创新思维与方法总结

创新的思维和方法

1创新的概念和范围

创新(innovation),起源于拉丁语.包含三层含义:一是更新;二是创造新东西;三是改变.它是利用已存的自然资源或者社会要素创造新事物的行为,是以新思维,新发明和新描述为特征的一种概念化过程.

创新一词听起来比较模糊和抽象,但是创新其实离我们生活并不远,它已经融进了我们的生活,它无处不在,处处可见,时时可见,事事可见.创新不是科学家,专家,技术人员的专利,它是属于全人类,人人都可以创新.

2创新的思维

创新思维是指人类在探索未知领域的过程中,不受常规的,现成的思路约束,寻求对问题的全新的独特的解决方法的思维过程.

2.1创新思维的障碍

人类在从事思维活动时,容易受一些因素的影响,从而会出现一些偏差,阻碍了我们完成创新活动.这种创新思维障碍主要有二大类,一类是偏见思维;一类是定时思维.

2.1.1偏见思维

我们在观察事物过程中,只观察到它的一些侧面,无法或者没有观察它的全貌,我们在考虑问题的解决方法时就会产生偏差.偏见有多种形式,主要有经验偏见,利益偏见,位置偏见,封闭思维.

偏见是一种心理现象,一种无意识的现象,不是人主观故意而为,而是在不经意间形成的.偏见源于经验,经验很重要,一定的经验会有利于创新,我们要超越偏见,就要超越我们的经验来思考问题.

2.1.2定势思维

定势思维也是依据某一问题的经验形成的一种心理状态,这种心理状态影响和决定后续类似活动的思维.这种定势思维主要表现为惯性思维,线形思维和惰性思维等.

2.2创新思维的形式

2.2.1收敛思维和发散思维

收敛思维是指从信息的某个状况一步步地推演到另外一个状况,或从众多可能的解决的方案中挑选最佳解决方案的思维方式.其思维过程是从现有的信息出发,按照所给定的信息出发,按照给定的信息和线索,以所需研究的对象为中心,通过比较,筛选,组合,论证等深化思考,挑选出最佳的解决方案.

发散思维是指大脑在思维的时候,呈现多维发散状态的思维模式.它有众多表现形式,例如,结构发散,因果发散,属性发散,关系发散,功能发散等多种形式.

收敛思维和发散思维不同.收敛思维为解决某个问题,从众多的现象,线索信息中围绕所要解决的问题,根据已有的知识和经验,得出最好的解决办法.发散思维则是为了解决某个问题,总是追求更多的解决办法.

收敛思维与发散思维的区别和特点如下:

收敛思维和发散思维看似矛盾,但两者又是统一的.发散思维用于创造新点子和新想法,提供更多的选择,形成更多的方案,经过收敛思维的加工整理,形成最佳的解决方案.两者相辅相成,结合使用创造出新的解决方案.

2.2.2逆向思维

逆向思维是不采用通常思考问题的思路,从相反的方向去思考问题.通常逆向思维能出奇制胜,取得突破性解决问题的方法.

2.2.3颠倒思维

颠倒思维和逆向思维比较想像,它是把对象的整体\部分或性能颠倒过来,包括上下颠倒,里外颠倒,性质颠倒,因果颠倒等.一个比较经典的案例就是居室载船,一人想用小船运石,巨石放入传中,船承受不了巨石重力,会沉入水中. 所以采用把巨石吊在船底,由于巨石在水中的浮力抵消部分重力,从而成功运走巨石.

2.2.4侧向思维

侧向思维是一种将注意力引向外侧其他领域和事物,从而受到启发,找到超出限定条件以外的新思路.

2.2.5组合思维

组合思维是把两种和两种以上的物体\技术\方法和原理现象结合起来进行创新思维的方法.例如,我们用的红蓝铅笔,带橡皮的铅笔,或者香水钢笔,这些都是由组合思维产生的.

联想思维

2.2.6联想思维是指将一种事物和另外一种事物联系起来.探究他们之间共同的或者类似的规律,以解决问题的思维方法.

