托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO29-1
http://bailiedu.com 托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO29-1
托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO29-1的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO29-1 Characteristics of Roman Pottery Paragraph 1: The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. With handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.
1. Paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about Roman pottery? O Roman amphorae were of much higher quality overall than other Roman pottery. O Roman pottery can best be appreciated when actual pieces are handled. O Roman pottery declined slightly in quality when the use of fast wheels and kilns was introduced. O Roman practical tableware spread more rapidly across the Mediterranean than amphorae did. 解析：对应原文第二句。A原文并没有对amphorae和pottery的比较。C原文提到了快速转轮和烧窑的使用，但并没说因此陶器质量就下降了。D提到了陶器在Mediterranean的广泛使用，但是没有种类间的比较。
【1】古罗马的陶器在诸多方面成就惊人。当把玩古罗马陶制餐具或厨房用具和双耳陶罐(遍及整个地中海地区用以运输或储存酒或油之类液体的大型陶罐)时，人们对其良好的质量赞不绝口。尽管有照片和画像的记录，却无法轻易的对罗马陶器做出公正评价。绝大部分罗马陶器都很轻很光滑也很坚韧，尽管，像所有陶器一样，当撞到坚硬地面时也容易破碎。它们一般由精心筛选和净化后的粘土在快速旋转的圆盘上制成壁薄而形状标准的坯子，然后放入陶器窑中烧结，并确保一气呵成。 http://bailiedu.com 由于是手工制作，同一型号的陶器难免有微小差别和瑕疵。但罗马陶器让人瞠目结舌的最直接最有力的是它那一以贯之的高质量。
Paragraph 4: Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which around 6,000million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas, imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional----but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccio, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. This was a society with similarities to modern one----moving goods on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.
6.According to paragraph 4, Monte Testaccio is particularly important for archaeologists because archaeologists were able to
O conclude how amphorae manufacturing increased rapidly after the second century A.D. O find the locations where most of the amphorae in the Roman Empire were produced O obtain relatively accurate calculations of the quantities of amphorae used over time in that place discover that the Roman state had supported amphorae production 解题：这里介绍Monte Testaccil是在支持本段的论点。回到原文这段的第一句可以看到原文说“很难通过broken pot来确定那个时期的pot产量，而Monte Testaccil确实个例外。所以也就是说可以通过这个dump遗址得到当时的quantities。选C
【4】从陶罐碎片堆中我们很难推算出真正的数量。但也有例外。有一处遗址出土的陶器代表了其曾经的陶器消费的很大一部分，因此可以据此推测出其数量。罗马第伯尔河左岸上一座古代城市码头的旁边有一座约50米高的大山，叫做Monte Testaccio. 该山全部由公元二到三世纪的油罐碎片组成。据估计，Monte Testaccio山上约有5300万只油罐并由此从海外进口了约6亿升的油。向罗马帝国的进口由国家全力支持，因此也非常例外----但是Monte Testaccio的制作规模及其背后的生产力和复杂性却绝对不容忽视。
8.Paragraph 4 indicates which of the following about the port on the Tiber River near Monte Testaccio?
