毕业设计文献翻译
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R.SemenovDepartment of Economics,University of Nijmegen,Nijmegen(荷兰内梅亨大学,经济学院)这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时,我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致,并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如,相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度),在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中,企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而,经济理论表明市场摩擦,诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵,并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素,例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性,共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料(可参考,例如Fazzari(1998)、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman(1996)、Samuel(1998)).大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本,减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置(参看Levine(1997)的评论文章)。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译

土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译Here are two examples of foreign literature related to graduation design in the field of civil engineering, along with their Chinese translations:1. Foreign Literature:Title: "Analysis of Structural Behavior and Design Considerations for High-Rise Buildings"Author(s): John SmithJournal: Journal of Structural EngineeringYear: 2024Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the structural behavior and design considerations for high-rise buildings. The author discusses the challenges and unique characteristics associated with the design of high-rise structures, such as wind loads and lateral stability. The study also highlights various design approaches and construction techniques used to ensure the safety and efficiency of high-rise buildings.Chinese Translation:标题:《高层建筑的结构行为分析与设计考虑因素》期刊:结构工程学报年份:2024年2. Foreign Literature:Title: "Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions"Author(s): Jennifer Lee, David JohnsonJournal: Construction and Building MaterialsYear: 2024Chinese Translation:标题:《可持续建筑材料:最新进展与未来发展方向综述》期刊:建筑材料与结构年份:2024年Please note that these are just examples and there are numerous other research papers available in the field of civil engineering for graduation design.。
基于web的学生成绩与管理系统计算机毕业设计英文文献及中文翻译

文档从互联网中收集,已重新修正排版,word格式支持编辑,如有帮助欢迎下载支持。
实用文档毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学专JA V A programming language and JA V A platform The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services .Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to preventcross-corruption and improve security.The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developers no longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Everybody is probably familiar with eBay and Amazon have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites.You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code.Amazon has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, listprice, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision.Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals and Knowledge Management Systems are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an applicationso that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supportsJ2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EEinfrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBs designed for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on data from diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API.Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language, the time needed for application development is minimal.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringingtogether data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems.Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages.ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:财务与会计学院年级专业:201*级财务管理姓名:学号:132148***附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译1000字本文将就软件工程专业毕业设计的外文文献进行翻译,能够为相关考生提供一定的参考。
外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。
本科毕业设计文献翻译

中文翻译2.1理想蜂窝小区的覆盖范围根据标准传播模型SPM,各个地区针对不同的无线信号频段分别进行传播模型校正,得到较适合该地区该频段的传播模型:d表示接收机与基站间的距离;HT x为发射机高度;HRx为接收机高度;DiffLoss表示散射造成的路径损耗;f(clutter)表示各个clutter损耗的加权平均,表示为Kc。
通常情况下,一个区域内的移动终端接收电平在-85dBm以上,可以认为该区域有较良好的无线网络覆盖。
因此蜂窝基站小区覆盖边界处的接收电平为-85dBm、平均天线口发射功率51dBm来推算理论覆盖范围。
2.2 GSM理论网络容量与载干比C/I间的计算方法载干比C/I通常被用来衡量GSM网络的移动通话质量若使用MRP(多重频率复用方式)来进行频率规划的话,则理论计算规划可实现的C/I,可以应用以下的公式大致推算出:其中a表示传播模型中的路径损耗斜率;D表示相邻2个小区群中位置相对应的2个小区中心之间的距离,即最近同频小区距离,也称为频率复用距离;R 为小区六边形外接圆半径,即小区覆盖半径;Ki为传播条件、天线方向去耦、天线下倾等因素的综合修正因子(建议取值范围为-5~0)。
针对一个地区具体的网络a和Ki为相对固定的值。
2.3 GSM系统网络容量与无线通话质量间的关系GSM网络无线通话质量的主要衡量标准为载干比C/I,当一块区域的GSM网络载干比C/I>9dB时,可以认为该区域拥有较好无线通话质量。
从章节2.2中的公式中得到推论,在一个确定的无线环境中,蜂窝小区连续均匀覆盖,即小区的覆盖距离为定值,若载干比C/I值恒定,则GSM理论网络容量与可用载频数成正比。
若GSM理论网络容量恒定,则载干比C/I值与可用载频数成正比。
3.2 COMMON BCCH技术COMMON BCCH是双频共BTS的一种方式,利用DCS1800M的无线频率资源来补充GSM900M的单蜂窝扇区的载频数,从而实现容量上的增加。
毕业设计文献翻译完美版
《毕业设计》文献翻译院系:电子电气工程学院学号:021309208姓名:吴骁奕指导教师:曾国辉完成时间:2013/2/15文献翻译021309208 吴骁奕A Flexible LED Driver for Automotive Lighting Applications: IC Design and E xperimental Characterization一个灵活的LED驱动汽车照明应用:集成电路设计和实验特征Abstract—This letter presents a smart driver for LEDs, particularly摘要:这文章提出了一个智能驱动发光二极管,for automotive lighting applications, which avoid ringing尤其是用于避免振荡和超调现象的汽车照明应用上,and overshoot phenomena. To this aim, advanced Soft Start and为了这个目的,在芯片上集成了优化软启动和电流升降控制技术。
Current Slope Control techniques are integrated on-chip. This letter这篇文章讨论了设计于集合于高电压的互补金属氧化半导体上的驱动技术,discusses the driver design integrating in high voltage CMOStechnology, the digital circuitry for programming and electronic用于编程和电子控制单元连接的数字电路以及功率元件提高到10瓦特。
control units interfacing, and the power devices up to 10W. Experimental同时也展示了不同功率等级使用的发光二极管和与不同类型的连接时的实验特征。
毕业设计论文化学系毕业论文外文文献翻译中英文
毕业设计论文化学系毕业论文外文文献翻译中英文英文文献及翻译A chemical compound that is contained in the hands of the problemsfor exampleCatalytic asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation is one of the most active research areas in organic synthesis In this field the application of chiral ligands in enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes has attracted much attention lots of ligands such as chiral amino alcohols amino thiols piperazines quaternary ammonium salts 12-diols