研究生复试《信号与系统 》英语翻译
信号系统英语词汇专业排版
信号系统英语词汇专业排版消息（Message）信息（Information）信号（Signal）电子信息科学与技术Electronic Information Science and Technology 光学工程Optical Engineering物理电子学Physical Electronics 光电检测与信息处理Optoelectric Inspecting and Information Processing传感器技术Transducer Technique光电检测技术Optoelectric Inspection Technique信号与系统Signal and System光电信息处理Opto-electric Information Processing专业外语Professional English无线光通信Free Space Optical Communication确定信号(Certain Signal)随机信号(Random Signal)周期信号(Periodic Signal)非周期信号(Aperiodic Signal)连续时间信号(Continuous Temporal Signal)离散时间信号(Discrete Temporal Signal)基函数(Primary Function)正交函数(Orthogonal Function)误差函数(Error Function)正交矢量(Orthogonal Vector)正交函数集(Orthogonal Function Set)完备正交函数集(Complete Orthogonal Functional Set) 复变函数(Complex Function)线性组合(Linear Combination最佳近似(Optimum Approximation)均方误差(Mean Square Error)相关系数(Correlation Coefficient)三角函数集(Trigonometric Functions)复指数函数集(Complex Exponent Function Set)连续信号(Continuous Signals)正弦函数Sine Functions 指数函数Exponent Functions抽样函数Sample Functions钟形脉冲函数（高斯函数）Bell Pulse Functions (Gaussian)奇异信号(Singular Signals)单位斜坡函数Unit Ramp Signal单位阶跃函数Unit Step Signal单位冲激函数δ(t)Unit Impulse Signal单位冲激偶δ'(t)Unit Impulse Coupling单位冲激偶δ'(t) (Unit Impulse C oupling)信号的时域分解与变换Decomposition and Transformation in Time Domain离散时间信号---序列Discrete Time Signal—Sequence 卷积Convolution信号的时域分解与变换Decomposition and Transformation of Signals in Time Domain将信号分解为正交函数的线性组合Decomposed into the linear combination of orthogonal functions将信号表示为阶跃信号或冲激信号之和Described as the sum of step signals and impulse signals 任意信号分解为阶跃函数之和Random signals decomposed into the sum of step functions 任意信号表示为冲激函数之和Random signals decomposed into the sum of step functions 信号的时域变换Signals’ transform in time domain信号的迭加与相乘Superposition & Multiplication信号的翻转（反褶）Turnover (Folding)常用的离散时间信号Frequently-used Sequences离散时间信号的运算Operations of Sequences单位函数序列Unit Function Sequence单位阶跃序列Unit Step Sequence矩形序列Rectangle Sequence斜变序列Ramp Sequence指数序列Exponent Sequence6、正弦序列Sine Sequence复指数序列Complex Exponent Sequence序列与标量相乘Multiplication between Sequence and Scalar 卷积的图解计算Diagram Calculation卷积的解析计算Analysis Calculation积分限的确定Determination of Integral Limits积分结果有效存在时间的确定Determination of the Effective Existing Time of the Integral Results§2.1 周期信号的频谱分析（傅立叶级数）Spectral Analysis of Periodic Signals三角形式的傅立叶级数Triangular Form Fourier Series指数傅立叶级数Exponent Form Fourier Series函数波形的对称性与傅立叶级数的关系Relation between the Symmetry of the Function Waveand Fourier Series基波角频率Fundamental Wave Angular Frequencyn次谐波角频率nth Harmonic Angular Frequency非周期信号的频谱分析?傅立叶变换FourierTransform频谱密度函数的概念Spectrum density function傅立叶正变换Fourier Transform傅立叶反变换Inverse Fourier Transform典型非周期信号的频谱Spectrum of typical aperiodicSignals线性（齐次性和迭加性）Linearity(Homogeneity &Addivity)奇偶虚实性Parity & Virtual propertyf(t)是虚函数Imaginary Functionf(t)是实奇函数Real Odd Function时移特性Time-shifting Character频移特性Frequency-shifting尺度变换特性Scale Variation Character对称特性Symmetry Character微分特性Differential Character频域微分特性Differential Character in Frequency Domain积分特性Integral Character卷积定理Convolution Theorem时域卷积定理Convolution Theorem in Time Domain 频域卷积定理Convolution Theorem in Time Domain 奇异函数的傅立叶变换：FT of S ingular Function线性（齐次性和迭加性）Linearity(Homogeneity & Addivity奇偶虚实性Parity & Virtual property实偶函数Real Even Function实奇函数Real Odd Function正弦、余弦信号的傅立叶变换Fourier Transform of Sine and Cosine Signals周期信号的傅立叶变换Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals卷积定理Convolution Theorem抽样信号的频谱Spectral of Sample Signals矩形脉冲抽样Rectangular Pulse Sampling冲激序列抽样Impulse Sequence Sampling抽样定理Sampling Theorem频域抽样定理Sampling Theorem in Frequency Domain拉普拉斯变换Laplace Transform拉普拉斯变换的收敛域Convergence Region拉普拉斯反变换Inverse Laplace Transform拉普拉斯变换的基本性质Basic Characters狄里赫利条件(Dirichlet Condition)绝对可积条件时Absolutely integrable condition双边拉普拉斯变换Bilateral Laplace Transform复频率(Complex Frequency)复频谱(Complex Frequency Spectrum)单边拉普拉斯变换Unilateral Laplace Transform复平面(s平面) Complex Plane拉氏变换的收敛域（ROC: Region of Convergence单边拉氏变换的收敛条件Convergence Condition收敛坐标(Convergence Coordinate指数阶函数Exponent Order Function时限信号Time Limited Signal部分分式法Partial Fraction真分式(Proper Fraction)重实根（Repeated Root）共轭复根（Conjugated Complex Root初值定理Initial Value Theorem终值定理Final Value TheoremZ变换Z TransformZ变换及其收敛域Z Transform and It’s ROCZ反变换Inverse Z Transform由抽样信号的拉氏变换引出Z变换Introducing ZT from LT of Sample SignalsZ变换的收敛域ROC of ZT级数收敛的充分必要条件为 Substantial and Necessary Condition of Series Convergence有限长序列Finite Length Sequence右边序列Right-lateral Sequence双边序列Double-lateral Sequence典型序列的Z变换ZT of Typical Sequence幂级数展开法（长除法）Power Series Expansion Method (Long Division Method) 部分分式展开法Partial Fraction Expansion重极点Multiple Poles系统函数System Function无失真传输 Undistorted Transmission幅度失真(Amplitude Distortion)相位失真(Phase Distortion)幅频特性(Amplitude-Frequency Character)相频特性(Phase-Frequency Character)线性失真（Linear Distortion）非线性失真（Nonlinear Distortion）低于截止频率(Cut-off Frequency)频带有限系统(Band Limited System)佩利-维纳准则 Paley-Wiener Criterion正弦积分函数(Sine Integral Function)极零点分布 Distribution of pole and zero渐近稳定Asymptotic stability不稳定 Unstability临界稳定Neutrality全通函数All Pass Function最小相移函数 Minimum Phase Shift Function波特图（Bode Chart)绘制原理 Drawing Principle自然对数(Natural Logarithm)对数增益(Logarithm Gain)相位(Phase)单位为弧度(rad, Radian)度(Degree)增益(Gain)增益的单位(Unit of Gain)功率比(Power Ratio)常用对数(Common Logarithm)分贝（deci Bel）加法器(Adder)、数乘器(Multiplier)、积分器(Integrator)线性系统模拟(Simulation of Linear System)微分器(Differentiator)并联形式 Parallel Form级联形式 Cascade Form反馈系统Feedback System信号流图 Signal Flow Diagram节点(Node)、支路(Branch)源节点Source Node（激励节点Simulation Node）阱节点Sink Node（响应节点 Response Node）混合节点Mixed Node通路(Access Circuit) 开通路(Open Circuit)前向开通路(Forward Open Circuit)环路(Loop Circuit)自环路(Self Loop Circuit)互不接触的环路(Noncontacted Loop Circuit)梅森(Mason)公式离散系统(Discrete System)数学模型(Mathmatic Model)差分方程(Difference Equation)后向差分 Backward Difference一阶后向差分 One-order Backward Difference二阶后向差分 Two-order Backward Differencex(k)的前向差分 Forward Difference一阶前向差分 One-order Forward Difference二阶前向差分Two-order Forward Difference 离散系统的描述 Description of Discrete System 费班纳西数列(Fibonacci Sequence)阶数（Order）离散时间系统的模拟 Simulation of Discrete System基本运算单元 Basic Operation Unit单位延时器(Unit Delayer)系统的模拟 Simulation of System。
信号与系统英文关键词
《信号与系统》英文关键词Continuous time signal连续时间信号discrete time signal离散时间信号determinate signal 确定性信号random signal 随机信号analog signal 模拟信号sampling signal抽样信号digital signal 数字信号homogeneous solution 通解（齐次解）particular solution 特解natural response 自由响应forced response 强迫响应zero-input response 零输入响应zero-input response 零状态响应transient response 暂态响应steady response 稳态响应complete response 完全响应linear constant-coefficient differential(difference) equation 线性常系数微分（差分）方程convolution integral 卷积积分magnitude spectrum 幅度谱phase spectrum相位谱commutative law 交换律distributive law 分配律reversal反转associative law 结合律duality（symmetrical characteristic）对称性homogeneity property齐次性superposition property叠加性scale variation property 尺度变换性linearity 线性modulation 调制demodulation解调amplitude modulation调幅(AM) frequence modulation 调频(PM) bilateral laplace transform 双边拉普拉斯变换unilateral laplace transform 单边拉普拉斯变换region of convergence 收敛域partial fraction expansion部分分式展开the inverse laplace transform拉普拉斯反变换feedback system 反馈系统analog block diagram 模拟框图signal flow graph 信号流图odd 奇数的even 偶数的harmonic 谐波components 分量bandwidth 带宽abbreviate 缩写、简称arbitrary 任意的numerator 分子denominator 分母parallel connection并联cascade connection 级联excitation 激励。