托福模拟试卷29(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷29(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：S I need to buy a pass for the university swimming pool. Can I do that here?E You sure can. Have you ever had a pass before?S No, I’m a freshman. This is actually my first semester at the university.E OK. Well, I’m going to need to see your student ID card and the passes are twenty-five dollars a month. We accept cash, credit cards, and personal checks. How would you like to pay?S Nothing fancy, I’m afraid. I’ve only got regular old money. But, that seems sort of expensive. How often can I use the pass in one month? Every day?E The pool is closed to the public on Tuesdays, because that’s when the swim team uses it for training. We call those purple days. And there are some other times when access is restricted to certain members of the university community.S Oh. How do I know when I can use the pool?E See the calendar over there on the wall? The pool is open to the public on all the days marked in blue. Any day that’s marked in red means that the university faculty can use the pool for free, but everyone else still has to pay.S What about the days that are yellow?I can see a few of those, too.E Yellow means that the pool is closed for maintenance and cleaning. No one can swim on those days. But there are only one or two of those a month, so it’s never really been a problem.S The calendar seems to be full of blue days, so I guess the pass is a good idea. I can get a lot of use out of it. But, is it possible to just pay each time I go? Maybe that will be cheaper.E You can buy single-entry passes, but they are almost five dollars each. So, if you plan on going more than five times a month, it’s better to get the monthly pass.S I’ll probably try to go swimming at least three times a week. Thanks for your help.In this part of the section, you will hear 1 conversation and 2 lectures. You must answer each question. After you answer, click the Next icon. Then click the OK icon to confirm your answer and go on to the next question. After you click the OK icon, you will not be able to return to previous questions. You will now begin this part of the Listening section. You will have 10 minutes to answer the questions.1．What does the student want to do?A．Purchase a pass.B．Pay tuition fees.C．Check times and dates.D．Sign up for classes.正确答案：A解析：目的题学生说的第一句话是”我要办一张校游泳馆的游泳卡”。
托福阅读事实信息题ppt课件
remained the same from dynasty to quality and the era in which they were
dynasty. ○ The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than
the use of ceramics as ritual objects. ○ There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics
II.解题步骤
4
Step-1.定位 （根据关键词缩小定位区间）
Step-2.比较原文与选项 （挑选答案，若题目较难则用排除法）
II.解题步骤Step-1:定位
5
Step-1.定位:根据关键词缩小定位区间。
Psychological researchers generally According to the paragraph3, what recognize that facial expressions reflect
hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to
usual.
feelings of good will, for example, and
of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be
○ The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty. ○ The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.
托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本： Scatter Hoarding Many animals live in environments where food is plentiful during certain times of the year and scarce during other times of the year. In such environments, some animals collect and prepare food when it is plentiful, then hoard it – store it – for future use. Some types of hoarders engage in scatter hoarding. Unlike other types of hoarders, scatter hoarders do not store the food all in once place; instead, they scatter it – divide it up and hide it in many different places. Later, at a time when food is scarce, the hoarders return to these hiding places and recover the food. 托福TPO29口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a biology class. (male professor) OK, so we sometimes see this with animals that live in parts of the world where it gets very cold in the winter. For example, in the northeaster United States, there's a species of squirrels that does this. This squirrel, like many species of squirrel, loves to eat nuts. Nuts are one its primary sources of food. Now, nuts are very difficult to find in the winter. But in the autumn, they are lying all over the place because that's when they fall from the trees.So, what this squirrel does is in the autumn it spends a lot of time finding nuts. After it finds a nut, it prepares it. It takes off the outer shell and cleans it. This preparation may in some way help preserve the nut and or may make it easier to eat later on. The squirrel then digs a little hole in the ground and buries the nut. In one autumn, this squirrel may bury hundreds of nuts.But it doesn't just dig a big hole and put all the nuts in it and cover them up. No, it digs hundreds of holes all over the place. And it puts just one nut in each hole. Now, why would it do that? Well, probably primarily because even if other animals happen to find some of the holes, some of the nuts, the squirrel will still have a lot of other holes with nuts in them so it’ll still have enough food to survive the winter. 托福TPO29口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the professor’s lecture illustrate the practice of scatter hoarding. 托福TPO29口语Task4满分范文： Animals usually hoard some food for the time when there's no food. And some animalsdivide their storage of food into different places and when the food is scarce, they return to the places and recover the food. For example, there's a kind of squirrels feeding on nuts that are plentiful in autumn while scarce in winter. So they spend a lot of time in autumn finding nuts. Then they prepare nuts by taking off the shells and cleansing them, which helps preserve and makes the nuts easier to eat later on. After that the squirrels dig thousands of holes at different places to hoard the prepared nuts so that even if some of the nuts are found by other animals, they still have enough food for the winter. (132 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO29口语答案分析之Task1&Task2