oxazaborolidines and transition metal complex with chiral ligands have been empolyed in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes In this dissertation we report some new chiral ligands and their application in enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes1 Synthesis and application of chiral ligands containing sulfur atomSeveral a-hydroxy acids were prepared using the literature method with modifications from the corresponding amino acids valine leucine and phenylalanine Improved yields were obtained by slowly simultaneous addition of three fold excess of sodium nitrite and 1 tnolL H2SO4 In the preparation of a-hydroxy acid methyl esters from a-hydroxy acids following the procedure described by Vigneron a low yield 45 was obtained It was found that much better results yield 82 couldbe obtained by esterifying a-hydroxy acids with methanol-thionyl chlorideThe first attempt to convert S -2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid methyl ester to the corresponding R-11-diphenyl-2-mercapto-3-methyl-l-butanol is as the following S-2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid methyl ester was treated with excess of phenylmagnesium bromide to give S -11-diphenyl-3-methyl-12-butanediol which was then mesylated to obtain S -11-diphenyl-3-methyl-2-methanesulfonyloxy -l-butanol Unfortunately conversion of S-11-diphenyl-3-methyl-2- methanesulfonyloxy -l-butanol to the corresponding thioester by reacting with potassium thioacetate under Sn2 reaction conditions can be achieved neither in DMF at 20-60 nor in refluxing toluene in the presence of 18-crown-6 as catalyst When S -1ll-diphenyl-3-methyl-2- methane sulfonyloxy -l-butanol was refluxed with thioacetic acid in pyridine an optical active epoxide R-22-diphenyl -3-isopropyloxirane was obtained Then we tried to convert S -11-diphenyl-3-methyl-l2-butanediol to the thioester by reacting with PPh3 DEAD and thioacetic acid the Mitsunobu reaction but we failed either probably due to the steric hindrance around the reaction centerThe actually successful synthesis is as described below a-hydroxy acid methyl esters was mesylated and treated with KSCOCH3 in DMF to give thioester this was than treated with phenyl magnesium bromide to gave the target compound B-mercaptoalcohols The enantiomeric excesses ofp-mercaptoalcohols can be determined by 1H NMR as their S -mandeloyl derivatives S -2-amino-3-phenylpropane-l-thiol hydrochloride was synthesized from L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalanine was reduced to the amino alcohol S -2-amino-3-phenylpropanol Protection of the amino group using tert-butyl pyrocarbonate gave S -2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-phenylpropane-l-ol which was then O-mesylated to give S -2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-phenylpropyl methanesulfonate The mesylate was treated with potassium thioacetate in DMF to give l-acetylthio-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-phenylpropane The acetyl group was then removed by treating with ammonia in alcohol to gave S -2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-phenyl-propane-l-thiol