信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表
《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表第 1 章绪论信号（signal）系统（system）电压（voltage）电流（current）信息（information）电路（circuit）网络（network）确定性信号（determinate signal）随机信号（random signal）一维信号（one –dimensional signal）多维信号（multi–dimensional signal）连续时间信号（continuous time signal）离散时间信号（discrete time signal）取样信号（sampling signal）数字信号（digital signal）周期信号（periodic signal）非周期信号（nonperiodic（aperiodic）signal）能量（energy）功率（power）能量信号（energy signal）功率信号（power signal）平均功率（average power）平均能量（average energy）指数信号（exponential signal）时间常数（time constant）正弦信号（sine signal）余弦信号（cosine signal）振幅（amplitude）角频率（angular frequency）初相位（initial phase）周期（period）频率（frequency）欧拉公式（Euler’s formula）复指数信号（complex exponential signal）复频率（complex frequency）实部（real part）虚部（imaginary part）抽样函数Sa(t)（sampling（Sa）function）偶函数（even function）奇异函数（singularity function）奇异信号（singularity signal）单位斜变信号（unit ramp signal）斜率（slope）单位阶跃信号（unit step signal）符号函数（signum function）单位冲激信号（unit impulse signal）广义函数（generalized function）取样特性（sampling property）冲激偶信号（impulse doublet signal）奇函数（odd function）偶分量（even component）奇分量（odd component）正交函数（orthogonal function）正交函数集（set of orthogonal function）数学模型（mathematics model）电压源（voltage source）基尔霍夫电压定律（Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL））电流源（current source）连续时间系统（continuous time system）离散时间系统（discrete time system）微分方程（differential function）差分方程（difference function）线性系统（linear system）非线性系统（nonlinear system）时变系统（time–varying system）时不变系统（time–invariant system）集总参数系统（lumped–parameter system）分布参数系统（distributed–parameter system）偏微分方程（partial differential function）因果系统（causal system）非因果系统（noncausal system）因果信号（causal signal）叠加性（superposition property）均匀性（homogeneity）积分（integral）输入–输出描述法（input–output analysis）状态变量描述法（state variable analysis）单输入单输出系统（single–input and single–output system）状态方程（state equation）输出方程（output equation）多输入多输出系统（multi–input and multi–output system）时域分析法（time domain method）变换域分析法（transform domain method）卷积（convolution）傅里叶变换（Fourier transform）拉普拉斯变换（Laplace transform）第 2 章连续时间系统的时域分析齐次解（homogeneous solution）特解（particular solution）特征方程（characteristic function）特征根（characteristic root）固有（自由）解（natural solution）强迫解（forced solution）起始条件（original condition）初始条件（initial condition）自由响应（natural response）强迫响应（forced response）零输入响应（zero-input response）零状态响应（zero-state response）冲激响应（impulse response）阶跃响应（step response）卷积积分（convolution integral）交换律（exchange law）分配律（distribute law）结合律（combine law）第3 章傅里叶变换频谱（frequency spectrum）频域（frequency domain）三角形式的傅里叶级数（trigonomitric Fourier series）指数形式的傅里叶级数（exponential Fourier series）傅里叶系数（Fourier coefficient）直流分量（direct composition）基波分量（fundamental composition）n 次谐波分量（nth harmonic component）复振幅（complex amplitude）频谱图（spectrum plot（diagram））幅度谱（amplitude spectrum）相位谱（phase spectrum）包络（envelop）离散性（discrete property）谐波性（harmonic property）收敛性（convergence property）奇谐函数（odd harmonic function）吉伯斯现象（Gibbs phenomenon）周期矩形脉冲信号（periodic rectangular pulse signal）周期锯齿脉冲信号（periodic sawtooth pulse signal）周期三角脉冲信号（periodic triangular pulse signal）周期半波余弦信号（periodic half–cosine signal）周期全波余弦信号（periodic full–cosine signal）傅里叶逆变换（inverse Fourier transform）频谱密度函数（spectrum density function）单边指数信号（single–sided exponential signal）双边指数信号（two–sided exponential signal）对称矩形脉冲信号（symmetry rectangular pulse signal）线性（linearity）对称性（symmetry）对偶性（duality）位移特性（shifting）时移特性（time–shifting）频移特性（frequency–shifting）调制定理（modulation theorem）调制（modulation）解调（demodulation）变频（frequency conversion）尺度变换特性（scaling）微分与积分特性（differentiation and integration）时域微分特性（differentiation in the time domain）时域积分特性（integration in the time domain）频域微分特性（differentiation in the frequency domain）频域积分特性（integration in the frequency domain）卷积定理（convolution theorem）时域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the time domain）频域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the frequency domain）取样信号（sampling signal）矩形脉冲取样（rectangular pulse sampling）自然取样（nature sampling）冲激取样（impulse sampling）理想取样（ideal sampling）取样定理（sampling theorem）调制信号（modulation signal）载波信号（carrier signal）已调制信号（modulated signal）模拟调制（analog modulation）数字调制（digital modulation）连续波调制（continuous wave modulation）脉冲调制（pulse modulation）幅度调制（amplitude modulation）频率调制（frequency modulation）相位调制（phase modulation）角度调制（angle modulation）频分多路复用（frequency–division multiplex（FDM））时分多路复用（time –division multiplex（TDM））相干（同步）解调（synchronous detection）本地载波（local carrier）系统函数（system function）网络函数（network function）频响特性（frequency response）幅频特性（amplitude frequency response）相频特性（phase frequency response）无失真传输（distortionless transmission）理想低通滤波器（ideal low–pass filter）截止频率（cutoff frequency）正弦积分（sine integral）上升时间（rise time）窗函数（window function）理想带通滤波器（ideal band–pass filter）第 4 章拉普拉斯变换代数方程（algebraic equation）双边拉普拉斯变换（two-sided Laplace transform）双边拉普拉斯逆变换（inverse two-sided Laplace transform）单边拉普拉斯变换（single-sided Laplace transform）拉普拉斯逆变换（inverse Laplace transform）收敛域（region of convergence（ROC））延时特性（time delay）s 域平移特性（shifting in the s-domain）s 域微分特性（differentiation in the s-domain）s 域积分特性（integration in the s-domain）初值定理（initial-value theorem）终值定理（expiration-value）复频域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the complex frequency domain）部分分式展开法（partial fraction expansion）留数法（residue method）第 5 章策动点函数（driving function）转移函数（transfer function）极点（pole）零点（zero）零极点图（zero-pole plot）暂态响应（transient response）稳态响应（stable response）稳定系统（stable system）一阶系统（first order system）高通滤波网络（high-low filter）低通滤波网络（low-pass filter）二阶系统（second system）最小相移系统（minimum-phase system）维纳滤波器（Winner filter）卡尔曼滤波器（Kalman filter）低通（low-pass）高通（high-pass）带通（band-pass）带阻（band-stop）有源（active）无源（passive）模拟（analog）数字（digital）通带（pass-band）阻带（stop-band）佩利－维纳准则（Paley-Winner criterion）最佳逼近（optimum approximation）过渡带（transition-band）通带公差带（tolerance band）巴特沃兹滤波器（Butterworth filter）切比雪夫滤波器（Chebyshew filter）方框图（block diagram）信号流图（signal flow graph）节点（node）支路（branch）输入节点（source node）输出节点（sink node）混合节点（mix node）通路（path）开通路（open path）闭通路（close path）环路（loop）自环路（self-loop）环路增益（loop gain）不接触环路（disconnect loop）前向通路（forward path）前向通路增益（forward path gain）梅森公式（Mason formula）劳斯准则（Routh criterion）第 6 章数字系统（digital system）数字信号处理（digital signal processing）差分方程（difference equation）单位样值响应（unit sample response）卷积和（convolution