毕业设计翻译----车床数控化改造英文翻译
c6150普通车床数控化改造毕业设计外文翻译(中文)
采用模糊推理的数控机床的进给率控制摘要:在这篇文章中,基于带回转装置的数控机床的3D设计和加工系统，被首先介绍以有效的产生有吸引力的油漆滚筒。
一个后处理器被提出以把被称为刀位数据（CL）的基本工具路径改为NC数据，映射y方向的拾取饲料的旋转单元的旋转角度。
有后处理器的三维加工系统，让我们很容易地把平面模型表面的浮雕设计抄写到一个圆柱模型表面。
后处理器有另一个作用即：根据每一个设计的曲率调整进给速率以防止加工表面破损。
后置处理器在检查边缘的浮雕设计的同时，运用模糊推理方法生成合适的进给速率代码。
实验结果表明，具有有吸引力的浮雕设计的木漆辊可以被成功加工，而不会产生不良的边缘破损。
接下来，被提出的模糊进给速率发生器进一步被应用到模具抛光机器人，使抛光时间比之没有发生器时减少约30％。
关键词：进给率控制模糊推理带旋转机构的数控机床CAD/CAM 模具抛光机器人1、引言在国内制造业，采用简单模式的油漆滚筒，通常被用于把一个设计抄到刚刚粉刷过的墙上。
室内规划者和装饰要使用更具吸引力的涂料辊，但是图案的类型仅限于一些常见的。
为了有效提供以用户为导向的辊设计，对于限量生产的各种油漆滚筒应有一个新的3D设计加工系统。
到现在为止，虽然已经在各种制造业中开发了先进的三维加工系统，但有浮雕设计的辊在现阶段似乎并没有被成功的制造。
随着数控机床的进给速度的优化，用后处理的方法来为已经被提出的高速轮廓加工，把G1数控编码转换成非均匀的B样条（NURBS）NC路径。
一种被用于端铣自适应力量控制的模糊策略被提出，自适应最大限度地提高到工具主体允许的切削力的进给速率。
然而，为了实现木质漆辊或机器人金属模具抛光，为了加工小尖边缘和曲面和一个稳定的控制抛光力。
应发展一种精巧和熟练进给率的控制。
在这篇文章中,基于带回转装置的数控机床的3D设计和加工系统，被首先介绍以有效的产生有吸引力的油漆滚筒。
在使用一般的涂料辊有很少或没有吸引力的设计，和他们的设计也仅限于平面或几个简单的模式。
机械专业毕业设计外文翻译10
翻译部分英文部分ADV ANCED MACHINING PROCESSESAs the hardware of an advanced technology becomes more complex, new and visionary approaches to the processing of materials into useful products come into common use. This has been the trend in machining processes in recent years.. Advanced methods of machine control as well as completely different methods of shaping materials have permitted the mechanical designer to proceed in directions that would have been totally impossible only a few years ago.Parallel development in other technologies such as electronics and computers have made available to the machine tool designer methods and processes that can permit a machine tool to far exceed the capabilities of the most experienced machinist.In this section we will look at CNC machining using chip-making cutting tools. CNC controllers are used to drive and control a great variety of machines and mechanisms, Some examples would be routers in wood working; lasers, plasma-arc, flame cutting, and waterjets for cutting of steel plate; and controlling of robots in manufacturing and assembly. This section is only an overview and cannot take the place of a programming manual for a specific machine tool. Because of the tremendous growth in numbers and capability of comp uters ,changes in machine controls are rapidly and constantly taking place. The exciting part of this evolution in machine controls is that programming becomeseasier with each new advanced in this technology.Advantages of Numerical ControlA manually operated machine tool may have the same physical characteristics as a CNC machine, such as size and horsepower. The principles of metal removal are the same. The big gain comes from the computer controlling the machining axes movements. CNC-controlled machine tools can be as simple as a 2-axis drilling machining center (Figure O-1). With a dual spindle machining center, the low RPM, high horsepower spindle gives high metal removal rates. The high RPM spindle allows the efficient use of high cutting speed tools such as diamonds and small diameter cutters (Figure O-2). The cutting tools that remove materials are standard tools such as milling cutters, drills, boring tools, or lathe tools depending on the type of machine used. Cutting speeds and feeds need to be correct as in any other machining operation. The greatest advantage in CNC machining comes from the unerring and rapid positioning movements possible. A CNC machine does dot stop at the end of a cut to plan its next move; it does not get fatigued; it is capable of uninterrupted machining error free, hour after hour. A machine tool is productive only while it is making chips.Since the chip-making process is controlled by the proper feeds and speeds, time savings can be achieved by faster rapid feed rates. Rapid feeds have increased from 60 to 200 to 400 and are now often approaching 1000 inches per minute (IPM). These high feed rates can pose a safety hazard to anyone within the working envelope of the machine tool.Complex contoured shapes were extremely difficult to product prior to CNC machining .CNC has made the machining of these shapes economically feasible. Design changes on a part are relatively easy to make by changing the program that directs the machine tool.A CNC machine produces parts with high dimensional accuracy and close tolerances without taking extra time or special precautions, CNC machines generally need less complex work-holding fixtures, which saves time by getting the parts machined sooner. Once a program is ready and production parts, each part will take exactly the same amount of time as the previous one. This repeatability allows for a very precise control of production costs. Another advantage of CNC machining is the elimination of large inventories; parts can be machined as needs .In conventional production often a great number of parts must be made at the same time to be cost effective. With CNC even one piece can be machined economically .In many instances, a CNC machine can perform in one setup the same operations that would require several conventional machines.With modern CNC machine tools a trained machinist can program and product even a single part economically .CNC machine tools are used in small and large machining facilities and range in size from tabletop models to huge machining centers. In a facility with many CNC tools, programming is usually done by CNC programmers away from the CNC tools. The machine control unit (MCU) on the machine is then used mostly for small program changes or corrections. Manufacturing with CNC tools usually requires three categories of persons. The first is the programmer, who is responsible for developing machine-ready code. The next person involved is the setup person, who loads the raw stork into the MCU, checks that the co rrect tools are loaded, and makes the first part. The third person is the machine and unloads the finished parts. In a small company, one person is expected to perform all three of these tasks.CNC controls are generally divided into two basic categories. One uses a ward address format with coded inputs such as G and M codes. The other users a conversational input; conversational input is also called user-friendly or prompted input. Later in this section examples of each of these programming formats in machining applications will be describes.CAM and CNCCAM systems have changed the job of the CNC programmer from one manually producing CNC code to one maximizing the output of CNC machines. Since CNC machine tools are made by a great number of manufacturers, many different CNC control units are in use. Control units from different manufacturers use a variety of program formats and codes. Many CNC code words are identical for different controllers, but a great number vary from one to another.To produce an identical part on CNC machine tools with different controllers such as one by FANCU, OKUMA or DYNAPATH, would require completely different CNC codes. Each manufacturer is constantly improving and updating its CNC controllers. These improvements often include additional code words plus changes in how the existing code works.A CAM systems allows the CNC programmer to concentrate on the creation of an efficient machining process, rather then relearning changed code formats. A CNC programmer looks atthe print of a part and then plans the sequence of machining operations necessary to make it (Figure O-3). This plan includes everything, from the selection of possible CNC machine tools, to which tooling to use, to how the part is held while machining takes place. The CNC programmer has to have a thorough understanding of all the capacities and limitations of the CNC machine tools that a program is to be made for. Machine specifications such as horsepower, maximum spindle speeds, workpiece weight and size limitations, and tool changer capacity are just some of the considerations that affect programming.Another area of major importance to the programmer is the knowledge of machining processes. An example would be the selection of the surface finish requirement specified in the part print. The sequence of machining processes is critical to obtain acceptable results. Cutting tool limitations have to be considered and this requires knowledge of cutting tool materials, tool types, and application recommendations.A good programmer will spend a considerable amount of time in researching the rapidly growing volume of new and improved tools and tool materials. Often the tool that was on the cutting edge of technology just two years ago is now obsolete. Information on new tools can come from catalogs or tool manufacturers' tooling engineers. Help in tool selection or optimum tool working conditions can also be obtained from tool manufacturer software. Examples would be Kennametal's "TOOLPRO", software designed to help select the best tool grade, speed, and feed rates for different work materials in turning application. Another very important feature of "TOOLPRO" is the display of the horsepower requirement for each machining selection. This allow the programmer to select a combination of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut that equals the machine's maximum horsepower for roughing cuts. For a finishing cut, the smallest diameter of the part being machined is selected and then the cutting speed varied until the RPM is equal to the maximum RPM of the machine. This helps in maximizing machining efficiency. Knowing the horsepower requirement for a cut is critical if more than one tool is cutting at the same time.Software for a machining center application would be Ingersoll Tool Company's "Actual Chip Thickness", a program used to calculate the chip thickness in relation to feed-per-tooth for a milling cutter, especially during a shallow finishing cut. Ingersoll's "Rigidity Analysis" software ealculates tool deflection for end mills as a function of tool stiffness and tool force.To this point we looked at some general qualifications that a programmer should possess. Now we examine how a CAM system works. Point Control Company's SmartCam system uses the following approach. First, the programmer makes a mental model of the part to be machined. This includes the kind of machining to be performed-turning or milling. Then the part print is studied to develop a machining sequence, roughing and finishing cuts, drilling, tapping, and boring operations. What work-holding device is to be used, a vise or fixture or clamps? After these considerations, computer input can be started. First comes the creation of a JOBPLAN. This JOBPLAN consists of entries such as inch or metric units, machine type, part ID, type of workpiece material, setup notes, and a description of the required tools.This line of information describes the tool by number, type, and size and includes theappropriate cutting speed and feed rate. After all the selected tools are entered, the file is saved.The second programming step is the making of the part. This represents a graphic modeling of the projected machining operation. After selecting a tool from the prepared JOBPLAN, parameters for the cutting operation are entered. For a drill, once the coordinate location of the hole and the depth are given, a circle appears on that spot. If the location is incorrect, the UNDO command erases this entry and allows you to give new values for this operation. When an end mill is being used, cutting movements (toolpath) are usually defined as lines and arcs. As a line is programmed, the toolpath is graphically displayed and errors can be corrected instantly.At any time during programming, the command SHOWPATH will show the actual toolpath for each of the programmed tools. The tools will be displayed in the sequence in which they will be used during actual machining. If the sequence of a tool movement needs to be changed, a few keystrokes will to that.Sometimes in CAM the programming sequence is different from the actual machining order. An example would be the machining of a pocket in a part. With CAM, the finished pocket outline is programmed first, then this outline is used to define the ro ughing cuts to machine the pocket. The roughing cuts are computer generated from inputs such as depth and width of cut and how much material to leave for the finish cut. Different roughing patterns can be tried out to allow the programmer to select the most efllcient one for the actual machining cuts. Since each tool is represented by a different color, it is easy to observe the toolpath made by each one.A CAM system lets the programmer view the graphics model from varying angles, such as a top, front, side, or isometric view. A toolpath that looks correct from a top view, may show from a front view that the depth of the cutting tool is incorrect. Changes can easily be made and seen immediately.When the toolpath and the sequence of operations are satisfactory, machine ready code has to be made. This is as easy as specifying the CNC machine that is to be used to machine the part. The code generator for that