今天，环球托福为大家特意搜集整理了托福TPO29口语答案分析之Task1&Task2。
我们会从托福TPO口语题目题、答案、分析，三点反复介绍托福TPO口语的Task1&Task2的回答思路。
托福TPO口语题目Task 1:Which of the following jobs or careers do you think would be most rewarding?-University professor-Environmental scientist-Newspaper journalist1) University professorl Impart knowledgel Have holidaysl Stay with young people2) Environmental scientistl Help reduce environmental pollutionl Can be an exemplary role3) Newspaper journalist l Reveal social evilsCan meet more people and news托福TPO口语答案Personally speaking, I think the university professor is the most rewarding job. And I have a couple of reasons for this. First, I think the duty of university is to impart knowledge. University professors cultivate talents for our country and can enjoy the accomplishment of educating, and at the same time, the university professor can enlarge his own scope of knowledge. Secondly, being a university professor can always keep young mentality. Because university professor always stays with young people and can be benefited by young spirits. Besides, university professors have fixed holidays compared with other jobs, which allow them to have a good rest and an adjustment of life. So that’s why I think the university professor is the most rewarding job.托福TPO口语题目Task 2:Some people like to study in public places where there are other people around. Others prefer to study in places where there are few or no people around. Which kind of place do you prefer? Explain why.A: Study in places where there are other people around.J 1)可以和其他人共享资料，交流想法(share information or study material with other people)2)有困难可以得到其他人的帮助(can ask other people for help when meeting some difficult problems)L 可能收到打扰，降低学习效率(can be distracted by other people and reduce efficiency)B: study in places where there are few or no people around.J1) 安静，不受打扰(learning in quiet atmosphere and can focus on study)2)能够更好的锻炼自己的自主学习能力和思考能力L 可能会遇到自己无法解决的难题，学习受阻(meet some problems but no one can help)托福TPO口语答案Personally speaking, I prefer to study in public places where there are other people around. First, I think people can share some study materials or resources with each other freely in public places, and they don’t have to worry aboutdisturbing other people. Besides, they also can exchange their thoughts or ideas to expand their sight of view. Secondly, I think studying in public places can increase efficiency. Because when you meet some difficult problems which you cannot solve on your own, you can get other people’s help when you study with others together. But if you study alone, you just get stuck when you meet problems, and can’t move on. So that’s why I prefer to study in public places.托福TPO口语答案分析通知：remove old bicycle from racks1. 已经被主人遗弃了2. 可以腾出更多的地方让真正使用自行车的人停车女-----同意1. 这些自行车很破旧，丢失零件，生锈;或者可以在车上贴通知提醒车主，限时取车，否则就被学校收走。
托福TPO29阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Competition When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource,a situation may arise that is referred to as competition.The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists;its effects were described by Darwin in considerable petition among individuals of the same species(intraspecies competition),one of the major mechanisms of natural selection,is the concern of evolutionary petition among the individuals of different species(interspecies competition)is a major concern of ecology.It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations,and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species.This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants,which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced. 当同一物种的不同个体或不同的物种都依靠同一有限资源时，这种情况往往会引发成所谓的竞争。
托福TPO29独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO29独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO29独立写作满分范文： With the rapid development of society, more and more elites are required for advance science and technology. So how to improve the quality of higher education becomes an emergency problem for universities. Improve the facilities and equipments, design attracting courses, introducing famous professors, elevate salaries for professors or provide more resources for students like holding international communicating meetings, all these strategies will solve the problem. So I think universities should prefer to taking multiple methods to improve the quality of education rather than just spending money on professors. As a boast enrollment in universities nowadays, there are so many students attend college that will require more funding and resource .Universities should employ more faculties, purchase more facilities to cope with the increase population in campus. Only that happens that every student will get equal chance to gain knowledge and share the colorful campus life. For instance, when I was a fresh student in my college, owing to so many students want to study in library that I need get up early and rush the way to get a seat. Limited seats in the library influences students' study passion which leads to the decline of the quality of education in the end. So I think the most important thing to improve quality of education is to make the facilities prefect. What's more, universities should hold some international communicating meetings and introduce professors who are talented, knowledgeable and prestigious. S o students can have more opportunities to share the advanced achievements directly and communicate with the professors who are famous in their interested field. I think that will inspire students' creativity, intelligence and imagination which need in the college study, then they will contribute more to the university and the society. Admittedly, universities should increase the salaries for professors. A college teacher is more responsible for the quality of education because college life maybe the last stage of students' study period before taking a job. What can a student dodepend on what knowledge and skills they gained from school and from professors. So professors will be more dedicated to their work with high pay which lead to more useful people graduate from school. All in all, if universities have enough money they should take variety ways to improve the quality of education, especially what I mentioned above. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO29独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO 29 原文翻译
罗马陶器特征陶器的祖先罗马人在很多方面都有非凡的成就。
当你真正触摸到那时的餐具，厨房用具或是两耳细颈酒罐（在地中海区域用于运输和储存液体的大罐子，像是酒和油）的时候，就很容易能够欣赏到它的高质量了。
但是，看起来罗马器具几乎是不可能再现在纸上的，即使照片和绘画能带回那些语言。
大部分罗马的陶器是很轻的，并且摸起来非常光滑，坚硬，即使像所有的陶器一样，如果掉在硬面上就会摔碎。
一般这种陶器是由精心挑选和纯化泥土制成，在快速转轮上形成有薄壁和标准化的形状并且在窑（陶器烤炉）中烧制到能够保持永久不变的形状。
手工制作的陶器，不可避免同样设计的容器间有一些个体差异，偶尔会出现小缺陷。
但是，最吸引人眼球，立即能让人感受到的，罗马陶器最有力量的，就是持续的高质量。
这不光是作为审美考虑，也与实用性有关。
这些容器都是实心的（易碎，但不脆弱），它们舒适并且易于拿握（轻并且光滑），除此之外，由于它们坚硬有时光亮透明的表面，他们的很好的承载了液体，并且容易清洗。
此外，他们有规律和标准化的形状使得他们易于堆放。
当现在的人向人展示一个常见的罗马瓶的时候，尤其是，可以又把手拿起的，他们经常评论说这个瓶子看起来感觉起来是多么现代，他们需要去被告知说服它的真实年龄。
罗马陶器与质量一样出众的另一特点就是其巨大的数量。
当提到数量时，我们习惯于理想化的去估计一个特定生产点的生产总数，和某一个居住地区的总消费数量。
不幸的是，考古学证据的自然特性决定了每一个样本都是不同的，因此这样的数据图形是难以捉摸的。
但是，没有在这个领域工作的人会质疑罗马陶器的繁盛，特别是在地中海地区。
这种繁盛在罗马居住区是显著的，尤其是在城市地区，在这些地方，考古人员必须将陶瓷碎片进行清洗和分类，这些工作在挖掘初期的工作中占据了很大的比重。
我们只能从少量的陶器废墟中去推算“真实的”数量。
但是，有一个废墟是个例外，它代表了大部分遗址的历史消耗量，通过消耗量就可以建立起生产数据。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文29—2 Competition
托福考试 复习TPO 29—2 Competition原文：【1】When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.【2】No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete forthe same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor.【3】To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.【4】Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. Thephysical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different niches. Competing species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”; however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.【5】Competition may occur for any needed resource. In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Indeed, it may be for any of the factors, physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. Competition is usually the more severe the denser the population. Together with predation, it is the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.题目：1.The phrase "mechanisms of natural selection" in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.types of natural selection.B.dangers of natural selection.C.problems natural selection solves.D.ways natural selection works.2.According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among individuals of different species?A.It results in the eventual elimination of the resource for which they are competing.B.It leads to competition among individuals of the same species.C.It encourages new species to immigrate to an area.D.It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations.3.The word "indigenous" in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.native.B.rate.C.most.D.numerous.4.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention what happened in New Zealand?A.T o indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competition.B.To illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction of species.C.To identify where the idea of competition among species first arose.D.T o argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural occurrence.5.According to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among two coexisting species whenA.one of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the other.B.the species are closely related to each other.C.the population of one species is much larger than that of the other.D.both of the species are herbivores.6.The word "graphically" in the passage（paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.vividly.B.frequently.C.broadly.D.typically.7.In paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result of North and South America becoming joined at the Isthmus of Panama?A.T o make the point that predation can have as much effect on species survival as competition does.B.To show how the ability to switch to an alternative resource can give a species a competitive advantage.C.To account for the current species composition of North and South America.D.T o provide an example of the serious effects of competition between unrelated species.8.Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause's experiments were important because theyA.provided a situation in which competition could be removed from the interaction between two species.B.showed that previous ideas about the extent to which competition determines thecomposition of a community were completely mistaken.C.helped establish that competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche.D.offered evidence that competition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of a single food source.9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage（paragraph 3）? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.A.Apparent exceptions to this law usually involves cases in which two species compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches.B.Although it may appear that two species always have different niches, many exceptions show that species compete with each other.C.Cases in which two species not only compete for a shared resource but also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law.D.Cases in which the two species do not occupy that same niche yet still compete for the same resource are believed to be exceptions to this law.10.According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?A.It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively.B.It results I the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.C.It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.D.It results in the competing species evolving to become so much like each other that competition between them eventually disappears.11.According to paragraph 4, "species selection" is a misleading term because itA.overemphasizes the role of selection pressure in species extinction.B.suggests that selection pressures directly influence whole species.C.does not make a distinction between species extinction and species evolution.D.suggests that extinction always results whenever there is a competition.12.The word "regulating" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.controlling.B.explaining.C.observing.D.stopping.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? That is, as the density of a population increases, competition has a greater impact and leads to greater mortality.Competition may occur for any needed resource. ■【A】In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-waterbottom-dwelling marine organisms. ■【B】Indeed, it may be for any of the factors,physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. ■【C】Competition isusually the more severe the denser the population. ■【D】Together with predation, itis the most importantdensity-dependent factor in regulating population growth.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.When necessary resources are limited, competition can occur among individuals of the same species or of different species.petition can eliminate a species, but since most species do not depend on a single resource, competition is often reduced by switching to alternative resources.B.Investigation of the ecological role of competition is difficult because ordinarily the competition cannot be observed directly and must be inferred from its presumed effects.petition between a pair of species tends to lessen over time because the species tend to evolve to occupy different ecological niches and ranges.petition between individual of the same species is usually for food whereas competition between species is usually for habitat.E.Experiments and field observation have established that competition between species is strong enough to prevent two species from occupying the same ecological niche.petition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.答案：1.Mechanism本身是机制，原理的意思。
托福阅读真题第296篇IndustrializedMoths（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第296篇IndustrializedMoths（答案文章最后）Industrialized MothsWhen most people think of evolution, they imagine slow, incremental changes in a population of plants or animals. ut evolutionary changes can also appear suddenly. This is illustrated by the most famous example of natural selection at work- the changing coloration of the peppered moth (iston betularia ). The story of this population of light-colored moths that turned dark and then light again in response to environmental change is an elegant example of arwinian evolution at work. What happened to the peppered moth reminds us how easily populations can adapt to new conditions in times of environmental stress.The peppered moth, easily recognizable by its distinctive off-white wings peppered with black specks, is common in England, where its preferred daytime environment is light-grey-lichen-covered trees. The species, which includes a variety of color gradations from dark to light, has always been popular with insect collectors because it's easy to preserve and because the specimens generally maintain their color after death. efore 1850, most of the specimens netted by English collectors were a speckled light grey-roughly the color of the lichens (organisms that often cover the bark on trees). ut then the collectors noticed a change: increasingly, the moths they captured had dark wings, and many of them were almost totally black. ritish entomologists (scientists who study insects) were fascinated by this rapid change in the peppered moth population, especially when they realized that it was almost entirely restricted to polluted industrial areas. They began to realize that what they were seeingwas the process of evolution through natural selection.ecause the light grey moths resembled the lichens on the trees, they were relatively safe from their main daytime predators, birds. ut the darker moths were easy to see, and this disadvantage limited the percentage of genes for dark coloration in the peppered moth gene pool. When, in the mid-nineteenth century, industrial pollution in England began turning the lichen on the tree trunks black, the darker moths were suddenly protected while the light-colored moths became vulnerable. s more and more dark moths survived, the gene pool shifted toward darker coloration. Similar examples of industrial melanism, a darkening in color linked to a rise in industrialization, were identified in Europe, Japan, the United States, and anada.For about a century, dark peppered moths continued to dominate the populations. Then, in the 1950s, scientists noticed that the gene pool was rapidly shifting back toward the lighter coloration. s a result of antipollution legislation, the air was cleaner, the lichen on the tree trunks was becoming lighter, and so were the moths. In fact, this second shift in the gene pool was so radical that many entomologists