sum）Z 变换（Z transform）序列（sequence）样值（sample）单位样值信号（unit sample signal）单位阶跃序列（unit step sequence）矩形序列(rectangular sequence)单边实指数序列（single sided real exponential sequence）单边正弦序列（single sided exponential sequence）斜边序列（ramp sequence）复指数序列（complex exponential sequence）线性时不变离散系统（linear time-invariant discrete-time system）常系数线性差分方程（linear constant-coefficient difference equation）后向差分方程（backward difference equation）前向差分方程（forward difference equation）海诺塔（Tower of Hanoi）菲波纳西（Fibonacci）冲激函数串（impulse train）第7 章数字滤波器（digital filter）单边Z 变换（single-sided Z transform）双边Z 变换(two-sided (bilateral) Z transform) 幂级数（power series）收敛（convergence）有界序列（limitary-amplitude sequence）正项级数（positive series）有限长序列（limitary-duration sequence）右边序列（right-sided sequence）左边序列（left-sided sequence）双边序列（two-sided sequence）Z 逆变换（inverse Z transform）围线积分法（contour integral method）幂级数展开法（power series expansion）z 域微分（differentiation in the z-domain）序列指数加权（multiplication by an exponential sequence）z 域卷积定理（z-domain convolution theorem）帕斯瓦尔定理（Parseval theorem）传输函数（transfer function）序列的傅里叶变换（discrete-time Fourier transform：DTFT）序列的傅里叶逆变换（inverse discrete-time Fourier transform：IDTFT）幅度响应（magnitude response）相位响应（phase response）量化（quantization）编码（coding）模数变换（A/D 变换：analog-to-digital conversion）数模变换（D/A 变换：digital-to- analog conversion）第8 章端口分析法（port analysis）状态变量（state variable）无记忆系统（memoryless system）有记忆系统（memory system）矢量矩阵（vector-matrix ）常量矩阵（constant matrix ）输入矢量（input vector）输出矢量（output vector）直接法（direct method）间接法（indirect method）状态转移矩阵（state transition matrix）系统函数矩阵（system function matrix）冲激响应矩阵（impulse response matrix）朱里准则（July criterion）。
信号与系统 专业英语句子
信号与系统专业英语句子Signals and Systems: A Comprehensive Overview.In the realm of engineering and science, signals and systems play a pivotal role in understanding and processing information. A signal represents a physical quantity that varies over time or space, such as an audio waveform, an image, or a time series. A system, on the other hand, is a mathematical model that transforms or processes a signal to produce an output signal. Together, signals and systems form the foundational concepts for a wide range of applications in fields such as signal processing, communications, control systems, and computer science.Signal Characteristics.Signals can be categorized based on various characteristics, including:Continuous-Time Signals: These signals are definedover a continuous time interval, meaning they can take on any value within that interval. Examples include analog audio signals and continuous waveforms.Discrete-Time Signals: These signals are defined only at specific time instances, making them suitable fordigital processing. Examples include sampled audio signals and digital images.Analog Signals: These signals represent continuous values and are typically associated with continuous-time signals. They can take on any value within a given range.Digital Signals: These signals represent discrete values and are typically associated with discrete-time signals. They can only take on specific, quantized values.System Properties.Systems are characterized by their properties, which determine how they process signals. These properties include:Linearity: A system is linear if the output signal is proportional to the input signal. In other words, the system does not introduce any distortion or nonlinearities.Time-Invariance: A system is time-invariant if the output signal is the same regardless of when the input signal is applied. In other words, the system's behavior does not change over time.Stability: A system is stable if its output signal remains bounded for all bounded input signals. In other words, the system does not amplify or oscillate uncontrollably.Signal Processing.Signal processing involves manipulating and transforming signals to extract useful information or achieve specific objectives. Common signal processing techniques include:Filtering: Removing or isolating specific frequency components from a signal.Smoothing: Averaging out variations in a signal to reduce noise or distortion.Compression: Reducing the size of a signal while preserving its essential information.Demodulation: Recovering the original signal from a modulated carrier signal.Applications of Signals and Systems.Signals and systems have innumerable applications across various domains:Communications: Designing and implementing communication systems for transmitting and receiving information, such as wireless networks and optical fiber systems.Control Systems: Designing and analyzing systems that automatically control physical processes, such asindustrial machinery and robotics.Signal Processing: Developing algorithms and techniques for processing signals to improve their quality, extract information, or extract features.Image Processing: Analyzing and manipulating digital images for object recognition, medical imaging, and computer graphics.Speech Processing: Analyzing, synthesizing, and recognizing human speech for applications such as voice recognition and speech synthesis.Mathematical Tools.The mathematical tools used in the analysis and synthesis of signals and systems include:Fourier Transform: Decomposes a signal into itsfrequency components.Laplace Transform: Represents a signal in the complex frequency domain.Z-Transform: Represents a discrete-time signal in the complex frequency domain.Linear Algebra: Models systems as matrices and uses matrix operations to analyze their behavior.Differential Equations: Describes the dynamics of continuous-time systems.Conclusion.Signals and systems are essential concepts that underpin a wide range of technological advancements and scientific discoveries. By understanding the characteristics and properties of signals and systems, engineers and scientists can design and implement sophisticated systems for processing and analyzinginformation, enabling breakthroughs in communication, control, signal processing, and many other fields.。
信号与系统英文专业词