specific CNC machin e during processing accesses four different files. The JOBPLAN file for the tool information and the GRAPHICE file for the toolpath and cutting sequence. It also uses the MACHINE DEFINE file which defines the CNC code words for that specific machine. This file also supplies data for maximum feed rates, RPM, toolchange times, and so on. The fourth file taking part in the code generating process is the TEMPLATE file. This file acts like a ruler that produces the CNC code with all of its parts in the right place and sequence. When the code generation is complete, a projected machining time is displayed. This time is calculated from values such as feed rates and distances traveled, noncutting movements at maximum feed rates between points, tool change times, and so on. The projected machining time can be revised by changing tooling to allow for higher metal removal rates or creating a more efficient toolpath. This display of total time required can also be used to estimate production costs. If more then one CNC machine tool is available to machine this part, making code and comparing the machining time may show that one machine is more efficient than the others.CAD/CAMAnother method of creating toolpath is with the use of a Computer-aided Drafting (CAD) file. Most machine drawings are created using computers with the description and part geometry stored in the computer database. SmartCAM, though its CAM CONNECTION, will read a CAD file and transfer its geometry represents the part profile, holes, and so on. The programmer still needs to prepare a JOBPLAN with all the necessary tools, but instead of programming a profile line by line, now only a tool has to be assigned to an existing profile. Again, using the SHOWPA TH function will display the toolpath for each tool and their sequence. Constant research and developments in CAD/CAM interaction will change how they work with each other. Some CAD and CAM programs, if loaded on the same computer, make it possible to switch between the two with a few keystrokes, designing and programming at the same time.The work area around the machine needs to be kept clean and clear of obstructions to prevent slipping or tripping. Machine surfaces should not be used as worktables. Use proper lifting methods to handle heavy workpieces, fixtures, or heavy cutting tools. Make measurements only when the spindle has come to a complete standstill. Chips should never be handled with bare hands.Before starting the machine make sure that the work-holding device and the workpiece are securely fastened. When changing cutting tools, protect the workpiece being machined from damage, and protect your hands from sharp cutting edges. Use only sharp cutting tools. Check that cutting tools are installed correctly and securely.Do not operate any machine controls unless you understand their function and what the y will do.The Early Development Of Numerically Controlled Machine ToolsThe highly sophisticated CNC machine tools of today, in the vast and diverse range found throughout the field of manufacturing processing, started from very humble beginnings in a number of the major industrialized countries. Some of the earliest research and development work in this field was completed in USA and a mention will be made of the UK's contribution to this numerical control development.A major problem occurred just after the Second World War, in that progress in all areas of military and commercial development had been so rapid that the levels of automation and accuracy required by the modern industrialized world could not be attained from the lab our intensive machines in use at that time. The question was how to overcome the disadvantages of conventional plant and current manning levels. It is generally ackonwledged that the earliest work into numerical control was the study commissioned in 1947 by the US governme nt. The study's conclusion was that the metal cutting industry throughout the entire country could not copy with the demands of the American Air Force, let alone the rest of industry! As a direct result of the survey, the US Air Force contracted the Persons Corporation to see if they could develop a flexible, dynamic, manufacturing system which would maximize productivity. TheMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was sub-contracted into this research and development by the Parsons Corporation, during the period 1949-1951,and jointly they developed the first control system which could be adapted to a wide range of machine tools. The Cincinnati Machine Tool Company converted one of their standard 28 inch "Hydro-Tel" milling machines or a three-axis automatic milling made use of a servo-mechanism for the drive system on the axes. This machine made use of a servomechanism for the drive system on the axes, which controlled the table positioning, cross-slide and spindle head. The machine cab be classified as the first truly three axis continuous path machine tool and it was able to generate a required shape, or curve, by simultaneous slide way motions, if necessary.At about the same times as these American advances in machine tool control were taking Place, Alfred Herbert Limited in the United Kingdom had their first Mutinous path control system which became available in 1956.Over the next few years in both the USA and Europe, further development work occurred. These early numerical control developments were principally for the aerospace industry, where it was necessary to cut complex geometric shapes such as airframe components and turbine blades. In parallel with this development of sophisticated control systems for aerospace requirements, a point-to-point controller was developed for more general machining applications. These less sophisticated point-to-point machines were considerably cheaper than their more complex continuous path cousins and were used when only positional accuracy was necessary. As an example of point-to-point motion on a machine tool for drilling operations, the typical movement might be fast traverse of the work piece under the drill's position-after drilling the hole, anther rapid move takes place to the next hole's position-after retraction of the drill. Of course, the rapid motion of the slideways could be achieved by each axis in a sequential and independent manner, or simultaneously. If a separate control was utilisec for each axis, the former method of table travel was less esse ntial to avoid any backlash in the system to obtain the required degree of positional accuracy and so it was necessary that the approach direction to the next point was always the same.The earliest examples of these cheaper point-to-point machines usually did not use recalculating ball screws; this meant that the motions would be sluggish, and sliderways would inevitably suffer from backlash, but more will be said about this topic later in the chapter.The early NC machines were, in the main, based upon a modified milling machine with this concept of control being utilized on turning, punching, grinding and a whole host of other machine tools later. Towards the end of the 1950s,hydrostatic slideways were often incorporated for machine tools of highly precision, which to sonic extent overcame the section problem associated with conventional slideway response, whiles averaging-out slideway inaccuracy brought about a much increased preasion in the machine tool and improved their control characteristics allows "concept of the machining center" was the product of this early work, as it allowed the machine to manufacture a range of components using a wide variety of machining processes at a single set-up, without transfer of workpieces to other variety machine tools. A machining center differed conceptually in its design from that of a milling machine, In that thecutting tools could be changed automatically by the transfer machanism, or selector, from the magazine to spindle, or vice versa.In this ductively and the automatic tool changing feature enabled the machining center to productively and efficiently machine a range of components, by replacing old tools for new, or reselecting the next cutter whilst the current machining process is in cycle.In the mid 1960s,a UK company, Molins, introduced their unique "System 24" which was meant represent the ability of a system to machine for 24 hours per day. It could be thought of as a "machining complex" which allowed a series of NC single purpose machine tools to be linked by a computerized conveyor system. This conveyor allowed the work pieces to be palletized and then directed to as machine tool as necessary. This was an early, but admirable, attempt at a form of Flexible manufacturing System concept, but was unfortunately doomed to failure. Its principal weakness was that only a small proportion of component varieties could be machine at any instant and that even fewer work pieces required the same operations to be performed on them. These factors meant that the utilization level was low, coupled to the fact that the machine tools were expensive and allowed frequent production bottlenecks of work-in-progress to arise, which further slowed down the whole operation.The early to mid-1970s was a time of revolutionary in the area of machine tool controller development, when the term computerized numerical control (CNC) became a reality. This new breed of controllers gave a company the ability to change work piece geometries, together with programs, easily with the minimum of development and lead time, allowing it to be economically viable to machine small batches, or even one-off successfully. The dream of allowing a computerized numerical controller the flexibility and ease of program editing in a production environment became a reality when two ralated factors occurred.These were:the development of integrated circuits, which reduces electronics circuit size, giving better maintenance and allowing more standardization of desing; that general purpose computers were reduced in size coupled to the fact that their cost of production had fallen considerably.The multipie benefits of cheaper electorics with greater reliability have result in the CNC fitted to the machine tools today, with the power and sophistication progtessing considerably in the last few years, allowing an almost artificial intelligence(AI) to the latest systems. Over the years, the machine tools builders have produced a large diversity in the range of applications of CNC and just some of those development will be reviewed in V olume Ⅲ。
数控技术的中英文翻译
毕业设计（论文）中英文参考资料资料名称数控技术的发展与维修系别机电工程系专业数控技术班级数控0801姓名杨忠指导教师张宁菊2010年 11 月D e v e l o p m e n t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f C N C t e c h n o l o g yNumerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge enabling technology, industry and the most basic equipment. The world information industry, biological industry, aviation, aerospace and other defense industry widely used numerical techniques to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the adaptability of the market and competitiveness. Industrial countries and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in "sophisticated" technology and equipment, numerical control key aspects of the policy of closures and restrictions. Therefore, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood.Part I: the development of CNC machine tools trends in individual1. High speed, high accuracy, high reliabilityHigh speed: To improve the speed and increase feed spindle speed.High precision: the precision from micron to sub-micron level, and even the nano-level (high reliability: the reliability of numerical control system generally higher than the reliability of numerical control equipment more than an order of magnitude, but not the higher the better reliability because the goods by the cost performance constraints.2. CompositeComposite function CNC machine tool development, its core is in a single machine to complete the turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming and reaming and other operating procedures, thereby increasing the efficiency and precision machine tools to improve production flexibility.3. IntelligentIntelligent content included in all aspects of the numerical control system: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of intelligence; to improve the performance and the use of convenient connections and other aspects of intelligence; simplify programming, simplifying operational intelligence; also like the intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, as well as intelligent diagnostics, intelligent monitoring and other aspects, to facilitate system diagnostics and maintenance.4. Flexible, integratedThe world of CNC machine tools to the development trend of flexible automation systems are: from the point (CNC single, composite machining centers and CNC machine tools), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to the surface (Section workshop independent manufacturing island FA) , body (CIMS, distributed networkintegrated manufacturing system) direction, the other to focus on applied and economic direction. Flexible automation technology is the industry to adapt to dynamic market demands and quickly update the primary means of product is the main trend of national manufacturing industry is the basis for the field of advanced manufacturing technology.Second, personalization is the adaptability of the market trends Today's market, gradually formed the pattern of international cooperation, the products becoming more competitive, efficient and accurate processing of the escalating demand means, the user's individual requirements become increasingly strong, professional, specialization, more and more high-tech machine tools by the users of all ages.Third, the open architecture trend isThe core of a new generation of CNC system development is open. Open software platform and hardware platforms are open systems, modular, hierarchical structure, and through out the form to provide a unified application interface. CNC system to address the closure of the traditional CNC applications and industrial production problems. At present, many countries of open CNC system, CNC system has become an open numerical control system of the future of the road. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is nearly two years of a new focus. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing company inPart II: Machine MaintenanceCNC machine tools is electronic technology, measurement technology, automation technology, semiconductor technology, computer technology and electrical technology, and integrated set of automation equipment, high precision, high efficiency and high flexibility. CNC machine tools is a process control equipment and asked him in real-time control of the accuracy of every moment of work, any part of the fault and failure, so that the machine will shut down, resulting in production stoppages, which seriously affected and restricted the production efficiency . CNC machine tools in many industries to work the device is critical, if not after a failure in its maintenance and troubleshooting time, it will cause greater economic losses. Therefore, the principle that complex numerical control system, structure, maintenance of sophisticated equipment is necessary. CNC machine tools to enhance fault diagnosis and maintenance of power, can improve the reliability of CNC machine tools, CNC machine tools is conducive to the promotion and use.CNC machine tools is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, gas combination of complex equipment, though the reasons for failure vary, but the failure occurred, the general idea of the steps are the same. Fails, Spindle start below to stop immediately after the fault diagnosis of CNC machine tools as an example the general process.First, the fault-site investigation. The survey content includes 1, 2 types of failure, the failure frequency of 3, 4, external conditions, the operating conditions 5, 6, machine conditions, the functioning of 7, wiring between machine tools and systems 8, CNC equipment visual inspection. After an investigation, such failure is spindle class failure, only once, outside of all normal, the operator of a boot to reflect this situation.Second, the fault information collation, analysis. For some simple fault, because not a lot of time, the method can be used form of logical reasoning, analysis, identification and troubleshooting. After a failed on-site investigation for several reasons we suspect that the system output pulse ①② drive is not enough time to move the state line to control the spindle components ③④damage to the spindle motor short-circuit, causing the spindle thermal relay protection ⑤ not with self-control loop lock circuits, and the parameter is set to pulse signal output, so that the spindle can not operate normally. Identify possible reasons to rule out one by one.Third, conduct fault diagnosis and troubleshooting.Diagnosis usually follows the following principles: 1, after the first outside inside. Reliable line of modern CNC system increasingly high failure rate of CNC system itself less and less, and most are non-occurrence of failure causes the system itself. The CNC machine is a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical as one of the tools, the occurrence of the fault will be reflected by these three comprehensive, maintenance personnel should be from outside to inside one by one investigation to avoid arbitrary unsealed, demolition, otherwise expand the malfunction, so that the loss of precision machine tools, slow performance, outside the system detected the fault is due to open one by one, hydraulic components, pneumatic components, electrical actuators, mechanical devices caused problems. 2, the first after the electrical machinery. In general, the mechanical failure easier to find, and numerical control system and electrical fault diagnosis more difficult, before the troubleshooting to rule out mechanical failure of the first 3, after the first static dynamic. Power off the machine first, quiescent state, through understanding, observation, testing, analysis, confirm the power failure will not result in expansion of the incident only after the power to the machine, run the state, the dynamic of observation, inspection and testing, to find fault. While after the devastating power failure, you must first rule out the danger, before electricity. 4, after the first simple and complex. When multiple failures are intertwined, and sometimes impossible to start with, we should first solve the problem easily, then solve the difficult problem, often a simple problem to solve, the difficulty of the problem may also become easier.CNC machine tools in the fault detection process, should make full use of numerical control system self-diagnostic features to be judged, but also flexibility in the use of some common troubleshooting methods. Troubleshooting common methods are:1. Routine examination methodRoutine examination method is mainly of hands, eyes, ears, nose and other organs of the fault occurrence of various light, sound, smell and abnormal observations and careful look at every system, follow the "first post outside of" the principle of fault diagnosis by looking, listening, smelling, asking, mold and so on, from outside to inside one by one check, the fault can often be narrowed down to a module or a printed circuit board. This requires maintenance personnel have a wealth of practical experience, to the wider multidisciplinary and comprehensive knowledge of the ability to judge.2. Self-diagnostic function methodModern CNC system has yet to achieve a high degree of intelligence. But already has a strong self-diagnostic function. CNC ready to monitor the hardware and software is working. Once the abnormal, immediately displayed on the CRT alarm or fault LEDs indicate the approximate cause. Using self-diagnosis function, but also shows the interface signals between the system and the host state, in order to determine the fault occurred in the mechanical part or parts of NC system, and indicate the approximate fault location. This method is currently the most effective maintenance methods.3. Functional program testing methodSo-called functional program testing method is commonly used in the numerical control system functions and special features, such as linear positioning, circular interpolation, helical cut, fixed cycle, such as the user macro programming by hand or automatic programming methods, the preparation of test procedures into a functional program , into the numerical control system, and then start the CNC system to make it run, to check the implementation of these functions Huai machine accuracy and reliability, and then identify possible causes of failure. This method is idle for a long time the first boot of CNC machine tools and machining time of inspection nor the alarm caused by waste, but the case was hard to determine whether a programming error or operational error or machine failure was a better method to judge .4. Spare parts substitutionSpare parts replacement method is a simple method to determine the scene is one of the most commonly used. The so-called spare substitution is generally the cause of failure in the analysis of the case, maintenance personnel can use the alternate PCB, templates, integrated circuit chip or replace the questionable parts of components, which narrowed the fault to a printed circuit board or chip level. It is actually in the verification analysis is correct. However, before switching the standby board should carefully check the spare board is intact, and should check the status of reserve board should be fully consistent with the original board the state. This includes checking with theboard selection switch, set the location and the short rod potentiometer position. In short, we must strictly in accordance with the system's operation, maintenance requirements manual operation.In determining the replacement of a part to, should carefully check the relevant connected to electrical lines and other related, confirming that no failure up to the new replacement to prevent failures caused by external damage to replace the parts up.5. Transfer ActThe so-called transfer method is to have the same numerical control system features two printed circuit boards, templates, integrated circuit chips or components to exchange, observed failure phenomena be transferred. In this way, the system can quickly determine the fault position. This method is actually a kind of spare parts substitution. Therefore, the considerations described in the same spare parts substitution.6. Parameter check methodKnown parameters can directly affect the numerical performance of CNC machine tools. Parameters are usually stored in the magnetic bubble memory, or stored in batteries to be maintained by the CMOS RAM, once the battery is low or because of outside interference and other factors, some parameters will be lost or change in chaos, so that the machine does not work. At this point, through the proofreading, correction parameters, will be able to troubleshoot. When the machine idle for a long time to work again for no reason that there is no normal or failure without warning, it should be based on fault characteristics, inspection and proof-reading the relevant parameters.After a long run of CNC machine tools, wear and tear due to its mechanical drive components, electrical component performance changes and other reasons, also need to adjust the parameters of its. Some machine tool failure is often not timely because the parameters change due to some not meet. Of course, these failures are the fault of the areas are soft.7. Measurement of Comparative LawCNC system in the design of printed circuit board manufacturing plant, in order to adjust, repair facilities, in the printed circuit board designed a number of test terminals. Users can also use normal printed circuit board terminals comparing the measured and the difference between the printed circuit board failure. These terminals can detect the voltage and waveform measurements, analyze the causes of failure and failure location. Even on a normal printed circuit board can sometimes artificially create "fault", such as broken connection or short circuit, unplug the components, in order to determine the real cause of failure. Therefore, maintenance personnel should be in the usual accumulation of key parts of the printed circuit board or failure-prone parts of the right in the normal waveform and voltage values. Because the CNC system manufacturer often does not provide the information in this regard.8. Percussion methodWhen the CNC system failures showed Ruoyouruowu, often used method for detecting the fault struck the site lies. This is because the numerical control system is composed by the multi-block printed circuit boards, each board has a lot of solder joints, plates or between modules and is connected through the connectors and cables. Therefore, any cold solder joint or bad, may cause a malfunction. When the tap with the insulation and poor contact with Weld doubt at fault must be repeated reproduction.9. Local heating methodAfter a long running CNC system components are to be aging, performance will deteriorate. When they are not fully damaged, failures will become from time to time. Then heat can be used such as a hair dryer or electric iron is suspected to local heating components, accelerating the aging so thoroughly exposed fault components. Of course, using this method, be sure to pay attention to components of the temperature parameters, do not roast the original device is a good or bad.10. Principle of analysisThe composition according to principles of numerical control system can be analyzed from various points of logical levels and logical parameters (such as voltage or waveform) and then with a multimeter, logic pen, only the oscilloscope or logic analyzer to measure, analyze and compare, and thus failure positioning. Using this method, which requires maintenance personnel to be on the whole system or the principle of each circuit have a clear, deep understanding.Based on the above principles and methods, we may be itemized on the check it and eliminate the causes.The first possible failure for the system output pulse time is not enough, we adjust the M-code system, start the spindle output time, found the problem still exists, and then find the next possible cause may be in the drive to move the state, refer to the manual drive , set parameters start the spindle, the problem still exists we suspected spindle motor short-circuit, resulting in thermal relay protection. Then find the cause of the short, so that the spindle thermal relay reset the start and found that the normal operation of the spindle, the problem solved.Fourth, do a lessons learned and recorded. After troubleshooting, repair work can not be considered complete, still need technical and management aspects of the underlying causes of failure have to take appropriate measures to prevent failures from happening again. Under field conditions when necessary use of mature technologies to transform and improve the equipment. Finally, the failure of the maintenance of the phenomenon, cause analysis, resolution process, the replacement of components, legacy, etc. to make a record.数控技术的发展与维修数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业的使能技术和最基本的装备。