which was then deprotected with hydrochloric acid to give the desired S-2-amino-3-phenylpropane-1-thiol hydrochlorideThe enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes promoted by these sulfur containing chiral ligands produce secondary alcohols in 65-79 Synthesis and application of chiral aminophenolsThree substituted prolinols were prepared from the naturally-occurring L-proline using reported method with modifications And the chiral aminophenols were obtained by heating these prolinols with excess of salicylaldehyde in benzene at refluxThe results of enantioselective adBelow us an illustration forexampleN-Heterocyclic carbenes and L-Azetidine-2-carboxylicacidN-Heterocyclic carbenesN-Heterocyclic carbenes have becomeuniversal ligands in organometallic and inorganic coordination chemistry They not only bind to any transition metal with low or high oxidation states but also to main group elements such as beryllium sulfur and iodine Because of their specific coordination chemistry N-heterocyclic carbenes both stabilize and activate metal centers in quite different key catalytic steps of organic syntheses for example C-H activation C-C C-H C-O and C-N bond formation There is now ample evidence that in the new generation of organometallic catalysts the established ligand class of organophosphanes will be supplemented and in part replaced byN-heterocyclic carbenes Over the past few years this chemistry has become the field of vivid scientific competition and yielded previously unexpected successes in key areas of homogeneous catalysis From the work in numerous academic laboratories and in industry a revolutionary turningpoint in oraganometallic catalysis is emergingIn this thesis Palladium Ⅱ acetate and NN"-bis- 26-diisopropylphenyl dihydro- imidazolium chloride 1 2 mol were used to catalyze the carbonylative coupling of aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborate salts and aryl boronic acids to form aryl ketones Optimal conditions include carbon monoxide 1 atm in 14-dioxane at 100℃ for 5 h Yields for unsymmetrical aryl ketones ranged from 76 to 90 for isolated materials with only minor amounts of biaryl coupling product observed 2-12 THF as solvent gave mixtures of products 14-Dioxane proved to be the superior solvent giving higher yieldsof ketone product together with less biphenyl formation At room temperature and at 0℃ with 1 atm CO biphenyl became the major product Electron-rich diazonium ion substrates gave a reduced yield with increased production of biaryl product Electron-deficient diazonium ions were even better forming ketones in higher yields with less biaryl by-product formed 2-Naphthyldiazonium salt also proved to be an effective substrate givingketones in the excellent range Base on above palladium NHC catalysts aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates have been coupled with arylboron compounds carbon monoxide and ammonia to give aryl amides in high yields A saturated yV-heterocyclic carbene NHC ligand H2lPr 1 was used with palladium II acetate to give the active catalyst The optimal conditions with 2mol palladium-NHC