信号与系统英文专业词signal and system 信号与系统 digital signal 数字信号 exponential 指数级数analog signal 模拟信号 generalized 广义级数 exponential signal 指数信号Fourier transform 傅立叶变换 sine signal 正弦信号 (DFT) discrete Fourier transform 离散傅立叶变换 cosine signal 余弦信号angular frequency 角频率region of convergence 收敛域axis （Abscissa ）of convergence 收敛轴（坐标）effective value 有效值discontinous point 间断点（不连续点）rational fraction 有理分式initial state 初始状态linear system 线性系统original state 起始状态nonlinear system 非线性系统time-shifting property 时移特性time –invariant system 时不变系统odd function 奇函数time-varying system 时变系统even function 偶数函continuous-time system 连续时间系统odd harmonic function 奇谐函数discrete-time system 离散时间系统singularity function 奇异函数lumped-parameter system 集总参数系统sampling function 抽样函数transform function 象函数sampling （frequency ） rate 抽样频率spectrum function 频谱函数interval sampling 抽样间隔spectrum density function 频谱密度函数time domain sampling 时域抽样network 网络函数unit impulse signal 单位冲激信号orthogonal component 正交分量exponential sequence 指数序列statetrajectory 状态轨迹sinusoidal sequence正弦序列statetransition matrix状态转移矩阵complex exponential sequence复指数序列convolution 卷积periodic sequence周期序列convolution sum 卷积和finite length sequence有限长序列convolution integral卷积积分dingle （one ） sided z transform单边Z 变换 bilateral (two-sided) z transform双边Z 变换 Routh criterion罗斯判据system function系统函数sample 样值frequency domain sampling频域抽样all-pass function全通函数impulse sampling冲激抽样minimum-phase function最小相移函数iteration method迭代法函数 signum function符号（正负号）Euler’s formula欧拉公式real part实部real axis实轴envelop 包络线periodic signal 周期信号energy signal 能量信号nonperiodic （aperiodic ）signal 非周期信号power signal功率信号eterminate signal 确定性信号dstep signal 阶跃信号random signal 随机信号 unit step signal 单位阶跃信号continuous （time ）signal 连续（时间）信号Fourier series傅立叶级数 disctete （time ）signal 离散（时间）信号trigonometric 三角级数system 分布参数系统 distributed-parameterimpulse function 冲激函数instantaneous system 即时系统 unit impulse function 单位冲激函数 dynamic system 动态系统Dirac’s function 狄拉克函数 stable system 稳定系统 driving point function 策动点函数nonstable system 不稳定系统orginal function 原函数 marginally stable system临界稳定系统 complex exponential signal复指数信号 natural frequency固有（自然）频率 ramp signal 斜变信号 cut-off frequency 截止频率 rectangular pulse signal 矩形脉冲信号frequency domain 频域 triangular pulse signal 三角形脉冲信号 frequency domain analysis 频域分析 sawtooth wave signal 锯齿波信号 complex frequency domain 复频域 Gaussian signal 高斯（钟形脉冲）信号 frequency-shifting property 频移特性raised cosine roll-off signal 升余弦信号 zero-pole plot(diagram) 零极点图raised cosine roll-off signal 升余弦滚降信号 orthogonal 正交 impulsesignal 冲激信号 complete set of orthogonal function 完备正交函数集。
《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表(20200705175237)
《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表第 1 章绪论信号（signal）系统（system）电压（voltage）电流（current）信息（information）电路（circuit）网络（network）确定性信号（determinate signal）随机信号（random signal）一维信号（one–dimensional signal）多维信号（multi–dimensional signal）连续时间信号（continuous time signal）离散时间信号（discrete time signal）取样信号（sampling signal）数字信号（digital signal）周期信号（periodic signal）非周期信号（nonperiodic（aperiodic） signal）能量（energy）功率（power）能量信号（energy signal）功率信号（power signal）平均功率（average power）平均能量（average energy）指数信号（exponential signal）时间常数（time constant）正弦信号（sine signal）余弦信号（cosine signal）振幅（amplitude）角频率（angular frequency）初相位（initial phase）周期（period）频率（frequency）欧拉公式（Euler’s formula）复指数信号（complex exponential signal）复频率（complex frequency）实部（real part）虚部（imaginary part）抽样函数 Sa(t)（sampling（Sa） function）偶函数（even function）奇异函数（singularity function）奇异信号（singularity signal）单位斜变信号（unit ramp signal）斜率（slope）单位阶跃信号（unit step signal）符号函数（signum function）单位冲激信号（unit impulse signal）广义函数（generalized function）取样特性（sampling property）冲激偶信号（impulse doublet signal）奇函数（odd function）偶分量（even component）奇分量（odd component）正交函数（orthogonal function）正交函数集（set of orthogonal function）数学模型（mathematics model）电压源（voltage source）基尔霍夫电压定律（Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL））电流源（current source）连续时间系统（continuous time system）离散时间系统（discrete time system）微分方程（differential function）差分方程（difference function）线性系统（linear system）非线性系统（nonlinear system）时变系统（time–varying system）时不变系统（time–invariant system）集总参数系统（lumped–parameter system）分布参数系统（distributed–parameter system）偏微分方程（partial differential function）因果系统（causal system）非因果系统（noncausal system）因果信号（causal signal）叠加性（superposition property）均匀性（homogeneity）积分（integral）输入–输出描述法（input–output analysis）状态变量描述法（state variable analysis）单输入单输出系统（single–input and single–output system）状态方程（state equation）输出方程（output equation）多输入多输出系统（multi–input and multi–output system）时域分析法（time domain method）变换域分析法（transform domain method）卷积（convolution）傅里叶变换（Fourier transform）拉普拉斯变换（Laplace transform）第 2 章连续时间系统的时域分析齐次解（homogeneous solution）特解（particular solution）特征方程（characteristic function）特征根（characteristic root）固有（自由）解（natural solution）强迫解（forced solution）起始条件（original condition）初始条件（initial condition）自由响应（natural response）强迫响应（forced response）零输入响应（zero-input response）零状态响应（zero-state response）冲激响应（impulse response）阶跃响应（step response）卷积积分（convolution integral）交换律（exchange law）分配律（distribute law）结合律（combine law）第3 章傅里叶变换频谱（frequency spectrum）频域（frequency domain）三角形式的傅里叶级数（trigonomitric Fourier series）指数形式的傅里叶级数（exponential Fourier series）傅里叶系数（Fourier coefficient）直流分量（direct composition）基波分量（fundamental composition） n 次谐波分量（nth harmonic component）复振幅（complex amplitude）频谱图（spectrum plot（diagram））幅度谱（amplitude spectrum）相位谱（phase spectrum）包络（envelop）离散性（discrete property）谐波性（harmonic property）收敛性（convergence property）奇谐函数（odd harmonic function）吉伯斯现象（Gibbs phenomenon）周期矩形脉冲信号（periodic rectangular pulse signal）周期锯齿脉冲信号（periodic sawtooth pulse signal）周期三角脉冲信号（periodic triangular pulse signal）周期半波余弦信号（periodic half–cosine signal）周期全波余弦信号（periodic full–cosine signal）傅里叶逆变换（inverse Fourier transform）频谱密度函数（spectrum density function）单边指数信号（single–sided exponential signal）双边指数信号（two–sided exponential signal）对称矩形脉冲信号（symmetry rectangular pulse signal）线性（linearity）对称性（symmetry）对偶性（duality）位移特性（shifting）时移特性（time–shifting）频移特性（frequency–shifting）调制定理（modulation theorem）调制（modulation）解调（demodulation）变频（frequency conversion）尺度变换特性（scaling）微分与积分特性（differentiation and integration）时域微分特性（differentiation in the time domain）时域积分特性（integration in the time domain）频域微分特性（differentiation in the frequency domain）频域积分特性（integration in the frequency domain）卷积定理（convolution theorem）时域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the time domain）频域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the frequency domain）取样信号（sampling signal）矩形脉冲取样（rectangular pulse sampling）自然取样（nature sampling）冲激取样（impulse sampling）理想取样（ideal sampling）取样定理（sampling theorem）调制信号（modulation signal）载波信号（carrier signal）已调制信号（modulated signal）模拟调制（analog modulation）数字调制（digital modulation）连续波调制（continuous wave modulation）脉冲调制（pulse modulation）幅度调制（amplitude modulation）频率调制（frequency modulation）相位调制（phase modulation）角度调制（angle modulation）频分多路复用（frequency–division multiplex（FDM））时分多路复用（time–division multiplex （TDM））相干（同步）解调（synchronous detection）本地载波（local carrier）系统函数（system function）网络函数（network function）频响特性（frequency response）幅频特性（amplitude frequency response）相频特性（phase frequency response）无失真传输（distortionless transmission）理想低通滤波器（ideal low–pass filter）截止频率（cutoff frequency）正弦积分（sine integral）上升时间（rise time）窗函数（window function）理想带通滤波器（ideal band–pass filter）第 4 章拉普拉斯变换代数方程（algebraic equation）双边拉普拉斯变换（two-sided Laplace transform）双边拉普拉斯逆变换（inverse two-sided Laplace transform）单边拉普拉斯变换（single-sided Laplace transform）拉普拉斯逆变换（inverse Laplace transform）收敛域（region of convergence（ROC））延时特性（time delay）s 域平移特性（shifting in the s-domain）s 域微分特性（differentiation in the s-domain） s 