毕业设计英文翻译
NC Technology数控技术1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times数控车床的研究现状Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies asnumerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over theworld, linked to with the international economic situation closely.The machine tool industryhas international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machinetool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, itskey position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times：研究发展各种新技术如数控车床、加工中心、柔性制造系统、计算机集成制造系统等等将世界上所有国家通过国际经济形势紧密联系。
机床专业英语明细（部分整理）
机床专业英语明细（部分整理）关于机床的英文翻译A．金属切削机床—Metal Cutting Machine Tools1.0 车床（含数控）--Lathe (CNC included)1.1 卧式车床—Horizontal lathes1.2 立式车床—Vertical lathes1.3 多轴车床—Multi-spindle lathes1.4 多刀车床—Multi-tool lathes1.5 超精车床—Ultra-precision turning mathines1.6 专用车床—Special purpose lathes1.7 车削中心—Turning center1.8 车/铣复合中心—Turning/Milling machines1.9 其他—Others2.0铣床（含数控）--Milling Machines (CNC included)2.1 升降台铣床—Knee type milling machines2.2 万能工具铣床—Universal tool milling machines2.3 床身式铣床—Bed type milling machines2.5 刨台式铣床—Plano milling machines2.6 多头铣床—Multi-spindle milling machines2.7 桥式/龙门式铣床—Bridge type/gantry milling machines2.8其他—Others3.0 镗床（含数控）--Boring Machines (CNC included)3.1 卧式镗床—Horizontal boring machines3.2 立式镗床—Vertical boring machines3.3 定柱式镗铣床—Fixed column boring and milling machines3.4 动柱式镗铣床—Moving column boring and milling machines3.5 龙门式镗铣床—Gantry type boring and milling machines3.6 坐标镗床—Jig boring machines3.7其他—Others4.0 钻削和攻丝机床（含数控）--Drilling and Tapping Machines(CNC ncluded) 4.1 立式钻床—Vertical drilling machines4.2 摇臂钻床—Redial drilling machines4.3 深孔钻床—Deep hole drilling machines4.4 多轴钻床—Multi-spindle drilling machines4.5 钻削中心—Drilling center4.6 攻丝机—Tapping machines4.7其他—Others5.0 磨床（含数控）--Grinding Machines(CNC included)5.1 砂带磨床—Abrasive belt grinding machines5.2 外圆磨床—Cylindrical grinding machines5.3 内圆磨床—Internal grinding machines5.4 无心磨床—Centerless grinding machines5.5 平面磨床—Surface grinding machines5.6 工具磨床—T ool grinding machines5.7 成型磨床—Form grinding machines5.8 凸轮轴和曲轴磨床—Camshaft and crankshaft grinding machines5.9 轴承专用磨床—Bearing grinding machines5.10 导轨磨床—Guideway grinding machines5.11 轧辊磨床—Roller grinding machines5.12 坐标磨床—Jig grinding machines5.13 超精磨床—Super-finishing grinding machines5.14 缓进给磨床—Creep feed grinding machines5.15 万能磨床—Universal grinding machines5.16 单盘/双盘盘端面磨床—Single/double-disk grinding machines5.17 珩磨机—Honing machines5.18 研磨/抛光/超精加工机—Lapping/polishing/super-finishing machines5.19 专用磨床—Special purpose grinding machines5.20其他—Others6.0 齿轮加工机床（含数控）--Gear Cutting Machines (CNC included)6.1 滚齿机床—Gear hobbing machines6.2 插齿机床—Gear shaping machines6.3 铣齿、切齿机床—Gear cutting machines6.4 剃齿机床—Gear shaving machines6.5 磨齿机床—Gear grinding machines6.6 王行齿机床—Gear honing and gear polishing machines6.7 齿轮倒圆机床—Gear chamfering machines6.8 齿轮去毛刺机床—Gear deburring machines6.9其他—Others7.1 圆锯机床—Circular sawing machines7.2 带锯机床—Band sawing machines7.3 弓锯机床—Hack sawing machines7.4 插床—Shaping machines7.5 拉床—Broaching machines7.6 刨床—Planning machines7.7 专用机床—Special purpose machines7.8其他—Others8.0 组合机床及组合部件（含数控）--Transfer Line &Modular Units (CNC included) 8.1 组合机床—Modular machine tools8.2 组合机床生产线—Transfer lines8.3 组合机床通用部件—Modular units8.4 旋转分度台部件—Rotary indexing table units8.5 装配机及装配自动线—Assembling machines & assembling systems8.6 专用机床及部件—Special purpose machines andcomponents8.7其他—Others9.0 加工中心及并联机床—Machining Centres and Parallel Kinematical Machines (PK M)9.1 卧式加工中心—Horizontal machining centres9.2 立式加工中心—Vertical machining centres9.3 龙门式加工中心—Gantry machining centres9.4 并联机床—Parallel kinematical machines (PKM)9.5其他—Others10.1 光饰机—Finishing machines10.2 抛光机—Polishing machines10.3 倒角机—Chamfering machines10.4 螺钉、螺母、螺纹和铆钉生产设备—Machines for production of bolts,nuts,screws and rivets10.5 平衡机—Banlancing machines。
X62W铣床数控化改造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
X62W铣床数控化改造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译X62W CNC milling machine transformation1 general CNC transformation of the need for analysisOur about 3200000 existing machine tools, the machine tool technol ogy status of ageing is serious, according to statistics, about 30% of the total country equipment in more than 16 years, of which nearly 30% of age more than 26 years, all these show the present our country did no t go mainly rely on progress of science and technology of machine tools to transform track. In addition, with the development of science and tec hnology, production is dependent on the degree of equipment increases i ncreasingly, the crop of the enterprise, quality, efficiency, cost, safety an d environmental protection and labor emotions get equipment restrict, rea lize the modernization of enterprise oneself be imperative. But according to the data, our metal cutting machine tool production only accounted for similar equipment to have an amount 1 / 28, such as the annual produ ction of all the machines used to replace the old machine tool needs 28 years so, our country is solved at present equipment technical progress is the main way of machine tools.2 domestic and foreign research present situationIn today's world, industrial developed country to machine tool industr y height seriously, competing for the development of mechanical and ele ctrical integration, high precision, high efficiency, high automation and ad vanced machine tool, in order to accelerate the industrial and economic development. For a long time, Europe and the United States, Asia in the international market are in fierce competition, has formed an invisible fr ont, especially with microelectronics, computer technology, numericalcont rol machine tools in the nineteen eighties later accelerated development, put forward more requirements of all users, had become the four big int ernational machine tool exhibition to display machine tool manufacturers advanced technology, for the user, enlarge the market focus. The more f amous control system : Japan FANUC series, Mitsubishi series, OKUNIA series, SODICK series, series of Hitachi, Germany SIEMENS series, DE CKEL series, Heidenhain series, HELLER series, the United States ALLE N-BRADLEY ( AB ) series, CINCINNANTI series, Num series, FIDIA seri es of France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland FAGOR series, AG series of dom estic series.In the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed coun tries, they will machine transformation as a new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in the golden age. As the machine tool and the continuous advancement of technology, machine tools transformation is a "timeless" issue. Transformation of China's machine tool industry, but a lso from the old to the industry into the digital technology-based new ind ustries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with machine tool of num erical control technical reformation and production line has a broad mark et, has formed a production line of CNC machine tool and the new indu stry. In the United States, reconstruction of machine tool industry called machine regeneration ( Remanufacturing ) industry. Engaged in renewabl e industry's well-known companies: Bertsche engineering company, ayton machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd ( PO ) services group, US equi pment company. The United States company has been in China for the company. Rebuilding of machine tool industry in Japan called machine m odified ( Retrofitting ) industry. Engaged in refitting industry well-knownc ompanies have: Doomsday engineering group, three post machinery com pany, Chiyoda engineering machine company, Nozaki engineering compa ny, Hamada engineering company, Yamamoto engineering company.Catch up with the pace of computer system structure, accelerate the development of NC system for NC development speed, has become the main trend. The fourth generation computer engineering structure and m icroelectronic technology as the basis, make full use of existing computer hardware, software resources, development of bus type, module type, o pen type, embedded on a flexible NC system, which is suitable for mach ining complex parts, vertical machine tool with CNC system, but also for future automation upgrades the function may be expanded requirements.China 's NC system development has the following 3 features: ( 1 ) system of high-grade numerical control technology has been a breakthrough. As of I type numerical control system, with multi axis linka ge function, fast feed speed in 1.67m / s above, have stronger communi cation, management function.( 2) universal CNC system is a mature technology. Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute BS9l system, these systems are generally equipp ed with CRT display, can be configured to DC and AC servo drive, 2 ~ 4 shaft linkage.( 3) the economic type CNC system still has vast market prospect. As a result of this kind of system has the advantages of simple structur e, cheap price, very suitable for small and medium enterprises in China,is still the most widely applied in CNC system. A typical Nanjing gener ous JWK series.Our country is big country of production of machine tools, itis the u se of power. NC machine tool is the key to the development of machine ry industry products, China's CNC machine tool in machine tool products in the proportion of the overall low level of. But our country is a develo ping country, a lot of enterprises financial weakness, not likely to spend a lot of money on a lot of new CNC machine tools, while a large numb er of universal machine tool can not be all eliminated.Therefore, the transformation of general machine tools CNC machine is a effective way to improve the rate of NC machine tools transformati on, less cost, reform targeted, time is short, after the transformation of t he machine tool are able to overcome the original machine faults and pr oblems, high production efficiency.3 basic scheme comparison and selectionNC transformation of the main general plan shall include the followin g contents: the servo drive system, numerical control device selection, el ectrical equipment, mechanical design, CNC hardware system. Show cent to narrate as follows.The 3.1 servo drive systemServo system is a important part of NC machine tool, its performanc e will directly affect the machining accuracy, surface quality and producti on efficiency, it can be divided into 3 kinds, namely, open loop, closed l oop, loop.3.1.1 open loop systemOpen loop system is the most simple servo, stepper motor as the o pen loop system main device, it has the advantages of simple structure ( electrical control and drive circuit is simple ), small volume, light weight, low price, convenient repair and maintenance characteristics3.1.2 closed loop systemClosed loop system, its structure is complex, technical difficulty is gr eat, testing and repair more difficult, cost is high. Closed loop control ca n achieve good accuracy of machine tools, to compensate for mechanica l transmission system in a variety of error, eliminate the gap, interferenc e on the accuracy of processing, generally applied to the high requireme nts of NC equipment.3.1.3 semi closed loop systemSemi closed loop system with closed-loop system similar to, the posi tion detection device is mounted on the execution component, but mount ed on the drive motor end or the end of the drive rod, indirectly measur ed