却指向距离成本增加（disdier和头，2008）。
贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。
问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。
Blum 和 Goldfarb（2006）表明，即使是纯粹的信息产品，距离仍然起着重要的作用。
他们认为这是文化上的差异，随着物理距离的增加。
除了信息成本的影响，可能会有副作用，对贸易模式的影响。
网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积，为供应商和消费者，在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。
这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。
然而，出现在网络上，可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。
本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。
本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。
2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
电子商务发展中英文资料对照外文翻译文
献综述
本文综述了电子商务发展的相关中英文资料对照的外文翻译文献。
以下是对资料的简要介绍：
1. 文献一：《电子商务的定义和发展趋势》
这篇文献探讨了电子商务的定义，以及电子商务在不同行业中的发展趋势。
它提供了对电子商务未来发展的洞察和预测。
2. 文献二：《电子商务平台的优势与特点》
这篇文献分析了电子商务平台的优势和特点，包括方便的购物体验、快速的交易过程和全球化的市场覆盖等，以及对传统商业模式的影响。
3. 文献三：《电子商务对传统零售业的影响》
这篇文献研究了电子商务对传统零售业的影响，包括购物方式的变化、消费者行为的改变和市场竞争的加剧等方面。
4. 文献四：《电子商务的安全性和隐私问题》
这篇文献讨论了电子商务所面临的安全性和隐私问题，包括网
络支付的安全性、个人信息保护和网络欺诈等方面的挑战。
5. 文献五：《电子商务的法律和政策环境》
这篇文献研究了电子商务的法律和政策环境，包括电子合同的
法律效力、网络交易纠纷解决机制和网络经济发展政策等方面的内容。
综上所述，这些文献对于理解电子商务的发展趋势、优势特点、对传统零售业的影响以及面临的安全性和法律问题等具有重要意义。