域积分特性（integration in the s-domain）初值定理（initial-value theorem）终值定理（expiration-value）复频域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the complex frequency domain）部分分式展开法（partial fraction expansion）留数法（residue method）第 5 章策动点函数（driving function）转移函数（transfer function）极点（pole）零点（zero）零极点图（zero-pole plot）暂态响应（transient response）稳态响应（stable response）稳定系统（stable system）一阶系统（first order system）高通滤波网络（high-low filter）低通滤波网络（low-pass filter）二阶系统（second system）最小相移系统（minimum-phase system）维纳滤波器（Winner filter）卡尔曼滤波器（Kalman filter）低通（low-pass）高通（high-pass）带通（band-pass）带阻（band-stop）有源（active）无源（passive）模拟（analog）数字（digital）通带（pass-band）阻带（stop-band）佩利－维纳准则（Paley-Winner criterion）最佳逼近（optimum approximation）过渡带（transition-band）通带公差带（tolerance band）巴特沃兹滤波器（Butterworth filter）切比雪夫滤波器（Chebyshew filter）方框图（block diagram）信号流图（signal flow graph）节点（node）支路（branch）输入节点（source node）输出节点（sink node）混合节点（mix node）通路（path）开通路（open path）闭通路（close path）环路（loop）自环路（self-loop）环路增益（loop gain）不接触环路（disconnect loop）前向通路（forward path）前向通路增益（forward path gain）梅森公式（Mason formula）劳斯准则（Routh criterion）第 6 章数字系统（digital system）数字信号处理（digital signal processing）差分方程（difference equation）单位样值响应（unit sample response）卷积和（convolution sum）Z 变换（Z transform）序列（sequence）样值（sample）单位样值信号（unit sample signal）单位阶跃序列（unit step sequence）矩形序列 (rectangular sequence)单边实指数序列（single sided real exponential sequence）单边正弦序列（single sided exponential sequence）斜边序列（ramp sequence）复指数序列（complex exponential sequence）线性时不变离散系统（linear time-invariant discrete-time system）常系数线性差分方程（linear constant-coefficient difference equation）后向差分方程（backward difference equation）前向差分方程（forward difference equation）海诺塔（Tower of Hanoi）菲波纳西（Fibonacci）冲激函数串（impulse train）第 7 章数字滤波器（digital filter）单边 Z 变换（single-sided Z transform）双边 Z 变换(two-sided (bilateral) Z transform) 幂级数（power series）收敛（convergence）有界序列（limitary-amplitude sequence）正项级数（positive series）有限长序列（limitary-duration sequence）右边序列（right-sided sequence）左边序列（left-sided sequence）双边序列（two-sided sequence） Z 逆变换（inverse Z transform）围线积分法（contour integral method）幂级数展开法（power series expansion） z 域微分（differentiation in the z-domain）序列指数加权（multiplication by an exponential sequence） z 域卷积定理（z-domain convolution theorem）帕斯瓦尔定理（Parseval theorem）传输函数（transfer function）序列的傅里叶变换（discrete-time Fourier transform：DTFT）序列的傅里叶逆变换（inverse discrete-time Fourier transform：IDTFT）幅度响应（magnitude response）相位响应（phase response）量化（quantization）编码（coding）模数变换（A/D 变换：analog-to-digital conversion）数模变换（D/A 变换：digital-to- analog conversion）第 8 章端口分析法（port analysis）状态变量（state variable）无记忆系统（memoryless system）有记忆系统（memory system）矢量矩阵（vector-matrix ）常量矩阵（constant matrix ）输入矢量（input vector）输出矢量（output vector）直接法（direct method）间接法（indirect method）状态转移矩阵（state transition matrix）系统函数矩阵（system function matrix）冲激响应矩阵（impulse response matrix）朱里准则（July criterion）。
《信号与系统》信号术语中英文对照
AAbsolutely integrable 绝对可积Absolutely integrable impulse response 绝对可积冲激响应Absolutely summable 绝对可和Absolutely summable impulse response 绝对可和冲激响应Accumulator 累加器Acoustic 声学Adder 加法器Additivity property 可加性Aliasing 混叠现象All-pass systems 全通系统AM (Amplitude modulation ) 幅度调制Amplifier 放大器Amplitude modulation (AM) 幅度调制Amplitude-scaling factor 幅度放大因子Analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter 模数转换器Analysis equation 分析公式（方程）Angel (phase) of complex number 复数的角度（相位）Angle criterion 角判据Angle modulation 角度调制Anticausality 反因果Aperiodic 非周期Aperiodic convolution 非周期卷积Aperiodic signal 非周期信号Asynchronous 异步的Audio systems 音频（声音）系统Autocorrelation functions 自相关函数Automobile suspension system 汽车减震系统Averaging system 平滑系统BBand-limited 带（宽）限的Band-limited input signals 带限输入信号Band-limited interpolation 带限内插Bandpass filters 带通滤波器Bandpass signal 带通信号Bandpass-sampling techniques 带通采样技术Bandwidth 带宽Bartlett (triangular) window 巴特利特（三角形）窗Bilateral Laplace transform 双边拉普拉斯变换Bilinear 双线性的Bilinear transformation 双线性变换Bit （二进制）位，比特Block diagrams 方框图Bode plots 波特图Bounded 有界限的Break frequency 折转频率Butterworth filters 巴特沃斯滤波器C“Chirp” transform algorithm“鸟声”变换算法Capacitor 电容器Carrier 载波Carrier frequency 载波频率Carrier signal 载波信号Cartesian (rectangular) form 直角坐标形式Cascade (series) interconnection 串联，级联Cascade-form 串联形式Causal LTI system 因果的线性时不变系统Channel 信道，频道Channel equalization 信道均衡Chopper amplifier 斩波器放大器Closed-loop 闭环Closed-loop poles 闭环极点Closed-loop system 闭环系统Closed-loop system function 闭环系统函数Coefficient multiplier 系数乘法器Coefficients 系数Communications systems 通信系统Commutative property 交换性（交换律）Compensation for nonideal elements 非理想元件的补偿Complex conjugate 复数共轭Complex exponential carrier 复指数载波Complex exponential signals 复指数信号Complex exponential(s) 复指数Complex numbers 复数Conditionally stable systems 条件稳定系统Conjugate symmetry 共轭对称Conjugation property 共轭性质Continuous-time delay 连续时间延迟Continuous-time filter 连续时间滤波器Continuous-time Fourier series 连续时间傅立叶级数Continuous-time Fourier transform 连续时间傅立叶变换Continuous-time signals 连续时间信号Continuous-time systems 连续时间系统Continuous-to-discrete-time conversion 连续时间到离散时间转换Convergence 收敛Convolution 卷积Convolution integral 卷积积分Convolution property 卷积性质Convolution sum 卷积和Correlation function 相关函数Critically damped systems 临界阻尼系统Crosss-correlation functions 互相关函数Cutoff frequencies 截至频率DDamped sinusoids 阻尼正弦振荡Damping ratio 阻尼系数Dc offset 直流偏移Dc sequence 直流序列Deadbeat feedback systems 临界阻尼反馈系统Decibels (dB) 分贝Decimation 抽取Decimation and interpolation 抽取和内插Degenerative (negative) feedback 负反馈Delay 延迟Delay time 延迟时间Demodulation 解调Difference equations 差分方程Differencing property 差分性质Differential equations 微分方程Differentiating filters 微分滤波器Differentiation property 微分性质Differentiator 微分器Digital-to-analog (D-to-A) converter 数模转换器Direct Form I realization 直接I型实现Direct form II realization 直接II型实现Direct-form 直接型Dirichlet conditions 狄里赫利条件Dirichlet, P.L. 狄里赫利Discontinuities 间断点，不连续Discrete-time filters 离散时间滤波器Discrete-time Fourier series 离散时间傅立叶级数Discrete-time Fourier series pair 离散时间傅立叶级数对Discrete-time Fourier transform （DFT）离散时间傅立叶变换Discrete-time LTI filters 离散时间线性时不变滤波器Discrete-time modulation 离散时间调制Discrete-time nonrecursive filters 离散时间非递归滤波器Discrete-time signals 离散时间信号Discrete-time systems 离散时间系统Discrete-time to continuous-time conversion 离散时间到连续时间转换Dispersion 弥撒（现象）Distortion 扭曲，失真Distribution theory（property）分配律Dominant time constant 主时间常数Double-sideband modulation (DSB) 双边带调制Downsampling 减采样Duality 对偶性EEcho 回波Eigenfunctions 特征函数Eigenvalue 特征值Elliptic filters 椭圆滤波器Encirclement property 围线性质End points 终点Energy of signals 信号的能量Energy-density spectrum 能量密度谱Envelope detector 包络检波器Envelope function 包络函数Equalization 均衡化Equalizer circuits 均衡器电路Equation for closed-loop poles 闭环极点方程Euler, L. 