actuator position or displacement. Due to its wide range of speed ( 0.1 - 3OOO R / rain ), strong overload capacity, and the feedback control, the precision can reach 0.01 ~ 0.001nlln, as fast as 0.5 m / s, so its p erformance is far superior to the stepping motor open loop control, and t he feedback link does not include most of mechanical transmission comp onents, simple debugging ratio closed loop, the system stability can be e asily ensured, than the closed loop is easy to realize. Therefore, usinga closed-loop system, is more reliable and feasible.3.1.4 AC, DC servo motor comparisonClosed loop, half closed loop system can be AC or DC servo motor, the AC speed regulation gradually expanding the scope of application, s eems to have replaced DC servo trend. But AC servo control of complic ated structure, high technical difficulty, popularity is not wide, and the pri ce is high ( DC servo motor 1.5 ~ 20000 yuan / Taiwan, AC servo mot or is 2 - 30000 ) in addition, compared to the DC servo motor AC serv o motor with large inertia, the small inertia, debugging difficulty big, whe n thesources are more difficult to repair components. DC servo motor p rinciple similar to DC motor, control system technology is more mature, spread wide, its main drawback is the large volume, large weight, but als o with the commutator and brush, increased repair workload.Through the comparison, the success rate, technical difficulty, precisi on and investment and other factors, decided to adopt DC servo loop co ntrol.3.2 numerical control deviceNumerical control device also has a variety of scheme selection. For example, can all of its own design, production; can use SBCs or STD module control; can use readily available numerical control device for a small number of applicable changes or matching. In the factory's practica l application, generally use the following 2 kinds of solution. A kind of cir cumstance is required for the function and requirement of ready-made C NC device can meet, then used mostly to buy ready-made products solu tion, because of own design is not only a waste of time, investment is n ot necessarily can save investment, more often, and quality do not nece ssarily guarantee. Another kind of circumstance is not to buy off-the-shelf products to achieve some special function, then mostly adopt buy price performance ratio as high performance close to the device, and then to supplement or transformation, at least also bought STD template or indu strial control computer, single board computer to make.According to the selected DC servo drive and processing requiremen ts, the numerical control device can realize closed loop ( loop ) of contr ol, provides the analog control signal,receives the half closed loop feed back signal to control; three coordinate axis of motion, wherein at least t o simultaneously control linkage to complete the arc differential complem ent; in the processing of can use different size cutter, CNC device with cutting tool radius and length compensation in NC machining, so accordi ng to the contour programming and can adapt to the size of tool change, in order to meet the needs of future development and clear structure, d ecided to adopt the STD template, modular design.3.3 other electrical devicesIn numerical control transformation, also needs to be combined with the numerical control device and servo drive configuration characterized by other electrical parts, including the strong and weak electrical signal c onversion, transmission or processing necessary. The input / lucky bird o ut interface to consider whether isolation, shielding requirements; in additi on, but also configure the needed power, all kinds of protection circuit, a uxiliary circuit detecting display.3.4 mechanical partsIn the equipment of numerical control transformation, although is the core part of CNC, involve more is microelectronics and electrical, but n ot of all. If you ignore the mechanical aspects according to the character istics of CNC machine tools for the corresponding necessary changes, or in the transformation of the design and manufacture of endless and rea sonable, the results will give numerical control transformation brings beat all difficulties, and may even lead to failure because of mechanical prob lems.3.5 CNC numerical control systemThe CNC system is composed of CPU memory template;servo mot or interface circuit board; the keyboard, display interface circuit board an d a switch quantity input, output interface circuit board. Each template m ain function is as follows.3.5.1CPU memory boardThe board carried out various data operations, timer in the interventi on, timing execution system program, coordination, management of vario us parts of the circuit to work.In addition, also has a power down protection, power on reset and generates a pulse signal and other functions. At the same time, board m emory, for storing system software, computing the results of staging and storage parts processing program. Plate communicationInterface for the boards and peripherals to provide a convenient com munication.3.5.2 servo motor interface circuit boardThe plate is connected to the servo motor and the CPU bridge. CP U issued a servo motor control instruction code, through the template D / A conversion, operational amplifier after being sent to the motor drive s ource, thus realizing the electrical automatic control. At the same time th e motor running state, through the detecting device of the pulse, in the plate after processing, in the form of code into CPU, CPU adjust motor control instruction, thereby forming displacement closed loop system. If th e pulse signal by F / V conversion, can get the speed control unit feedb ack voltage, which constitute a closed loop system.X62W铣床数控化改造1.普通机床数控化改造的必要性分析我国现有机床320多万台，这些机床技术状况老化严重，据统计，全国30%左右设备在16年以上，其中近30%的役龄超过了26年，这些都说明目前我国还没有走上主要依靠科技进步对机床进行改造的轨道。
毕业设计方案英文翻译(译文)
编号：毕业设计(论文>外文翻译<译文）学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：赵盛伟学号： 0801120319指导教师单位：桂林航天工业学院姓名：梁伟职称：高级工程师2018 年 5 月 15 日数控车床第一课现代数控车床的组成车床是一种能将工件毛坯上多余的材料切除掉的机床，毛坯被安装在主轴上并绕主轴旋转。
这种机床主要用来加工旋转零件的表面和端面。
在所有的金属切削中，大多数都采用锋利的单刃刀具，现代数控车床刀具被牢固地固定在转塔刀架上，使其准确地移动。
转塔刀架有自动换刀功能，用来快速将旧刀换出并将新刀换至其切削位置。
前刀架将刀具从主轴轴线之下上移至工件，而后刀架则将刀具从主轴轴线之上移至工件。
因此，有前后刀架的车床，可以从工件的上方和下方同时进行切削。
车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。
因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。
车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。
床身是车床的基础件。
它常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。
它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。
有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨<即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组或者两组中采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。
导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。
为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。
它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。
中英文中英文文献翻译-关于数控车床和换刀系统
英文原文On the NC lathe and tool changing systemCNC machine tool numerical control machine tools (Computer numerical control machine tools) abbreviation, is provided with a program control system of automatic machine tools. The logic control system can deal with the control code or other symbolic instruction specified program, and decoding the digital code, said information carrier, through the numerical control device input. After processing by CNC device control signals, control the machine movements, by drawing the shape and size requirements, will be automatically processed by the parts.Features: CNC machine tool operation and monitoring of all completed in the numerical control unit, it is the brain of CNC machine tools. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools has the following characteristics:● the processing object adaptability, adapt to the characteristics of mold products such as a single production, provide the appropriate processing method for die and mould manufacturing;● high machining accuracy, processing with stable quality;● can coordinate linkage, processing complex shape parts;● machining parts change, only need to change the program, can save the preparation time of production;● the machine itself high precision, rigi dity, can choose the amount of processing good, high productivity (typically 3 to 5 times that of ordinary machine tool);The machine is a high degree of automation, reducing labor intensity;● conducive to the production management modernization. The use of CNC machine tools and the standard code of digital information processing, information transmission, the use of computer control method, has laid the foundation for the integration of computer aided design, manufacturing and management;● on the operato rs of higher quality, higher demands for the repair of the technical staff;● high reliability.Composition: CNC machine tools in general by the input medium, man-machine interactive equipment, CNC equipment, feed servo drive system, spindle servo drive system, the auxiliary control device, feedback apparatus and adaptive control device etc.. [4] in NC machining, NC milling processing is the most complex, need to solve most problems. NC programming of NC line in addition to CNC milling, cutting, CNC EDM, CNC lathe, CNC grinding, each with its own characteristics, servo system is the role of the motion signal is converted into the machine moving parts from the numerical control device of pulse. Concrete has the following parts: the structure of CNC machine tools.Driver: he is driving parts of CNC machine tools, actuator, including spindle drive unit, feeding unit, spindle motor and feed motor. He through the electric or electro-hydraulic servo system to realize the spindle and feed drive under the control of numerical control device. When several feed linkage, can complete the positioning, processing line, plane curve and space curve.The main performance(1) the main dimensions.(2) the spindle system.(3) feed system.(4) tool system.(5) electrical. Including the main motor, servo motor specifications and power etc..(6) cooling system. Including the cooling capacity, cooling pump output.(7) dimensions. Expressed as length * width * height.Development trend of CNC lathe:High speed, precision, complex, intelligent and green is the general trend in the development of CNC machine tool technology, in recent years, made gratifying achievements in practicality and industrialization. Mainly in the:1 machine tool composite technology to further expand with the CNC machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling - car compound, car milling compound, car - boring - drill - gear cutting compound, composite grinding, forming, composite processing, precision and efficiency of machining is greatly improved. "One machine is a processing factory", "one card, complete processing" concept is being accepted by more people, the development of compound processing machine tool is the trend of diversified.Intelligent technology 2 CNC machine tools have a new breakthrough, in the performance of NC system has been reflected more. Such as: automatically adjust the interference anti-collision function, after the power of workpiece automatically exit safety power-off protection function, machining parts detection and automatic compensation function of learning, high precision machining parts intelligent parameter selection function, process automatic elimination of machine vibration functions into the practical stage, intelligent upgrade the function of machine and quality.The 3 robots enable flexible combination of flexible combination of higher efficiency of robot and the host are widely used, make flexible line more flexible, extending the function, flexible line shorten further, more efficient. Robot and machining center, milling composite machine, grinder, gear processing machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser cutting machine, water cutting machine etc. various forms of flexible unit and flexible production line has already begun the application.4 precision machining technology has the machining precision of CNC metal cutting machine tools from the yarn in the original (0.01mm) up to micron level (0.001mm), some varieties has reached about 0.05 μ M. Micro cutting and grinding machining of ultra precision CNC machine tools, precision can reach about 0.05 μ m, shape precision can reach about 0.01 μ M. Special processing precision by using optical, electrical, chemical, energy can reach nanomete r level (0.001 μ m). By optimizing the design of machine tool structure, machine tool parts of ultra precision machining and precision assembly, using high precision closed loop control and temperature, vibration and other dynamic error compensation technology, improve the geometric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the shape of error, surface roughness, and into the submicron, nano super finishing tiThe 5 functional component to improve the performance of functional components are at a high