catalyst were applied with various organoboron compounds and three aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates to give numerous aryl amides in high yield using pressurized CO in a THF solution saturated with ammonia Factors that affect the distribution of the reaction products have been identified and a mechanism is proposed for this novel four-component coupling reactionNHC-metal complexes are commonly formed from an imidazolium salt using strong base Deprotonation occurs at C2 to give a stable carbene that adds to form a a-complex with the metal Crystals were obtained from the reaction of imidazolium chloride with sodium t- butoxide Nal and palladium II acetate giving a dimeric palladium II iodide NHC complex The structure adopts a flat 4-memberedring u2 -bridged arrangement as seen in a related dehydro NHC complex formed with base We were pleased to find that chloride treated with palladium II acetate without adding base or halide in THF also produced suitable crystals for X-ray anaysis In contrast to the diiodide the palladium-carbenes are now twisted out of plane adopting a non-planar 4-ring core The borylation of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates with bis pinacolatoborane was optimized using various NHC ligand complexes formed in situ without adding base NN"-Bis 26-diisopropylphenyl-45-dihydroimidazolium 1 used with palladium acetate in THF proved optimal giving borylated product in 79 isolated yield without forming of bi-aryl side product With K2CO3 and ligand 1 a significant amount of biaryl product 24 was again seen The characterization of the palladium chloride complex by X-ray chrastallography deL-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acidL-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid also named S -Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid commonly named L-Aze was first isolated in 1955 by Fowden from Convallaria majalis and was the first known example of naturally occurring azetidine As a constrained amino acid S -Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid has found many applications in the modification of peptides conformations and in the area of asymmetric synthesis which include its use in the asymmetric reduction of ketones Michael additions cyclopropanations and Diels-Alder reactions In this dissertation five ways for synthesize S-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid were studied After comparing all methods theway using L-Aspartic acid as original material for synthesize S-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was considered more feasible All mechanisms of the way"s reaction have also been studied At last the application and foreground of S -Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid were viewed The structures of the synthetic products were characterized by ThermalGravity-Differential Thermal Analysis TG-DTA Infrared Spectroscopy IR Mass Spectra MS and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1H-NMR Results showed that the structures and performances of the products conformed to the anticipation the yield of each reaction