believe the genes for dark coloration may disappear completely, and that soon the dark peppered moths will be extinct.The story of peppered moth evolution is so simple that many evolutionary biologists and entomologists have wondered if it could possibly be true, and several of them have tested it. lthough the results of their experiments have been reported in the popular press as falsifying arwinian evolution, what they actually revealed both supports the main points of arwinian evolution and emphasizes its complexity. The coloration of the peppered moth population definitely shifted in response toenvironmental factors, but almost every aspect of the process was more multifaceted than anyone thought. uring the day peppered moths rest on a number of locations besides tree trunks. Moths' survival is less dependent on their coloring than was originally assumed. It also turns out that the changes in the peppered moth gene pool didn't parallel the changes in pollution levels as closely as had been reported- -migration, as well as bird predation, also had an effect on the ratio of dark to light forms. In short, far from illustrating the elegant simplicity of natural selection, the story of the peppered moth highlights its elegant complexity, and reminds us that even simple evolutionary changes aren't easy to trace.1.When most people think of evolution, they imagine slow, incremental changes in a population of plants or animals. ut evolutionary changes can also appear suddenly. This is illustrated by the most famous example of natural selection at work- the changing coloration of the peppered moth (iston betularia ). The story of this population of light-colored moths that turned dark and then light again in response to environmental change is an elegant example of arwinian evolution at work. What happened to the peppered moth reminds us how easily populations can adapt to new conditions in times of environmental stress.2.The peppered moth, easily recognizable by its distinctive off-white wings peppered with black specks, is common in England, where its preferred daytime environment is light-grey-lichen-covered trees. The species, which includes a variety of color gradations from dark to light, has always been popular with insect collectors because it's easy to preserve and because the specimens generally maintain their color after death. efore 1850, most of the specimens netted by English collectors were aspeckled light grey-roughly the color of the lichens (organisms that often cover the bark on trees). ut then the collectors noticed a change: increasingly, the moths they captured had dark wings, and many of them were almost totally black. ritish entomologists (scientists who study insects) were fascinated by this rapid change in the peppered moth population, especially when they realized that it was almost entirely restricted to polluted industrial areas. They began to realize that what they were seeing was the process of evolution through natural selection.ecause the light grey moths resembled the lichens on the trees, they were relatively safe from their main daytime predators, birds. ut the darker moths were easy to see, and this disadvantage limited the percentage of genes for dark coloration in the peppered moth gene pool. When, in the mid-nineteenth century, industrial pollution in England began turning the lichen on the tree trunks black, the darker moths were suddenly protected while the light-colored moths became vulnerable. s more and more dark moths survived, the gene pool shifted toward darker coloration. Similar examples of industrial melanism, a darkening in color linked to a rise in industrialization, were identified in Europe, Japan, the United States, and anada.3.ecause the light grey moths resembled the lichens on the trees, they were relatively safe from their main daytime predators, birds. ut the darker moths were easy to see, and this disadvantage limited the percentage of genes for dark coloration in the peppered moth gene pool. When, in the mid-nineteenth century, industrial pollution in England began turning the lichen on the tree trunks black, the darker moths were suddenly protected while the light-colored moths became vulnerable. s more and more dark moths survived, the gene pool shiftedtoward darker coloration. Similar examples of industrial melanism, a darkening in color linked to a rise in industrialization, were identified in Europe, Japan, the United States, and anada.4.ecause the light grey moths resembled the lichens on the trees, they were relatively safe from their main daytime predators, birds. ut the darker moths were easy to see, and this disadvantage limited the percentage of genes for dark coloration in the peppered moth gene pool. When, in the mid-nineteenth century, industrial pollution in England began turning the lichen on the tree trunks black, the darker moths were suddenly protected while the light-colored moths became vulnerable. s more and more dark moths survived, the gene pool shifted toward darker coloration. Similar examples of industrial melanism, a darkening in color linked to a rise in industrialization, were identified in Europe, Japan, the United States, and anada.5.For about a century, dark peppered moths continued to dominate the populations. Then, in the 1950s, scientists noticed that the gene pool was rapidly shifting back toward the lighter coloration. s a result of antipollution legislation, the air was cleaner, the lichen on the tree trunks was becoming lighter, and so were the moths. In fact, this second shift in the gene pool was so radical that many entomologists believe the genes for dark coloration may disappear completely, and that soon the dark peppered moths will be extinct.6.For about a century, dark