欧拉Euler’s relation欧拉关系（公式）Even signals 偶信号Exponential signals 指数信号Exponentials 指数FFast Fourier transform (FFT) 快速傅立叶变换Feedback 反馈Feedback interconnection 反馈联结Feedback path 反馈路径Filter(s) 滤波器Final-value theorem 终值定理Finite impulse response (FIR) 有限长脉冲响应Finite impulse response (FIR) filters 有限长脉冲响应滤波器Finite sum formula 有限项和公式Finite-duration signals 有限长信号First difference 一阶差分First harmonic components 基波分量（一次谐波分量）First-order continuous-time systems 一阶连续时间系统 First-order discrete-time systems 一阶离散时间系统 First-order recursive discrete-time filters 一阶递归离散时间滤波器 First-order systems 一阶系统 Forced response 受迫响应 Forward path 正向通路 Fourier series 傅立叶级数 Fourier transform 傅立叶变换 Fourier transform pairs 傅立叶变换对Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph 傅立叶（法国数学家，物理学家） Frequency response频率响应Frequency response of LTI systems线性时不变系统的频率响应Frequency scaling of continuous-time Fourier transform连续时间傅立叶变化的频率尺度（变换性质） Frequency shift keying (FSK) 频移键控 Frequency shifting property频移性质 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) 频分多路复用 Frequency-domain characterization 频域特征 Frequency-selective filter 频率选择滤波器 Frequency-shaping filters 频率成型滤波器 Fundamental components基波分量Fundamental frequency 基波频率Fundamental period 基波周期GGain 增益Gain and phase margin 增益和相位裕度General complex exponentials 一般复指数信号Generalized functions 广义函数Gibbs phenomenon 吉伯斯现象Group delay 群延迟HHalf-sample delay 半采样间隔时延Hanning window 汉宁窗Harmonic analyzer 谐波分析议Harmonic components 谐波分量Harmonically related 谐波关系Heat propagation and diffusion 热传播和扩散现象Higher order holds 高阶保持Highpass filter 高通滤波器Highpass-to-lowpass transformations 高通到低通变换Hilbert transform 希尔波特滤波器Homogeneity (scaling) property 齐次性（比例性）IIdeal 理想的Ideal bandstop characteristic 理想带阻特征Ideal frequency-selective filter 理想频率选择滤波器Idealization 理想化Identity system 恒等系统Imaginary part 虚部Impulse response 冲激响应Impulse train 冲激串Incrementally linear systems 增量线性系统Independent variable 独立变量Infinite impulse response (IIR) 无限长脉冲响应Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters 无限长脉冲响应滤波器Infinite sum formula 无限项和公式Infinite taylor series 无限项泰勒级数Initial-value theorem 初值定理Inpulse-train sampling 冲激串采样Instantaneous 瞬时的Instantaneous frequency 瞬时频率Integration in time-domain 时域积分Integration property 积分性质Integrator 积分器Interconnection 互联Intermediate-frequency (IF) stage 中频级Intersymbol interference (ISI) 码间干扰Inverse Fourier transform 傅立叶反变换Inverse Laplace transform 拉普拉斯反变换Inverse LTI system 逆线性时不变系统Inverse system design 逆系统设计Inverse z-transform z反变换Inverted pendulum 倒立摆Invertibility of LTI systems 线性时不变系统的可逆性Invertible systems 逆系统LLag network 滞后网络Lagrange, J.L. 拉格朗日（法国数学家，力学家）Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换Laplace, P.S. de 拉普拉斯（法国天文学家，数学家）lead network 超前网络left-half plane 左半平面left-sided signal 左边信号Linear 线性Linear constant-coefficient difference线性常系数差分方程equationsLinear constant-coefficient differential线性常系数微分方程equationsLinear feedback systems 线性反馈系统Linear interpolation 线性插值Linearity 线性性Log magnitude-phase diagram 对数幅－相图Log-magnitude plots 对数模图Lossless coding 无损失码Lowpass filters 低通滤波器Lowpass-to-highpass transformation 低通到高通的转换LTI system response 线性时不变系统响应LTI systems analysis 线性时不变系统分析MMagnitude and phase 幅度和相位Matched filter 匹配滤波器Measuring devices 测量仪器Memory 记忆Memoryless systems 无记忆系统Modulating signal 调制信号Modulation 调制Modulation index 调制指数Modulation property 调制性质Moving-average filters 移动平均滤波器Multiplexing 多路技术Multiplication property 相乘性质Multiplicities 多样性NNarrowband 窄带Narrowband frequency modulation 窄带频率调制Natural frequency 自然响应频率Natural response 自然响应Negative (degenerative) feedback 负反馈Nonanticipatibe system 不超前系统Noncausal averaging system 非因果平滑系统Nonideal 非理想的Nonideal filters 非理想滤波器Nonmalized functions 归一化函数Nonrecursive 非递归Nonrecursive filters 非递归滤波器Nonrecursive linear constant-coefficient 非递归线性常系数差分方程difference equationsNyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率Nyquist rate 奈奎斯特率Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定性判据OOdd harmonic 奇次谐波Odd signal 奇信号Open-loop 开环Open-loop frequency response 开环频率响应Open-loop system 开环系统Operational amplifier 运算放大器Orthogonal functions 正交函数Orthogonal signals 正交信号Oscilloscope 示波器Overdamped system 过阻尼系统Oversampling 过采样Overshoot 超量PParallel interconnection 并联Parallel-form block diagrams 并联型框图Parity check 奇偶校验检查Parseval’s relatio n 帕斯伐尔关系（定理）Partial-fraction expansion 部分分式展开Particular and homogeneous solution 特解和齐次解Passband 通频带Passband edge 通带边缘Passband frequency 通带频率Passband ripple 通带起伏（或波纹）Pendulum 钟摆Percent modulation 调制百分数Periodic 周期的Periodic complex exponentials 周期复指数Periodic convolution 周期卷积Periodic signals 周期信号Periodic square wave 周期方波Periodic square-wave modulating signal 周期方波调制信号Periodic train of impulses 周期冲激串Phase (angle) of complex number 复数相位（角度）Phase lag 相位滞后Phase lead 相位超前Phase margin 相位裕度Phase shift 相移Phase-reversal 相位倒置Phase modulation 相位调制Plant 工厂Polar form 极坐标形式Poles 极点Pole-zero plot(s) 零极点图Polynomials 多项式Positive (regenerative) feedback 正（再生）反馈Power of signals 信号功率Power-series expansion method 幂级数展开的方法Principal-phase function 主值相位函数Proportional (P) control 比例控制Proportional feedback system 比例反馈系统Proportional-plus-derivative 比例加积分Proportional-plus-derivative feedback 比例加积分反馈Proportional-plus-integral-plus-differential比例－积分－微分控制(PID) controlPulse-amplitude modulation 脉冲幅度调制Pulse-code modulation 脉冲编码调制Pulse-train carrier 冲激串载波QQuadrature distortion 正交失真Quadrature multiplexing 正交多路复用Quality of circuit 电路品质（因数）RRaised consine frequency response 升余弦频率响应Rational frequency responses 有理型频率响应Rational transform 有理变换RC highpass filter RC 高阶滤波器RC lowpass filter RC 低阶滤波器Real 实数Real exponential signals 实指数信号Real part 实部Rectangular (Cartesian) form 直角（卡笛儿）坐标形式Rectangular pulse 矩形脉冲Rectangular pulse signal 矩形脉冲信号Rectangular window 矩形窗口Recursive (infinite impulse response) filters 递归（无时限脉冲响应）滤波器Recursive linear constant-coefficient递归的线性常系数差分方程difference equationsRegenerative (positive) feedback 再生（正）反馈Region of comvergence 收敛域right-sided signal 右边信号Rise time 上升时间Root-locus analysis 根轨迹分析（方法）Running sum 动求和SS domain S域Sampled-data feedback systems 采样数据反馈系统Sampled-data systems 采样数据系统Sampling 采样Sampling frequency 采样频率Sampling function 采样函数Sampling oscilloscope 采样示波器Sampling period 采样周期Sampling theorem 采样定理Scaling (homogeneity) property 比例性（齐次性）性质Scaling in z domain z域尺度变换Scrambler 扰频器Second harmonic components 二次谐波分量Second-order 二阶Second-order continuous-time system 二阶连续时间系统Second-order discrete-time system 二阶离散时间系统Second-order systems 二阶系统sequence 序列Series (cascade) interconnection 级联（串联）Sifting property 筛选性质Sinc functions sinc函数Single-sideband 单边带Single-sideband sinusoidal amplitude单边带正弦幅度调制modulationSingularity functions 奇异函数Sinusoidal 正弦（信号）Sinusoidal amplitude modulation 正弦幅度调制Sinusoidal carrier 正弦载波Sinusoidal frequency modulation 正弦频率调制Sliding 滑动Spectral coefficient 频谱系数Spectrum 频谱Speech scrambler 语音加密器S-plane S平面Square wave 方波Stability 稳定性Stabilization of unstable systems 不稳定系统的稳定性（度）Step response 阶跃响应Step-invariant transformation 阶跃响应不定的变换Stopband 阻带Stopband edge 阻带边缘Stopband frequency 阻带频率Stopband ripple 阻带起伏（或波纹）Stroboscopic effect 频闪响应Summer 