was more than 70 These can conclude that the way using L-Aspartie acid as original material for synthesize S -Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is practical and effective杂环化合物生成中包含手性等问题如催化形成不对称碳碳键在有机合成中是一个非常活跃的领域在这个领域中利用手性配体诱导的二乙基锌和醛的不对称加成引起化学家的广泛关注许多手性配体如手性氨基醇手性氨基硫醇手性哌嗪手性四季铵盐手性二醇手性恶唑硼烷和过渡金属与手性配体的配合物等被应用于二乙基锌对醛的不对称加成中在本论文中我们报道了一些新型的手性配体的合成及它们应用于二乙基锌对醛的不对称加成的结果1含硫手性配体的合成和应用首先从氨基酸缬氨酸亮氨酸苯丙氨酸出发按照文献合成α-羟基酸并发现用三倍量的亚硝酸钠和稀硫酸同时滴加进行反应能适当提高反应的产率而根据Vigneron等人报道的的方法用浓盐酸催化从α-羟基酸合成α-羟基酸甲酯时只能获得较低的产率改用甲醇-二氯亚砜的酯化方法时能提高该步骤的产率从 S -3-甲基-2-羟基丁酸甲酯合成 R -3-甲基-11-二苯基-2-巯基-1-丁醇经过了以下的尝试 S -3-甲基-2-羟基丁酸甲酯和过量的格氏试剂反应得到 S -3-甲基-11-二苯基-12-丁二醇进行甲磺酰化时位阻较小的羟基被磺酰化生成 S -3-甲基-11-二苯基-2- 甲磺酰氧基 -1-丁醇但无论将 S -3-甲基-11-二苯基-2- 甲磺酰氧基 -1-丁醇和硫代乙酸钾在DMF中反应 20~60℃还是在甲苯中加入18-冠-6作为催化剂加热回流都不能得到目标产物当其与硫代乙酸在吡啶中回流时得到的不是目标产物而是手性环氧化合物 R -3-异丙基-22-二苯基氧杂环丙烷从化合物 S -3-甲基-11-二苯基-12-丁二醇通过Mitsunobu反应合成硫代酯也未获得成功这可能是由于在反应中心处的位阻较大造成的几奥斯塑手村犯体的合成裁其在不对称奋成中肠左用摘要成功合成疏基醇的合成路是将a-轻基酸甲酷甲磺酞化得到相应的磺酞化产物并进行与硫代乙酸钾的亲核取代反应得到硫酷进行格氏反应后得到目标分子p一疏基醇用p一疏基醇与 R 义一一甲氧基苯乙酞氯生成的非对映体经H侧NM吸测试其甲氧基峰面积的积分求得其ee值 3一苯基一氨基丙硫醇盐酸盐从苯丙氨酸合成斗3一苯基一氨基丙醇由L一苯丙氨酸还原制备氨基保护后得到习一3一苯基一2一叔丁氧拨基氨基一1一丙醇甲磺酞化后得到习一3一苯基一2一叔丁氧拨基氨基一1一丙醇甲磺酸酷用硫代乙酸钾取代后得匀一3-苯基一2一叔丁氧拨基氨基一1一丙硫醇乙酸酷氨解得习一3一苯基一2一叔丁氧拨基氨基一1一丙硫醇用盐酸脱保护后得到目标产物扔3一苯基屯一氨基丙硫醇盐酸盐手性含硫配体诱导下的二乙基锌与醛的加成所得产物的产率为65一79值为O井92手性氨基酚的合成和应用首先从天然的L一脯氨酸从文献报道的步骤合成了三种脯氨醇这些手性氨基醇与水杨醛在苯中回流反应得到手性氨基酚手性氨基酚配体诱导下的二乙基锌与醛的加成所得产物的产率为45一98值为0一90手性二茂铁甲基氨基醇的合成和应用首先从天然氨基酸绿氨酸亮氨酸苯丙氨酸和脯氨酸合成相应的氨基醇这些氨基醇与二茂铁甲醛反应生成的NO一缩醛经硼氢化钠还原得到手性二茂铁甲基氨基醇手性二茂铁甲基氨基醇配体诱导下的二乙基锌与醛的加成所得产物的产率为66一97下面我们举例说明一下例如含氮杂环卡宾和L-氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸含氮杂环卡宾含氮杂环卡宾已广泛应用于有机金属化学和无机配合物化学领域中它们不仅可以很好地与任何氧化态的过渡金属络合还可以与主族元素铍硫等形成配合物由于含氮杂环卡宾不但使金属中心稳定而且还可以活化此金属中心使其在有机合成中例如C-H键的活化C-CC-HC-O和C-N键形成反应中有着十分重要的催化效能现有的证据充分表明在新一代有机金属催化剂中含氮杂环卡宾不但对有机膦类配体有良好的互补作用而且在有些方面取代有机膦配体成为主角近年来含氮杂环卡宾及其配合物已成为非常活跃的研究领域在均相催化这一重要学科中取得了难以想象的成功所以含氮杂环卡宾在均相有机金属催化领域的研究工作很有必要深入地进行下去本文研究了乙酸钯和NN双 26-二异丙基苯基 -45-二氢咪唑氯化物1作为催化剂催化芳基四氟硼酸重氮盐与芳基硼酸的羰基化反应合成了一系列二芳基酮并对反应条件进行了优化使反应在常温常压下进行一个大气压的一氧化碳14-二氧杂环己烷作溶剂100℃反应5h 不同芳基酮的收率达7690仅有微量的联芳烃付产物 212 反应选择性良好当采用四氢呋喃或甲苯作溶剂时得到含较多副产物的混合物由此可以证明14-二氧杂环己烷是该反应最适宜的溶剂在室温或0℃与一个大气压的一氧化碳反应联芳烃变成主产物含供电子取代基的芳基重氮盐常常给出较低收率的二芳基酮而含吸电子取代基的芳基重氮盐却给出更高收率的二芳基酮及较少量的联芳烃付产物实验证明2-萘基重氮盐具有很好的反应活性和选择性总是得到优异的反应结果在此基础上由不同的芳基四氟硼酸重氮盐与芳基硼酸一氧化碳和氨气协同作用以上述含氮杂环卡宾作配体与乙酸钯生成的高活性含氮杂环卡宾钯催化剂催化较高收率地得到了芳基酰胺优化的反应条件是使用2mol的钯-H_2IPr 1五个大气压的一氧化碳以氨气饱和的四氢呋喃作溶剂由不同的有机硼化合物与三种芳基重氮盐的四组份偶联反应同时不仅对生成的多种产物进行了定 L-氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸L-氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸又称 S -氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸简称为L-Aze1955年由Fowden从植物铃兰 Convallaria majalis 中分离得到成为第一个被证实的植物中天然存在的氮杂环丁烷结构作为一种非典型的氨基酸已经发现 S -氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸可广泛用于对多肽结构的修饰以及诸如不对称的羰基还原Michael 加成环丙烷化和Diels-Alder反应等不对称合成中的多个领域本文通过对 S -氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸合成路线的研究综述了五种可行的合成路线及方法通过比较选用以L-天冬氨酸为初始原料合成 S -氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸的路线即通过酯化反应活泼氢保护格氏反应内酰胺化反应还原反应氨基保护氧化反应脱保护等反应来合成 S -氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸分析了每步反应的机理并对 S -氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸的应用及前景给予展望通过热分析红外质谱核磁等分析手段对合成的化合物的结构进行表征结果表明所得的产物符合目标产物所合成的化合物的结构性能指标与设计的目标要求一致每步反应的收率都在70%以上可以判定以L-天冬氨酸为初始原料合成 S -氮杂环丁烷的路线方案切实可行。
毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别:专业:班级:姓名:学号:外文出处:附件: 1. 原文; 2。
译文2013年03月附件一:A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。
J。
Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown,Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools,allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system,namely,the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System (RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。
1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。
Forexample,a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore,to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译
英文原文:Rehabilitation of rectangular simply supported RC beams with shear deficiencies using CFRP compositesAhmed Khalifa a,*, Antonio Nanni ba Department of Structural Engineering,University of Alexandria,Alexandria 21544,Egyptb Department of Civil Engineering,University of Missouri at Rolla,Rolla,MO 65409,USAReceived 28 April 1999;received in revised form 30 October 2001;accepted 10 January 2002AbstractThe present study examines the shear performance and modes of failure of rectangular simply supported reinforced concrete(RC) beams designed with shear deficiencies。
These members were strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)sheets and evaluated in the laboratory. The experimental program consisted of twelve full—scale RC beams tested to fail in shear. The variables investigated within this program included steel stirrups, and the shear span-to—effective depth ratio, as well as amount and distribution of CFRP。
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附件C :译文基于PIC18F2331直流闭环控制的两相混合式步进电机驱动器的设计摘要:本文是阐述了基于PIC 微程序控制器直流闭环控制的两相混合式步进电机驱动器的设计。
通过依正弦规律调节每相绕组的直流电流实现了细分驱动控制,满足了恒转矩和平稳运行的要求。
由于工作频率达到8兆赫兹,通过PIC 单片机编程有效地实现了二细分和十细分驱动,因此有效地避免了步进电机所产生的不必要的噪声。
通过闭环控制可以获得任一理想的电流波形。
实验结果表明,该驱动系统具有良好的特性,并且简单、可靠和通用。
1 概述混合式步进电动机从工作原理上讲可以认为是永磁步进电动机和反应式步进电机的结合。
因为他们有便于的开环控制且没有积累误差,因此他们一般都用于测量和控制领域。
在步进电机的应用中,非常重要的一个考虑因素是步进电机的性能与驱动系统极大的关联性。
然而,传统的步进电机驱动系统主要基于专用的完整的环形分配系统进行驱动控制,如UC3717,UC3770,LM297和LM298等集成电路,因此,其步进电机工作电流被限制在3安培以下,所以不能应用于大功率场合。
另外,如果使用DSP 或FPGA 作为控制器进行控制的话,会由于成本过高而不易被采用。
因此,本文提出采用PIC 微程序控制器和场效应管来构建了一种细分驱动控制系统,并且降低了步进电机的机械振动,且具有运行平稳和恒转矩的优点。
通过PIC 单片机的程序存储器的译码实现了步进电机绕组电流的二细分和十细分。
2 混合式步进电机的细分驱动步进电机的运行存在不平稳性,尤其是在低速运行时情况更为严重。
细分驱动用于提高步距角的分辨率和实现步距切换时的平稳运动。
在大多数应用中,细分驱动能提高系统性能,同时还能够限制噪声和解决共振等问题。
细分驱动的原理是将工作绕组的电流逐步转换至另一个绕组。
它是由步进电机绕组经电压脉宽调制控制来实现的。
它是通过一相绕组的电流信号周期性减小,指导教师评定成绩 (五级制): 指导教师签字:而另一相绕组电流信号逐渐增加来实现的。
一种使步进电机绕组电流按正弦余弦规律变化的正弦、余弦细分驱动技术,能够获得恒定的净转矩。
对于理想步进电机来说,每相绕组上产生的转矩与该绕组的电流成正比,并且转矩随电流增加成线性增加。
由于铁芯的饱和程度和磁场边缘效应,导致步进电机的非线性化,但是实际步进电动机与理想步进电动机相差不多,所以可以忽略其非线性。
因为处理计算和代码空间需要的时间,计算正弦或余弦的电流信号显得不切实际。
用正弦查表做为电流的测试值会更具有实用性。
在实践中,由于余弦只是正弦信号的一个偏移量,因此只有一个查找表是恰如所需的。
每一绕组相应的查找表的指针只需要偏移90度。
3 控制系统的设计3.1 混合式步进电机控制器的结构Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of hybrid stepping motor drive system图1 .混合式步进电动机的驱动系统原理图PIC18F2331是通过纳米微瓦特技术开发的微型集成电路片,是一个28-pin增强闪光微控制器。
并且它附加的极好的外部设备如高速A/D转换器和I/O端口,使它具有高计算性能,因此使得它在很多高性能特性、功率控制和电机控制的应用中成为一个理想的选择。