speed,high precision, high power and intelligent direction, and obtain the mature application. A full digital AC servo motor and drive device, high technology content of the electric spindle, linear motor, torque motor, linear motion components with high performance, application of high precision spindle unit and other function parts, greatly improving the technical level of CNC machine tools.The feed drive system of CNC lathe:Effect of feed drive system,The feed drive system of CNC machine tools will be received pulse command issued by the numerical control system, and the amplification and conversion machine movements carry the expected movement.Two, the feeding transmission system requirementsIn order to guarantee the machining accuracy of NC machine tool is high, the feed drive system of transmission accuracy, sensitivity high (fast response), stable work, high stiffness and friction and inertia small, service life, and can remove the transmission gap.Category three, feed drive system1, stepping motor servo systemGenerally used for NC machine tools.2, DC servo motor servo systemPower is stable, but because of the brush, the wear resulting in use need to change. Generally used for middle-grade CNC machine tools.3, AC servo motor servo systemThe application is extremely widespread, mainly used in high-end CNC machine tools.4, the linear motor servo systemNo intermediate transmission chain, high precision, the feed speed, no length limit; but the poor heat dissipation, protection requirements are particularly high, mainly used for high-speed machine.Driving component four, feed system1, the ball screw nut pairNC machining, the rotary motion into linear motion, so the use of screw nut transmission mechanism. NC machine tools are commonly used on the ball screw, as shown in Figure 1-25, it can be a sliding friction into rolling friction, meet the basic requirements of the feed system to reduce friction. The transmission side of high efficiency, small friction, and can eliminate the gap, no reverse air travel; but the manufacturing cost is high, can not lock, size is not too big, generally used for linear feed in small CNC machine tool.2, rotary tableIn order to expand the scope of the process of NC machine tools, CNC machine tools in addition to make linear feed along the X, Y, Z three coordinate axes, often also need a circumferential feed movement around Y or Z axis. Circular feed motion of CNC machine tools in general by the rotary table to realize, for machining center, rotary table has become an indispensable part of.Rotary table of commonly used CNC machine tools in the indexing table and NC rotary table.(1) indexing tableIndexing table can only finish dividing movement, not circular feed, it is in accordance with theinstructions in the NC system, when indexing will work together with the workpiece rotation angle. When indexing can also use manual indexing. Provisions of indexing table is generally only rotary angle (such as 90, 60 and 45 degree).(2) NC rotary tableNC rotary table appearance similar to the indexing table, but the internal structure and function is not the same. The main function of the NC rotary table is based on the numerical control device sends command pulse signal, complete circumferential feed movement, various arc processing and surface processing, it can also be graduation work.3, guideRail is an important part of feed drive system, is one of the basic elements of the structure of machine tool, rigidity, precision and accuracy of NC machine tool which determines to a large extent retention. At present, guide the NC machine tool are sliding rail, rolling guideway and hydrostatic guideway.(1) sliding guideSliding guide rail has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, good stiffness, vibration resistance and high performance, widely used in CNC machine tools, the use of most metal plastic form, known as the plastic guide rail, as shown in figure 1-26.On characteristics of the plastic sliding guide: friction characteristic is good, good wear resistance, stable movement, good manufacturability, low speed.(2) rolling guideRolling guide is placed in the rail surface between the ball, roller or needle roller, roller, the rolling friction instead of sliding surface of the guide rail between wipe.Rolling guide rail and the sliding rail, high sensitivity, small friction coefficient, and the dynamic, static friction coefficient is very small, so the motion is uniform, especially in the low speed movement, the stick-slip phenomenon is not easy to occur; high posit ioning accuracy, repeatability positioning accuracy is up to 0.2 μ m; traction force is small, wear small, portable in movement; good precision, long service life. But the vibration of rolling guide, high requirements on protection, complicated structure, difficult manufacture, high cost Automatic tool changer:One, the function of automatic tool changerAutomatic tool changing device can help save the auxiliary time of CNC machine tools, and meet in an installation completed procedure, step processing requirements.Two, on the requirement of automatic tool changerNumerical control machine tool for automatic tool changer requirement is: tool change quickly, time is short, high repetitive positioning accuracy, tool storage capacity is sufficient, small occupation space, stable and reliable work.Three, change the knife form1, rotary cutter replacementIts structure is similar to the ordinary lathe turret saddle, according to the processing of different objects can be designed into square or six angle form, consists of the NC system sends out the instruction to the rotarycutter.2, the replacement of the spindle head tool changeThe spindle head pre-loaded required tools, in order to machining position, the main motor is switched on, drives the cutter to rotate. The advantage of this method is that eliminates the need for automatic clamping, cutting tool, clamping and cutting tool moving and a series of complex operation, reduce tool change time, improve the reliability of the tool change.3, the use of changing toolThe processing required tools are respectively arranged in the standard tool, adjust the size of the machine after certain way add to the knife, the exchange device from the knife and the spindle take knife switch.Four, the tool switching deviceAutomatic tool change device, device for knife library and the main shaft transmission and handling tool for tool exchange device. Tool exchange often have two kinds: mechanical hand tool exchange and by relative motion of knife and machine tool spindle exchange tool (cutter to the spindle tool change or movement of the spindle to the knife knife tool change position), the mechanical hand tool change is most common.Five, the knifeThe knife is one of the most important parts in automatic tool changer, have great influence on the overall design of NC machine tool and its capacity, layout and structure.1, the capacity of the tool storageA number of knife inventory cutters, generally depending on the processing requirements. The capacity of small knife, can not meet the processing needs; capacity is too large, will make the knife database size, covers an area of large, tool selection process for a long time, and the knife library utilization rate is low, the structure is too complex, causing great waste.2, the knife typeGenerally, the chain disc and drum type knife several.Disc cutter tool was circular arrangement, low utilization of space, size is not large but simple structure.Chain magazine compact structure, large capacity, link shape can also be random bed made of various forms and flexible layout, but also will change the cutter location prominent for tool change, widely used.Drum type or lattice type knife, covers an area of small, compact structure, large capacity, but cutter selection, tool movements are complicated, for centralized knife system for FMS.3, tool selectionOften order tool selection and random selection tool two.The order of tool selection is before processing, the processing required tools to process sequence of insert knife knife, order not wrong, processing adjust knife in order. The work piece changes, the need to reset the tool sequence, the operation is simple, and the processing tool with a workpiece can not be repeated use.A knife is the cutting tool has its own code, optional and can be repeatedly used in processing, also do not put in the fixed knife, knife, the knife is convenient.Technology file is the guiding file workers during processing, process scheme is reasonable, not only affect the efficiency of NC machining, and will directly affect the machining quality. Therefore, before NCprogramming, NC machining process follows the process of certain principles and combined with the characteristics of CNC lathe seriously and develop in detail the good parts.In the CNC lathe processing parts, should according to the principle of dividing process concentrated, in a fixture as far as possible to complete the most or even all of the surface processing. Part positioning, according to the structure of different shapes, usually cylindrical, face or end clamping, and strive to design basis, process reference and programming the unification datum.The main contents are: analysis of NC machining technology of part drawings, clear processing content; determination method, workpiece on lathe the surface processing sequence and tool feed line and cutting tools, fixtures and cutting the amount of choice.Analysis, part drawing processIn the machining process planning of parts, first of all to carry on in-depth analysis to the processing object. For NC turning process should consider the following aspects:1 reading part drawing, analysis of geometric conditions of part contourIn turning process of manual programming, to calculate each node coordinates; in automatic programming, to define the components outline all geometric elements. Therefore, in the analysis of parts should pay attention to:Parts of the map is missing a dimension, the geometric conditions are not sufficient to constitute the part outline, influence;Map location map parts of the ambiguity or dimension is not clear, so that the program can't start;The part drawing geometry given is not reasonable, resulting in mathematical difficulties.The part drawing dimensioning methods should adapt to the characteristics of CNC lathe processing, should size or directly given coordinate dimension with the same standard.2 dimensional accuracy requirementsAnalysis of the pattern of parts size precision requirements, to determine whether achieve the turning process, and determine the process method to control the dimension precision. In the analysis process, but also can convert some dimensions such as size, incremental and absolute size and dimension chain calculation. In the use of NC lathe turning parts, average value of components often required size and maximum and minimum limit of size size as the basis of programming.3 shape and position accuracy requirementsPattern of parts tolerance of shape and location given is important foundation to ensure the parts precision. When machining parts, to determine the location reference and measurement reference according to the requirements, can also carry out some technical processing according to the special needs of CNC lathe parts, in order to control effectively the shape and position accuracy.4 requirements of surface roughnessSurface roughness is an important requirement of micro precision parts of the surface, but also the reasonable selection of NC lathe, cutting tools and cutting the amount determined on the basis of.5 material and heat treatment requirementsThe part drawing on material and heat treatment given requirements, is the choice of cutter, CNC lathe,cutting the amount determined on the basis of model.Automatic tool changing system is mainly to process the required tools, transmitted to the spindle clamping mechanism from the knife. A TC system by knife library, manipulator, which consists of a driving system. Basic requirements: tool 1 short change time 2 tool with high repeat positioning accuracy of 3 sufficient storage capacity of 4 knife library covers an area of small (compact) 5 safe and reliable.The knife is a knife storage device provides the required automatic machining process and tool changing needs; the automatic tool change mechanism and can put the tool storage of the knife. Controlled by the computer program, can complete a variety of machining different needs, such as milling, drilling, boring, tapping etc.. Shorten the process, reduce the production cost.The knife is a knife storage location, and according to the control program, to determine the correct tool to position, to exchange tool; tool change mechanism is the implementation of tool exchange action. The knife must exist at the same time and tool change mechanism, if no knife library processing required tools can't reserve; without