加法器Superposition integral 叠加积分Superposition property 叠加性质Superposition sum 叠加和Suspension system 减震系统Symmetric periodic 周期对称Symmetry 对称性Synchronous 同步的Synthesis equation 综合方程System function(s) 系统方程TTable of properties 性质列表Taylor series 泰勒级数Time 时间，时域Time advance property of unilateral单边z变换的时间超前性质z-transformTime constants 时间常数Time delay property of unilateral单边z变换的时间延迟性质z-transformTime expansion property 时间扩展性质Time invariance 时间变量Time reversal property 时间反转（反褶）性Time scaling property 时间尺度变换性Time shifting property 时移性质Time window 时间窗口Time-division multiplexing (TDM) 时分复用Time-domain 时域Time-domain properties 时域性质Tracking system (s) 跟踪系统Transfer function 转移函数transform pairs 变换对Transformation 变换（变形）Transition band 过渡带Transmodulation (transmultiplexing) 交叉调制Triangular (Barlett) window 三角型（巴特利特）窗口Trigonometric series 三角级数Two-sided signal 双边信号Type l feedback system l 型反馈系统UUint impulse response 单位冲激响应Uint ramp function 单位斜坡函数Undamped natural frequency 无阻尼自然相应Undamped system 无阻尼系统Underdamped systems 欠阻尼系统Undersampling 欠采样Unilateral 单边的Unilateral Laplace transform 单边拉普拉斯变换Unilateral z-transform 单边z变换Unit circle 单位圆Unit delay 单位延迟Unit doublets 单位冲激偶Unit impulse 单位冲激Unit step functions 单位阶跃函数Unit step response 单位阶跃响应Unstable systems 不稳定系统Unwrapped phase 展开的相位特性Upsampling 增采样VVariable 变量WWalsh functions 沃尔什函数Wave 波形Wavelengths 波长Weighted average 加权平均Wideband 宽带Wideband frequency modulation 宽带频率调制Windowing 加窗zZ domain z域Zero force equalizer 置零均衡器Zero-Input response 零输入响应Zero-Order hold 零阶保持Zeros of Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换的零点Zero-state response 零状态响应z-transform z变换z-transform pairs z变换对。
275个信号与系统常用词汇中英文对照表
275个信号与系统常用词汇中英文对照表序号英文词汇中文翻译1 Absolutely summable impulse response 绝对可和的冲激响应2 Absolutely integrable impulse response 绝对积的冲激响应3 Accumulation property 累加性质4 Adder 加法器5 Additivity 可加性6 Aliasing 混叠7 Allpass system 全通系统8 Amplitude Modulation(AM) 幅度调制9 Amplifier 放大器10 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 模数转换11 Analysis equation 分析方程12 Aperiodic signal 非周期性信号13 Associative property 结合性质14 Audio system 音频系统15 Autocorrelation function 自相关函数16 Band-limited signal 带限信号17 Band-limited interpolation 带限内插18 Bandpass filter 带通滤波器19 Bandpass-sampling technique 带通抽样方法20 Bandpass signal 带通信号21 Bandwidth of an LTI system 线性时不变系统的带宽22 Bilinear transformation 双线性变换23 Block diagram 方框图24 Bode plot 波特图25 Butterworth filter 巴特沃斯滤波器26 Carrier frequency 载波频率27 Carrier signal 载波信号28 Cartesian (rectangular) form for complex number 复数的笛卡尔（直角坐标）形式29 Cascade-form block diagram 级联型方框图30 Cascade (series) interconnection 级联连接31 Causal LTI system 因果的线性时不变系统32 Channel equalization 信道均衡33 """Chirp"" transform algorithm" 线性调频变换算法34 Closed-loop system 闭环系统35 Coefficient multiplier 系数乘法器36 Communication system 通信系统37 Commutative property 交换性质38 Complex conjugate 复共轭39 Complex exponential 复指数40 Complex number 复数41 Continuous-time signal 连续时间信号42 Conjugate symmetry 共轭对称性43 Conjugation property 共轭性质44 Continuous-time Fourier series 连续时间傅里叶级数45 Continuous-time Fourier transform 连续时间傅里叶变换46 Continuous-time system 连续时间系统47 Convolution integral 卷积积分48 Convolution sum 卷积和49 Correlation function 相关函数50 Cross-correlation function 互相关函数51 Cutoff frequency 截止频率52 Digital signal 数字信号53 Demodulation 解调54 Discrete-time 离散时间55 Discrete-time Fourier series 离散傅里叶级数56 Distributive property 分配性质57 Damped sinusoid 阻尼正弦波58 Damping ratio 阻尼比59 DC offset 直流偏置60 Decibel (dB) 分贝61 Delay 延迟62 Delay time 延时63 Difference 差分64 Discrete-time Fourier series 离散时间傅里叶级数65 Discrete-time Fourier transform 离散时间傅里叶变换66 Differential equation 微分方程67 Differentiation 微分68 Digital-to-Analog converter 数模转换器69 Direct FormⅠrealization 直接Ⅰ型实现70 Direct FormⅡrealization 直接Ⅱ型实现71 Dirichlet conditions 狄里赫利条件72 Discontinuity 不连续73 Discrete-time Modulation 离散时间调制74 Discrete-time signal 离散时间信号75 Decimation 抽取76 Discrete-time system 离散时间系统77 Distortion 失真78 Distributive property 分配性质79 Double-sideband modulation 双边带调制80 Downsampling 降率抽样81 Duality 对偶性82 Eigenfunction 特征函数83 Eigenvalue 特征值84 Elliptic filter 椭圆滤波器85 Energy-density spectrum 能量密度谱86 Envelope 包络线87 Equalization 均衡88 Euler's relation 欧拉关系89 Exponential 指数函数90 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 快速傅里叶变换91 Feedback 反馈92 Feedback interconnection 反馈互联93 Filter 滤波器94 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) 有限冲激响应95 Forward path 前向通路96 Frequency-selective 频率选择97 Frequency-shaping 频率整形98 Final-value theorem 终值定理99 Finite-duration signal 有限持续时间信号,100 First harmonic component 一次谐波分量101 First-order continuous-time system 一阶连续时间系统102 First-order discrete-time system 一阶离散时间系统103 Forced response 强迫响应104 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) 频分复用105 Frequency response 频率响应106 Frequency scaling 频率尺度变换107 Frequency shifting property 频移性质108 Fundamental frequency 基本频率109 Fundamental period 基本周期110 Gain 增益111 General complex exponential 普通的复指数函数112 Generalized function 广义函数113 Gibbs phenomenon 吉布斯现象114 Group delay 群延时115 Hanning window 汉宁窗116 Harmonic analyzer 谐波分析器117 Harmonic component 谐波分量118 Highpass filter 高通滤波器119 Hilbert transform 希尔伯特变换120 Ideal frequency-selective filter 理想频率选择滤波器121 Image processing 图像处理122 Imaginary part 虚部123 Impulse response 冲激响应124 Impulse train 冲激串125 Impulse-train sampling 冲激串抽样126 Incrementally linear system 增量线性系统127 Independent variable 独立变量,自变量128 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) 无限冲激响应129 Initial-value theorem 初值定理130 Instantaneous frequency 瞬时频率131 Integral 积分132 Integration property 积分性质133 Integrator 积分器134 Interconnection 互联135 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system 线性时不变系统136 Interpolation 内插137 Inverse Fourier transform 逆傅里叶变换138 Inverse Laplace transform 逆拉普拉斯变换139 Inverse system 逆系统140 Inverse z-transform 逆z变换141 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换142 Left-half plane 左半平面143 Left-sided signal 左边信号144 Linear constant-coefficient differential equation 线性常系数微分方程145 Linear constant-coefficient difference equation 线性常系数差分方程146 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) 有限冲激响应147 Linear feedback system 线性反馈系统148 Linear interpolation 线性内插149 Linearity 线性150 Lowpass filter 低通滤波器151 Lowpass-to-highpass transformation 低通到高通的转换152 Magnitude of complex number 复数的幅值153 Matched filter 匹配滤波器154 Memoryless system 无记忆系统155 Modulating signal 调制信号156 Modulation 调制157 Modulation index 调制指数158 Modulation property 调制性质159 Multiplexing 多路复用160 Multiplication 乘法161 Natural frequency 自然频率162 Natural response 自然响应163 Negative feedback 负反馈164 Network 网络165 Noncausal system 非因果系统166 Nonideal filter 非理想滤波器167 Nonrecursive filter 非递归滤波器168 Normalized function 归一化函数169 Nyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率170 Nyquist rate 奈奎斯特速率171 Operational amplifier 运算放大器172 Orthogonal function 正交函数173 Orthogonal signal 正交信号174 Oversampling 过抽样175 Parallel