peppered moths continued to dominate the populations. Then, in the 1950s, scientists noticed that the gene pool was rapidly shifting back toward the lighter coloration. s a result of antipollution legislation, the air was cleaner, the lichen on the tree trunks was becoming lighter, and so were the moths. In fact, this second shift in the gene pool wasso radical that many entomologists believe the genes for dark coloration may disappear completely, and that soon the dark peppered moths will be extinct.7.The story of peppered moth evolution is so simple that many evolutionary biologists and entomologists have wondered if it could possibly be true, and several of them have tested it. lthough the results of their experiments have been reported in the popular press as falsifying arwinian evolution, what they actually revealed both supports the main points of arwinian evolution and emphasizes its complexity. The coloration of the peppered moth population definitely shifted in response to environmental factors, but almost every aspect of the process was more multifaceted than anyone thought. uring the day peppered moths rest on a number of locations besides tree trunks. Moths' survival is less dependent on their coloring than was originally assumed. It also turns out that the changes in the peppered moth gene pool didn't parallel the changes in pollution levels as closely as had been reported- -migration, as well as bird predation, also had an effect on the ratio of dark to light forms. In short, far from illustrating the elegant simplicity of natural selection, the story of the peppered moth highlights its elegant complexity, and reminds us that even simple evolutionary changes aren't easy to trace.8.The story of peppered moth evolution is so simple that many evolutionary biologists and entomologists have wondered if it could possibly be true, and several of them have tested it. lthough the results of their experiments have been reported in the popular press as falsifying arwinian evolution, what they actually revealed both supports the main points of arwinian evolution and emphasizes its complexity. The coloration of thepeppered moth population definitely shifted in response to environmental factors, but almost every aspect of the process was more multifaceted than anyone thought. uring the day peppered moths rest on a number of locations besides tree trunks. Moths' survival is less dependent on their coloring than was originally assumed. It also turns out that the changes in the peppered moth gene pool didn't parallel the changes in pollution levels as closely as had been reported- -migration, as well as bird predation, also had an effect on the ratio of dark to light forms. In short, far from illustrating the elegant simplicity of natural selection, the story of the peppered moth highlights its elegant complexity, and reminds us that even simple evolutionary changes aren't easy to trace.9.The story of peppered moth evolution is so simple that many evolutionary biologists and entomologists have wondered if it could possibly be true, and several of them have tested it. lthough the results of their experiments have been reported in the popular press as falsifying arwinian evolution, what they actually revealed both supports the main points of arwinian evolution and emphasizes its complexity. The coloration of the peppered moth population definitely shifted in response to environmental factors, but almost every aspect of the process was more multifaceted than anyone thought.⬛uring the day peppered moths rest on a number of locations besides tree trunks.⬛Moths' survival is less dependent on their coloring than was originally assumed.⬛It also turns out that the changes in the peppered moth gene pool didn't parallel the changes in pollution levels as closely as had been reported- -migration, as well as bird predation, also had an effect on the ratio of dark to light forms.⬛In short, far from illustrating the elegant simplicity ofnatural selection, the story of the peppered moth highlights its elegant complexity, and reminds us that even simple evolutionary changes aren't easy to trace.10.。
托福阅读黄金29篇真题经典难句汇总
托福阅读黄金29篇真题经典难句汇总新托福阅读实质考的就是各种类型句子在快速阅读情况下能否迅速高效的理解,本文为大家汇总了托福阅读黄金29篇真题经典难句汇总，大家可以在复习之余，练习一遍读懂并快速理解以下句子的能力。
托福阅读黄金29篇真题经典难句汇总黄金29篇真题经典难句收集具体内容如下：1. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：Streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.2. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston(活塞) in a cylinder(汽缸)，and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.3. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.4. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well—to—do Londoners grow accustomed to gaslights houses and even streets.5. Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal; blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery.6. At the same time, operators of the first printing pressesrun by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.7. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons，with flanged wheels，were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine.8. Another generation passed before Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse.9. When he grew older William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish.10. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.245. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.246. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth.247. Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.248. This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho.249. The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled tothe surface.250. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months.托福技巧：托福阅读笔记技巧托福阅读笔记要点一：主题段和主题句的关键词。