3创新方法

3.1创新方法定义

创新方法是科学思维,科学方法和科学工具的总称.

3.2创新方法的分类

创新方法有很多,例如创新趋势分析法,创新思维技巧,创新评价方法,研究开发方法等.

3.2.1创新趋势分析法

创新趋势分析法又分为头脑风暴法和SWOT分析法等.

头脑风暴法其实就是集思广益.SWOT分析法是一种结构化工具,包括优势,劣势,机会和威胁四个方面.

3.2.2研究方法

研究开发是主要的创新活动,其核心是产品开发.他有很多很多开发方法,其中用的最多的是和田十二法.它遵循12种思路,即:”加一加,减一减,扩一扩,缩一缩,变一变,改一改,拼一拼,学一学,代一代,搬一搬,反一反,定一定”.

加一加,把物体加大一点,加高一点,功能加多一点,在尺寸形态上,功能上,尺寸上有所变化.

减一减,把一件物品减小一点,减轻一点,降低一点,减短一点.

扩一扩,把物品扩大一点,放宽一点,使功能产生明显变化.

缩一缩,使一个物品体积缩小一点,长度缩短一点.

变一变,改变形状,尺寸,颜色,印象,滋味.

改一改,对一个物品原来的形状结构性能改进,使之呈现出新的形态,新的功能.

拼一拼,把一个物体和其他物体拼合起来.

学一学,通过学习模仿别的物品,事物的形状,结构,色彩,性能,规格,功能,动作等.

代一代,材料,方法,工具和商品的代用.

搬一搬,把某个部件搬动一下,使之形成一种新的物品,产生新的功能.

反一反,把某种物品形状,性质,功能反一反,做出新的创造.

定一定,按照人类社会活动规范来创造发明新事物.

3.3运用创新方法发展核心技术

创新不一定全部是新技术的发明,他可以是新方法,新技术,也可以是核心技术的发展和延伸.

The thinking and methods of innovation

1 The Scope and concept of innovation

The word of innovation derives from Latin. It has three-layer meanings: updating, creating a new thing and changing. It is an action that creates a new thing through using present resources or social elements. It isalso a conceptualization process that has the features of new thinking, new invention and new description.

It sounds that innovation is abstract and fuzzy, and far from our life. Actually, innovation is in our life, we can find it anywhere, anytime and anything. It not only belongs to scientists, engineers, but also to all people.

2 Innovative thinking

Innovative thinking is a thought process that seeks the new and unique solution for problems in human discovering unknown fields. It is not constrained by conventional and present thinking.

2.1 The barriers of innovative thinking

In innovative thinking, people will be affected by some factors, make some deviation, so will not finish the innovation. There are two major barriers in innovative thinking; they are prejudice thinking and assumption thinking.

2.1.1 Prejudice thinking

In the process of observation, we just see the one side of the thing, but not all. We will make a

one-sided decision when we consider the solution of problem. There are many forms of prejudice thinking, they are experience prejudice, profit prejudice, position prejudice and closed thinking.

Prejudice is just a psychological phenomenon, or an unconscious phenomenon. It is also an action that people do somethingunconsciously. Actually, prejudice is from experience, innovation needs experience to support, but more experience will block our innovative thinking sometimes. So we need to think beyond prejudice and our experience when we are engaging in innovation.

Take an example:

Just for stationery in china marketing, there are two different points of view. One thinks that there is no market in china, because there have been so many stationery products in china, just no room in market share. The other thinks that the certain brand’s product haven’t occupied China’s market, so there will be a big room to develop in market share.

In my opinion, these two views are very one-side.

2.1.2 Assumption thinking

Assumption thinking is also a psychological state that is formed by some problem’s experience. This psychological state will affect and decide the similar thing that happens after. There are three forms of assumption thinking: they are inertial thinking, linear thinking and inert thinking.

Take an example:

Assumption thinking: you should think of the function of the writing when we talk about a pen. Innovative thinking: if the pen is for a lady, it should be an eyebrow pencil or a pen full of perfume.