tool change mechanism, then the processing required tools not knife Kuyi order replacement, and reduce non-cutting time to lose.Rotary motion of the knife is composed of a three-phase asynchronous motor with brake of the power source, the three-phase power supply through the AC contactor is supplied to the motor brake open, then the knife library operation, cut off the three-phase power supply brake locking, knife immediately stop running. Through the logical combination of indexing disk motion and related test element group, can make each Daotao accurate stop at the tool change position. Knife stopped at the tool change position, controlled by the cylinder sleeve in horizontal or vertical state, to facilitate mechanical hand for the knife, knife indexing table can be clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, which can search in the shortest possible time to the tool to change. The driving system of NC machine tool automatic tool changing system with hydraulic mechanism, pressure mechanism, electric cam mechanism. Nowadays the cam tool changer is used widely. Really fast, but no other consumable parts and maintenance requirements change, the failure rate at least, life of more than one million times. Speed changer system for rapid automatic tool changing technology is mainly aimed to reduce the processing time, the comprehensive consideration of various factors of machine tools, complete the technical method of tool exchange in the shortest possible time. The machine has the following features: 1 knife arm is short 2 knife arm is not necessarily linear 3 two knife may mutually perpendicular 4 cam box is small and mobile. Its main purpose is to let the knife, the movable parts of small moment of inertia, in order to achieve the purpose of quick change knife. Foundation to improve the automatic changing device in the traditional method of knife cutter changing speed of increase movement speed, or the mechanism action faster and a driving element. For example, change the knife speed mechanical cam structure is higher than that of hydraulic and pneumatic structure. According to the high speed machine tool structure design of knife and the knife changing device of form and position. For example, the knife machine tools and tool replacing device installed at the side of an upright post, in the high speed machine tool is more feeding movable column, in order to reduce the mass of the moving parts, the knife and tool replacing device should not be installed on the upright post. The formation of the optimal cutting parameters. Machining and turning centers is composed of mechanical equipment and CNC system, high efficiency, high precision of automatic machine for machiningof complex parts. This machine can be installed several knife, automatic tool change, installed in a card, to complete the milling, boring, vehicle processing, drilling, expansion joints, tapping. The reason why this kind of processing capacity, it is because it has a set of automatic tool changer. Automatically switch to the device in a variety of forms, is the main component of the knife, a manipulator and a driving device, although the tool change, tool selection, tool storage structure, mechanical hand types are different, but all is in the numerical control device and the programmable controller control, by the motor or hydraulic or pneumatic actuator driven knife base and the manipulator and the exchange tool selection. We refer to this as continuous processing to achieve a variety of process, the processing center or turning center, device selection and exchange for tool called automatic knife device (automatic tool change ATC). The main part of ATC is the knife, a manipulator and a driving device. The knife is the function of storage tool and knife next to be used accurately to the tool change position, in exchange for tool changing manipulator to complete the old and new tool. When the tool storage capacity is large, often far away from the main configuration and integral movement is not easy, it needs between the spindle and the tool library configuration tool change mechanism to perform the action of changing knife.The manipulator assembly is the current research focus, foreign study used camera and a force sensor and a microcomputer connected together, can identify the parts of the range to reach the aim of inlaid. At present the industry manipulator is mainly used for machining, casting, heat treatment, regardless of the number, variety and performance still can not meet the needs of industrial development. The main is to gradually expand the scope of application, mechanical hand to focus on the development of casting, heat treatment, in order to reduce labor intensity, improve working conditions, the application of special mechanical hand at the same time, the development of general machinery corresponding hand, has the condition to develop teaching manipulator, computer control of manipulator and the combination of manipulator. The motion of the manipulator components, such as expansion, swing, lifting, shifting, pitch mechanism and a clamping mechanism of different types according to the design into a common mechanism, typical, so according to the different requirements of different types of clamping mechanism, can form different manipulator path. Both for the design and manufacture, is convenient for the replacement of the workpiece, expand the scope of application. At the same time to improve speed, reduce the impact, correct positioning, in order to better play the role of manipulator. In addition to research on servo type, memory reappearance type, as well as with tactile, visual properties such as mechanical hand, and consider the connected with computer, and gradually become a basic unit of the whole machinery manufacturing system. In the mechanical manufacturing industrial manipulator is used more, faster development. Now mainly used for machine, horizontal forging press feeding and discharging, and spot welding, paint spraying operations, which can be used to complete the operation in advance in accordance with the specified procedure. In addition, the development trend of foreign manipulator is developing manipulator has some kind of intelligence. It has the ability to change sensor, can feedback to external conditions, make corresponding changes. Such as the location of a deviation, which can correct and self detection, focus on visual function and tactile function research. At present, have made certain achievements. Visual function is mounted on a manipulator has a TV camera and optical rangefinder (i.e. distance sensor) and micro computer. Work is a television camera will object image into the video signal, andthen sent to the computer, in order to analyze the types of objects, size, color and location, and sends out the instruction to control the manipulator to work. Tactile function is tactile feedback control device is mounted on a manipulator. When the mechanical hand first finger to find work, produce the tactile effect through the pressure sensitive element is arranged on the finger, and then into the front, seize the workpiece. Hand grasping force control through the sensitive element is arranged on the finger, to achieve automatic adjustment grip size. In short, as the capacity of assembly work development of mechanical sensing technology will also further improve the hand. More important is the manipulator, the flexible manufacturing system and flexible manufacturing unit combination, so as to fundamentally change the current manufacturing system operation state.中文译文关于数控车床和换刀系统数控机床是数字控制机床（Computer numerical control machine tools）的简称，是一种装有程序控制系统的自动化机床。
数控专业毕业设计外文翻译
Conventional Machining ProcessesConventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.Boring and internal turning. Boring and internal turning are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal cutting tools. If the initial workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first. The drilling tool is held in the tailstock, and the latter is then fed against the workpiece. When boring is done in a lathe, the work usually is held in a chuck or on a face plate. Holes may be bored straight, tapered, or to irregular contours. Boring is essentially internal turning while feeding the tool parallel to the rotation axis of the workpiece.Facing is the producing of a flat surface as the result of a tool’s being fed across the end of the rotating workpiece. Unless the work is held on a mandrel, if both ends of the work are to be faced, it must be turned around after the first end is completed and then the facing operation repeated. The cutting speed should be determined from the largest diameter of the surface to be faced.Facing may be done either from the outside inward or from the center outward. In either case, the point of the tool must be set exactly at the height of center of rotation.Because the cutting force tends to push the tool away from the work, it is usually desirable to clamp the carriage to the lathe bed during each facing cut to prevent it from moving slightly and thus producing a surface that is not flat. In the facing of casting or other materials that have a hard surface, the depth of the first cut should be sufficient to penetrate the hard material to avoid excessive tool wear.Parting is the operation by which one section of a workpiece is severed from the remainder by means of cutoff tool. Because cutting tools are quite thin and must have considerable overhang, this process is less accurate and more difficult. The tool should be set exactly at the height of axis of rotation, be kept sharp, have proper clearance angles, and be fed into the workpiece at a proper and uniform feed rate.Threading can be considered as turning since the path to be travelled by the cutting tool is helical. However, there are some major differences between turning and threading. While in turning, the interest is in generating a smooth cylindrical surface, in threading the interest is in cutting a helical thread of a given form and depth which can be calculated from the formulae. There are two basic requirements for thread cutting. An accurately shaped and properly mounted tool is needed because thread cutting is a form-cutting operation. The resulting thread profile is determined by the shape of the tool and its position relative to the workpiece.The second by requirement is that the tool must move longitudinally in a specific relationship to the rotation of workpiece, because this determines the lead of the thread. This requirement is met through the use of the lead screw and the split unit, which provide positive motion of carriage relative to the rotation of spindleLathe bed is foundation of the engine lathe, which heavy, rugged casting is made to support the working parts of the lathe. The size and mass of the bed gives the rigidity necessary for accurate engineering tolerances required in manufacturing. On top of the bed are machined slideways that guide and align the carriage and tailstock, as they are move from one end of the lathe to the other.Headstock is clamped atop the bed at left-hand end of the lathe and contains the motor that drives the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways through a series of gears housed within the gearbox. The function of gearbox is to generate a number of different spindle speeds. A spindle gear is mounted on the rear of the spindle to transmit power through the change gears to the feeding box that distributes the power to the lead screw for threading or to the feed rod for turning.The spindle has a through hole extending lengthwise through which bar stocks can be fed if continuous production is used. The hole can hold a plain lathe center by its tapered inner surface and mount a chuck, a face plate or collet by its threaded outer surface.Carriage assembly is actually an H-shaped block that sits across the guideways and in front of lathe bed. The function of the carriage is to carry and move the cuttingtool longitudinally. It can be moved by hand or by power and can be clamped into position with a locking nut. The carriage is composed of the cross slide, compound rest, tool saddle, and apron.The cross slide is mounted on the dovetail guideways on the top of the saddle and it moved back and forth at 90°to the axis of the lathe by the cross slide lead screw. The lead screw can be hand or power activated.The compound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can be swiveled and clamped at any angle in a horizontal plane. The compound is typically used for cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when cutting thread. The compound rest can only be fed by hand. There is no power to compound rest. The cutting tool and tool holder are secured in the tool post which is mounted directly to the compound rest.The tool saddle is an H shaped casting mounted on the top of the guideways and houses the cross slide and compound rest. It makes possible longitudinal, cross and angular feeding of the tool bit.The apron is attached to the front of the carriage and contains the gears and feed clutches which transmit motion from the feed rod or lead screw to carriage and cross slide. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage.Tailstock is composed of a low base and the movable part of the tail-stock proper, the transverse adjustments being made with a cross screw furnished with a square head. The two parts are hold together by the holding-down bolts which secure the tailstock to the bed.。