PIC18F2331介绍了在一个合适价格的专用外围设备,包括以可编程的停止时间嵌入的14-Bit分辨率控制PWM模块(PCPWM),一个运动反馈模块(MFM)包括一个3-Channel捕捉式输入(IC)模块和正交编码接口(QEI)和一个高速10-bit式A/D转换器(HSADC)。
基于单片机PIC18F2331,设计了一种新的混合式步进电机驱动系统,如图1所示。
因为对接收外界信号如启动或停止命令、运动方向和脉冲信号且每一种信号都将导致在主程序中产生中而言,所以PIC18F2331是整个控制系统最关键的因素之一。
Fig. 2. Schematic for PIC18F2331 control circuit图2 PIC18F2331控制电路原理图如图2所示,以一个8兆赫兹的晶体作为主要振荡器。
这个工作频率可以有效地消除由于电动机工作而产生的不必要的噪声。
与一个投入到PORTC(RC4)的端口相连接的一个拨动开关,决定了步进电机的方向:正向或逆向。
每个压切换开关将会切换它的方向。
一个步进式开关是与一个输入PORTC(RC3)端口相连接。
如果这个开关被按下电动机将会停止工作。
数字输入口RC5被设定为接受外部步进脉冲,且每个脉冲信号引起在主程序的中断。
一个正弦查询表被储存在程序存储器中,且使用该查询表读中断程序中的指令,然后获得该绕组的二细分和十细分电流。
因为余弦只是正弦值的90度的偏移量,所以只需要一个查询表。
查询表的上半部分是由(1)计算出,而该查询表的第二部分只需要简单的由上半部分倒序而得到。
table=sin(n×π / Ns )×256 (1)在该公式中,n步阶指令,Ns是细分的数量。
连接端口A的DIP开关,是用来选择微步的数量。
DIP4作为“允许“开关。
这不得不接近由DIPDIP 0 -3选择的微步电动机的运转。
DIP开关的细节见如下表I。
TABLE I DIP SWITCHS FOR PULSE PER REVOLUTION表1 DIP开关的每一运行脉冲信号脉冲/回DIP0 DIP1 DIP2 DIP3400 关开开开800 开关开开1600 关关开开3200 开开关开6400 关开关开12800 开关关开25600 关关关开1000 开开开关2000 关开开关4000 开关开关5000 关关开关8000 开开关关10000 关开关关20000 开关关关25000 关关关关为了获得理想的电流,DAC将数字信号转换成模拟参考电压信号,该信号将与取样电阻的电流检测比较。
该错误被用于控制MOSTET的驱动电路IR2110所需的逻辑门电路。
图3显示了DAC0832的控制电路的原理图。
DAC0832的是一种先进的CMOS/硅铬、8位乘法DAC,目的在于直接与所有常用的微处理器包括PIC单片机微处理器做接口。
该电路采用CMOS电流开关和控制逻辑,以实现低功耗和低输出漏电流误差。
特殊的电路提供TTL逻辑输入电压级别的兼容性。
双缓冲允许DAC0832的输出电压对应一个数位字,同时紧接下一个数位字。
这允许任意数量的DAC同步更新。
在步进电机控制中的应用,DAC0832的使用电压开关模式,其数字输入引脚端DI0-DI7收到从PIC18F2331相绕组和双运放LM358的电流信号,将DAC0832输出电压调整到一个适当的水平且同时提高电流驱动能力。
参考二极管LM336-2.5被用于为DAC0832提供一个精确的2.5V低电压基准。
DAC0832的CS、ILE、 WR1、WR2,、XFER等引脚控制信号来自于由如图2所示的IC74138解码器组成的逻辑电路。
Fig. 3. Schematic for DAC0832 control circuit图3 DAC0832的控制电路示意图图4显示了一个相混合式步进电机驱动电路。
国际整流器公司开发的IR2110的是高电压,高速功率MOSFET和独立的高低侧参考输出通道的IGBT驱动器。
专有的HVIC和锁存免除CMOS技术使单片式结构坚固耐用。
逻辑输入与标准的COMS 或LSTTL输出,直至3.3V逻辑相匹配。
输出驱动器具有高脉冲电流缓冲级,最低驱动器交叉传导设计。
传播延迟与简化使用在高频应用相匹配。
浮动通道可用来驱动一个N沟道功率MOSFET或运行至500到600电压的高压侧结构的IGBT。
Fig. 4 Schematic of drive circuit for one phase图4 一相驱动电路示意图混合式步进电机拥有永磁和可变磁阻步进马达共享的工作原理。
混合式步进电机的转子是多齿结构,如可变磁阻电机,包含一个绕其轴的同心轴向磁化的磁铁。
转子上的齿提供了一个路径,这有助于引导磁通量在气隙中到达首选地点。
与可变磁阻和永磁类型的特点相比较,磁的同心磁铁增加了电机特有的特点如制动,支撑和动态转矩。
根据电机的步进分级,混合动力发动机可以驱动像单极和双极电机。
混合双极步进电机由两个绕组组成,有四根电线。
与单极电机不同的是,双极电机没有中心抽头。
对不具有中心抽头的电机而言,它的优点是用电流每次通过一个完整的绕组,来代替一半绕组的电流运行。
因此,双极型混合式步进电机产生比同样大小的单极电机更多的扭矩。
与单极电机相比,双极电机的缺点是由双极电机需要更复杂的控制电路。
双极型电机绕组中的电流的流动是双向的。
这需要更改每个绕组的极性。
被称为H 桥的控制电路,是用来改变一个绕组两端的极性。
每一个双极电机有两个绕组,因此,两个H 桥控制电路需要两相混合式步进电机,如图4所示。
两相混合式步进电机绕组的两个H 桥由8个MOSFET 组成。
先进的HEXFET 功率MOSFET IRF2807国际整流器,利用先进的加工技术,以实现每硅片面积上电阻极低。
TO-220封装的IRF2807普遍成为功率损耗大约为50瓦特的商业工厂应用的首选。
低热阻和TO-220包装成本低,有助于它得到整个行业的广泛认可。
IRF2807的连续漏电流是58A 和漏源击穿电压是75V 。
一种被称为“固定关断时间”算法,用来实现绕组电流的闭环控制。
当电压施加在电机绕组,通过绕组的电流呈指数形势增加。
该电流可以被认为是瞬间电流成正比的模拟电压通过一个外部电阻。
这个电压用一个简单的RC 低通网络进行过滤,以消除高频瞬态,然后与其中一个可选择的阀值相比较。
从DIP 开关的电流信号中确定被选中的电流阈值,与所需的绕组电流峰值水平相比较。
通过选择适当的电压除以电阻和MOSFET ,可以得到任何理想的电流。
此刻的感应电压上升甚至超过选定的阈值,单稳态集成电路74LS125被触发,同时使双方输出下沉电流驱动器的固定关断时间退出优先命令状态,然后循环通过绕组的电流源晶体管和相应的二极管。
在关断超时时间的时刻,电机电流呈指数上升同时产生纹波波形。
绕组波纹幅度是关于关断时间off T 的直接函数,Rt 和Ct 值可以从下面的表达式计算得到:t t C R T off 69.03.2 驱动系统的软件开发Fig. 5 Flow chart of interrupt routine图5 中断程序流程图MPLAB集成开发环境(IDE)是由微芯片释放,集成的工具集PIC单片机和dsPIC 数字信号控制器的嵌入式应用的发展。
MPLAB IDE将运行在MS Windows32位应用程序,易于使用,包括高速开发应用的大量免费的软体结构和增压调试主机。
MPLAB IDE中,也可作为一个单一的,统一的附加微芯片和第三方软件/硬件开发工具的图形用户界面。