2.2 The forms of innovative thinking

2.2.1 Convergent thinking and divergent thinking

Convergent thinking is a thinking mode that infers information from certain state to another state step by step, and then chooses the best solution from many possible solutions. The process is as follows: tokeep the research object as the center, to start from the existing information according to the given information and clues, then to think deeply in some methods like comparing, sifting, combination and argument, and pick out the best solution.

Divergent thinking is a thinking mode that has multidimensional direction. There are many forms of divergent thinking, such as divergent in structure, causality, attribute, relation, function, and so on.

They have difference in the way of solving problem. The purpose of convergent thinking is to solve the problem, get the best solution based on the present information, knowledge and experience.

Divergent thinking always collects more methods to solve the problem.

Convergent and divergent thinking always should be used together. Divergent thinking supply new ideas and new thinking for getting a solution. And then these ideas and thinking are integrated and processed in convergent thinking, finally designer get the best solution. They two existsan inner

relationship of supplement and influencing each other.

2.2.2 Converse thinking

Converse thinking is a thinking that consider problem with opposite way, and it also can get a good solution.

2.2.3 Reverse thinking

Reverse thinking is similar to converse thinking. It considersthe problemthrough using the method like reversing the object, or reserving the part, or reserving the function. These reversals include upside down, inside out, cart before, reversing in properties and so on.

Take an example: one people wanted to ship big stone with a boat to another side, but the stone was very heavy, the ship would sink if the stone was in the boat. At last, they hung the big stone at the bottom of boat, carried away the big stone successfully because the part of gravity was offset by the buoyancy.

2.2.4 Lateral thinking

Lateral thinking is a thinking that guides the attention to other fields or other objects when people are thinking the problem. He will be spired by them, then finds the new solution beyond assumed conditions.

2.2.5 Combination thinking

Combination thinking is a thinking mode that considers the problem through combining two or above objects, technology, methods, theory and so on.

Take an example: such as a pen with two colors, a pencil with eraser, a pen full of perfume.

2.2.6 Associative thinking

Associative thinking is a thinking mode that solves the problem through connecting one thing with another thing and finding their same and similar.

3 Innovative methods

3.1 Definition

Innovative methods includescientific thinking, scientific method and scientific tool.

3.2 The classifications of innovative methods

There are many ways to innovate, like the analytical method of innovation tendency, the skills of innovative thinking, the evaluation methodology of innovation, the method of research and development and so on. Here mainly discuss about the analytical method of innovation tendency and the method of researchand development.

3.2.1Theanalytical method of innovation tendency

The analytical method of innovation tendency is divided into a few methods, like brainstorm, SWOT and so on.

Brainstorm is a method that mainly collects everyone’s idea in the meeting; SWOT is a structural

analytical tool. It includes strengths analysis, weaknessanalysis, opportunitiesanalysis, and threatsanalysis.

3.2.2 The method of research and development

The method of research and development is the major innovation in enterprise. Product development is its core. Hetian twelve method is very popular in so many development methods. They are: adding, decrease, enlarging, shrinkage, changing, improvement, combination, imitating, replacing, move, reversing, fixing.

Adding: add the dimension and function of the object.

Decrease: decrease the dimensions and weight and others of object.

Enlarging: get a change in function through enlarging the dimensions and volume.

Shrinking: reduce volume or length or others of object.

Changing: change the color, dimension, imagination and taste.

Improvement: get the new product through improving present function and structure.

Combination: combine one object with other objects.

Imitating: imitate the shape, the structure, the color, the performance, the movement of other things

Replacing: use new material, new method, new tools and others instead of the olds.

Move: get a new object through moving some part to other objects.

Reversing: get a different object through reversing the shape, the function, or the performance.

Fixing: create a new object according to social norms of human.

Conclusion

Innovation exists everywhere in our life. It is easy for us to use in our job. Firstly, we should have the consciousness of innovation; then, consider the problemwith innovative thinking, analysis the problem with innovative methods; at last, we should finish our development.