关于数控车床编程外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译
关于数控车床编程外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译英文原文On the NC latheCNC machine tool numerical control machine tools (Computer numerical control machine tools) abbreviation, is provided with a program control system of automatic machine tools. The logic control system can deal with the control code or other symbolic instruction specified program, and decoding the digital code, said information carrier, through the numerical control device input. After processing by CNC device control signals, control the machine movements, by drawing the shape and size requirements, will be automatically processed by the parts.Features: CNC machine tool operation and monitoring of all completed inthe numericalcontrol unit, it is the brain of CNC machine tools. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools has the following characteristics:● the processing object adaptability, adapt to the characteristics of mold products such as a single production, provide the appropriate processing method for die and mould manufacturing; ● high machining accuracy, processing with stable quality; ● can coordinate linkage, processing complex shape parts;● machining parts change, only need to change the program, can save the preparation time of production;● the machine itself high precision, rigidity, can choose the am ount of processing good, high productivity (3~5 times as common machine);The machine is a high degree of automation, reducing labor intensity;● conducive to the production management modernization. The use of CNC machine tools and the standard code of digital information processing, information transmission, the use of computer control method, has laid the foundation for the integration of computer aided design, manufacturing and management;● on the operators of higher quality, higher demands for the repair ofthe technical staff;● high reliability.Composition: CNC machine tools in general by the input medium, man-machine interactive equipment, CNC equipment, feed servo drive system, spindle servo drive system, the auxiliary control device, feedback apparatus and adaptive control device etc.. [4] in NC machining, NC milling processing is the most complex, need to solve most problems. NC programming of NC line in addition to CNC milling, cutting, CNC EDM, CNC lathe, CNC grinding, each with its own characteristics, servo system is the role of the motion signal is convertedinto the machine moving parts from the numerical control device of pulse. Concrete has the following parts: the structure of CNC machine tools.Driver: he is driving parts of CNC machine tools, actuator, including spindle drive unit, feeding unit, spindle motor and feed motor. He through the electric or electro-hydraulic servo system to realize the spindle and feeddrive under the control of numerical control device. When several feed linkage, can complete the positioning, processing line, plane curve and space curve.The main performance (1) the main dimensions. (2) the spindle system. (3) feed system. (4) tool system.(5) electrical. Including the main motor, servo motor specifications and power etc.. (6) cooling system. Including the cooling capacity, cooling pump output. (7) dimensions. Expressed as length * width * height.Development trend of CNC lathe:High speed, precision, complex, intelligent and green is the general trend in the development of CNC machine tool technology, in recent years, made gratifying achievements in practicality and industrialization. Mainly in the:1 machine tool composite technology to further expand with the CNC machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling - car compound, car millingcompound, car - boring - drill - gear cutting compound, composite grinding, forming, composite processing, precision and efficiency of machining isgreatly improved. \processing factory\the development of compound processing machine tool is the trend of diversified.Intelligent technology 2 CNC machine tools have a new breakthrough, in the performance of NC system has been reflected more. Such as: automaticallyadjust the interference anti-collision function, after the power of workpiece automatically exit safety power-off protection function, machining parts detection and automatic compensation function of learning, high precisionmachining parts intelligent parameter selection function, process automatic elimination of machine vibration functions into the practical stage, intelligent upgrade the function of machine and quality.The 3 robots enable flexible combination of flexible combination of higher efficiency of robot and the host are widely used, make flexible line more flexible, extending the function, flexible line shorten further, more efficient. Robot and machining center, milling composite machine, grinder, gear processing machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser cutting machine, water cutting machine etc. various forms of flexible unit and flexible production line has already begun the application.4 precision machining technology has the machining precision of CNC metal cutting machine tools from the yarn in the original (0.01mm) up to micronlevel (0.001mm), some varieties has reached about 0.05 μ M. Micro cutting and grinding machining of ultra precision CNC machine tools, precision can reach about 0.05 μ m, shape precision can reach about 0.01 μ M. Special processing precision by using optical, electrical, chemical, energy can reach nanometer level (0.001 μ m). By optimizing the design of machine tool structure, machine tool parts of ultra precision machining and precision assembly, using high precision closed loop control andtemperature, vibration and other dynamic error compensation technology, improve the geometric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the shape of error, surface roughness, and into the submicron, nano super finishing tiThe 5 functional component to improve the performance of functional components are at a high speed, high precision, high power and intelligent direction, and obtain the mature application. A full digital AC servo motor and drive device, high technology content of the electric spindle, linear motor, torque motor, linear motion components with high performance, application of high precision spindle unit and other function parts, greatly improving the technical level of CNC machine tools.The feed drive system of CNC lathe: Effect of feed drive system,The feed drive system of CNC machine tools will be received pulse command issued by the numerical control system, and the amplification and conversion machine movements carry the expected movement.Two, the feeding transmission system requirementsIn order to guarantee the machining accuracy of NC machine tool is high,the feed drive system of transmission accuracy, sensitivity high (fast response), stable work, high stiffness and friction and inertia small, service life, and can remove the transmission gap. Category three, feed drive system 1, stepping motor servo system Generally used for NC machine tools. 2, DC servo motor servo systemPower is stable, but because of the brush, the wear resulting in use needto change. Generally used for middle-grade CNC machine tools. 3, AC servomotor servo systemThe application is extremely widespread, mainly used in high-end CNC machine tools. 4, the linear motor servo systemNo intermediate transmission chain, high precision, the feed speed, no length limit; but the poor heat dissipation, protection requirements are particularly high, mainly used for high-speed machine.Driving component four, feed system 1, the ball screw nut pairNC machining, the rotary motion into linear motion, so the use of screwnut transmissionmechanism. NC machine tools are commonly used on the ball screw, as shownin Figure 1-25, it can be a sliding friction into rolling friction, meet the basic requirements of the feed system to reduce friction. The transmissionside of high efficiency, small friction, and can eliminate the gap, no reverse air travel; but the manufacturing cost is high, can not lock, size is not too big, generally used for linear feed in small CNC machine tool. 2, rotary tableIn order to expand the scope of the process of NC machine tools, CNC machine tools in addition to make linear feed along the X, Y, Z three coordinate axes, often also need a circumferential feed movement around Y or Z axis. Circular feed motion of CNC machine tools in general by the rotary table to realize, for machining center, rotary table has become an indispensablepart of. Rotary table of commonly used CNC machine tools in the indexing table and NC rotary table. (1) indexing tableIndexing table can only finish dividing movement, not circular feed, it is in accordance with the instructions in the NC system, when indexing will work together with the workpiece rotation angle. When indexing can also use manual indexing. Provisions of indexing table is generally only rotary angle (such as 90, 60 and 45 degree). (2) NC rotary tableNC rotary table appearance similar to the indexing table, but the internal structure and function is not the same. The main function of the NC rotary table is based on the numerical control device sends command pulse signal, complete circumferential feed movement, various arc processing and surface processing, it can also be graduation work. 3, guideRail is an important part of feed drive system, is one of the basic elements of the structure of machine tool, rigidity, precision and accuracy of NC machine tool which determines to a large extent retention. At present, guide the NC machine tool are sliding rail, rolling guideway and hydrostatic guideway. (1) sliding guideSliding guide rail has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, good stiffness, vibration resistance and high performance, widely used in CNC machine tools, the use of most metal plastic form, known as the plastic guide rail, as shown in figure 1-26.On characteristics of the plastic sliding guide: friction characteristicis good, good wear resistance, stable movement, good manufacturability, low speed. (2) rolling guideRolling guide is placed in the rail surface between the ball, roller or needle roller, roller, the rolling friction instead of sliding surface of the guide rail between wipe.Rolling guide rail and the sliding rail, high sensitivity, small friction coefficient, and the dynamic, static friction coefficient is very small, so the motion is uniform, especially in the low speed movement, the stick-slip phenomenon is not easy to occur; high positioning accuracy,repeatability positioning accuracy is up to 0.2 μ m; traction force is small, wear small, portable in movement; good precision, long service life. But the vibration of rolling guide, high requirements on protection, complicated structure, difficult manufacture, high cost.Automatic tool changer:One, the function of automatic tool changerAutomatic tool changing device can help save the auxiliary time of CNC machine tools, and meet in an installation completed procedure, stepprocessing requirements. Two, on the requirement of automatic tool changerNumerical control machine tool for automatic tool changer requirement is: tool change quickly, time is short, high repetitive positioning accuracy, tool storage capacity is sufficient, small occupation space, stable and reliable work. Three, change the knife form 1, rotary cutter replacementIts structure is similar to the ordinary lathe turret saddle, according to the processing of different objects can be designed into square or six angle form, consists of the NC system sends out the instruction to the rotary cutter.2, the replacement of the spindle head tool changeThe spindle head pre-loaded required tools, in order to machining position, the main motor is switched on, drives the cutter to rotate. The advantage of this method is that eliminates the need for automatic clamping, cutting tool, clamping and cutting tool moving and a series of complex operation, reducetool change time, improve The ATC reliability. 3, the use of changing toolThe processing required tools are respectively arranged in the standard tool, adjust the size of the machine after certain way add to the knife, the exchange device from the knife and the spindle take knife switch.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。