interconnection 并联连接176 Parseval's relation 帕塞瓦尔关系177 Partial-fraction expansion 部分分式展开178 Passband frequency 通带频率179 Passband ripple 通带纹波180 Periodic complex exponential 周期性复指数181 Periodic convolution 周期卷积182 Periodic signal 周期信号183 Power 功率184 Periodic square wave 周期性方波185 Periodic train of impulses 周期性冲激串186 Phase lag 相位滞后187 Phase lead 相位超前188 Phase modulation 相位调制189 Phase shift 相移190 Polar form for complex number 复数的极坐标形式191 Pole 极点192 Pole-zero plot 零极点图193 Power of signal 信号的功率194 Power-series expansion method 幂级数展开法195 Principal-phase function 主值相位函数196 Proportional feedback system 比例反馈系统197 Real part 实部198 Rectangular pulse 矩形脉冲199 Rectangular window 矩形窗200 Recursive filter 递归滤波器201 Region of Convergence (ROC) 收敛域202 Rational function 有理函数203 Right-sided signal 右边信号204 Right-sided sequence 右边序列205 Right-half plane 右半平面206 Rise time 上升时间207 Root-locus analysis 根轨迹分析法208 Running sum 流动和209 Sampled-data feedback system 抽样数据反馈系统210 Sampling frequency 抽样频率211 Sampling function 抽样函数212 Sampling period 抽样周期213 Sampling theorem 抽样定理214 Scaling (homogeneity) property 比例(齐次)性215 Scaling in the z-domain Z域尺度变换216 Second harmonic component 二次谐波分量217 Second-order system 二阶连续时间系统218 Series (cascade) interconnection 串联(级联)连接219 Sifting property 移位性质220 shifting property in the s-domain s域移位性质221 Single-sideband sinusoidal amplitude modulation 单边带正弦幅度调制222 Singularity function 奇异函数223 Synchronous 同步的224 Sinusoidal frequency modulation 正弦频率调制225 Sinusoidal signal 正弦信号226 Sliding 滑动227 Square wave 方波228 Step-invariant transformation 阶跃响应不变变换法229 Step response 阶跃响应230 Stopband edge 阻带边缘231 Stopband frequency 阻带频率232 Stopband ripple 阻带纹波233 Sufficiency 充分性234 Summer 加法器235 Superposition property 叠加性质236 Symmetry 对称性237 Synthesis equation 综合方程238 System function 系统函数239 Stability 稳定性240 Taylor series 泰勒级数241 Time constant 时间常数242 Time delay 时延243 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) 时分复用244 Time-domain 时域的245 Time reversal property 时间翻转性质246 Time scaling 时间尺度变换247 Time shifting property 时移性质248 Time window 时间窗249 Transition band 过渡带250 Triangular window 三角窗251 Trigonometric series 三角级数252 Undamped natural frequency 无阻尼自然频率253 Undamped system 无阻尼系统254 Underdamped system 欠阻尼系统255 Unilateral Laplace transform 单边拉普拉斯变换256 Unilateral z transform 单边Ｚ变换257 Unit circle 单位圆258 Unit delay 单位延时259 Unit doublet 单位冲激偶260 Unit impulse 单位冲激261 Unit impulse response 单位冲激响应262 Upsampling 升率抽样263 Variable 变量264 Vestigial sideband modulation 残留边带调制265 Voltage 电压266 Wideband 宽带267 Window function 窗函数268 Windowing 加窗269 Wireless 无线的270 Weighted average 加权平均271 Wavelength 波长272 Zero-input response 零输入响应273 Zero-state response 零状态响应274 Zero location 零点位置275 Zero-order hold 零阶保持器整理提供。
信号与系统信号术语中英文对照
A绝对可积Absolutely integrable绝对可积冲激响应Absolutely integrable impulse response 绝对可和Absolutely summable绝对可和冲激响应Absolutely summable impulse response 累加器Accumulator声学Acoustic加法器Adder可加性Additivity property混叠现象Aliasing全通系统All-pass systems幅度调制AM (Amplitude modulation )放大器Amplifier幅度调制Amplitude modulation (AM)幅度放大因子Amplitude-scaling factor模数转换器Analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter分析公式（方程）Analysis equation复数的角度（相位）Angel (phase) of complex number 角判据Angle criterion角度调制Angle modulation反因果AnticausalityAperiodic非周期非周期卷积Aperiodic convolution非周期信号Aperiodic signal异步的Asynchronous音频（声音）系统Audio systems自相关函数Autocorrelation functions汽车减震系统Automobile suspension system平滑系统Averaging systemB带（宽）限的Band-limited带限输入信号Band-limited input signals带限内插Band-limited interpolation带通滤波器Bandpass filters带通信号Bandpass signal带通采样技术Bandpass-sampling techniques带宽Bandwidth巴特利特（三角形）窗Bartlett (triangular) window 双边拉普拉斯变换Bilateral Laplace transform双线性的Bilinear双线性变换Bilinear transformation（二进制）位，比特BitBlock diagrams 方框图波特图Bode plots有界限的Bounded折转频率Break frequency巴特沃斯滤波器Butterworth filtersC“鸟声”变换算法“Chirp”transform algorithm 电容器Capacitor载波Carrier载波频率Carrier frequency载波信号Carrier signal直角坐标形式Cartesian (rectangular) form串联，级联Cascade (series) interconnection串联形式Cascade-form因果的线性时不变系统Causal LTI system信道，频道ChannelChannel equalization 信道均衡斩波器放大器Chopper amplifier 闭环Closed-loop闭环极点Closed-loop poles闭环系统Closed-loop systemClosed-loop system function 闭环系统函数系数乘法器Coefficient multiplier系数Coefficients通信系统Communications systems交换性（交换律）Commutative property非理想元件的补偿Compensation for nonideal elements复数共轭Complex conjugate复指数载波Complex exponential carrier复指数信号Complex exponential signals复指数Complex exponential(s)复数Complex numbers条件稳定系统Conditionally stable systems共轭对称Conjugate symmetry共轭性质Conjugation property连续时间延迟Continuous-time delay连续时间滤波器Continuous-time filter连续时间傅立叶级数Continuous-time Fourier series连续时间傅立叶变换Continuous-time Fourier transform连续时间信号Continuous-time signals连续时间系统Continuous-time systems连续时间到离散时间转换Continuous-to-discrete-time conversion Convergence 收敛卷积Convolution卷积积分Convolution integral卷积性质Convolution property卷积和Convolution sum相关函数Correlation function临界阻尼系统Critically damped systems互相关函数Crosss-correlation functions截至频率Cutoff frequenciesD阻尼正弦振荡Damped sinusoids阻尼系数Damping ratio直流偏移Dc offset直流序列Dc sequence临界阻尼反馈系统Deadbeat feedback systems 分贝Decibels (dB)Decimation抽取抽取和内插Decimation and interpolation 负反馈Degenerative (negative) feedback延迟Delay延迟时间Delay timeDemodulation 解调差分方程Difference equations差分性质Differencing property微分方程Differential equations微分滤波器Differentiating filters微分性质Differentiation property微分器Differentiator数模转换器Digital-to-analog (D-to-A) converter 直接I型实现Direct Form I realization直接II型实现Direct form II realization直接型Direct-form狄里赫利条件Dirichlet conditions狄里赫利Dirichlet, P.L.间断点，不连续Discontinuities离散时间滤波器Discrete-time filters离散时间傅立叶级数Discrete-time Fourier series离散时间傅立叶级数对Discrete-time Fourier series pair离散时间傅立叶变换（Discrete-time Fourier transform ）DFT离散时间线性时不变滤波器Discrete-time LTI filters离散时间调制Discrete-time modulation离散时间非递归滤波器Discrete-time nonrecursive filtersDiscrete-time signals 离散时间信号离散时间系统Discrete-time systemsDiscrete-time to continuous-time conversion 离散时间到连续时间转换Dispersion 弥撒（现象）扭曲，失真Distortion分配律Distribution theory（property）主时间常数Dominant time constant双边带调制Double-sideband modulation (DSB)减采样Downsampling对偶性DualityE回波Echo特征函数Eigenfunctions特征值Eigenvalue椭圆滤波器Elliptic filters围线性质Encirclement property终点End points信号的能量Energy of signals能量密度谱Energy-density spectrum包络检波器Envelope detector包络函数Envelope functionEqualization 均衡化均衡器电路Equalizer circuits闭环极点方程Equation for closed-loop poles欧拉Euler, L.欧拉关系（公式）Euler's relation偶信号Even signals 指数信号Exponential signals指数ExponentialsF快速傅立叶变换Fast Fourier transform (FFT)反馈Feedback反馈联结Feedback interconnection反馈路径Feedback path滤波器Filter(s)终值定理Final-value theorem有限长脉冲响应Finite impulse response (FIR)有限长脉冲响应滤波器Finite impulse response (FIR) filters有限项和公式Finite sum formula有限长信号Finite-duration signals一阶差分First difference（一次谐波分量）基波分量First harmonic componentsFirst-order continuous-time systems 一阶连续时间系统一阶离散时间系统First-order discrete-time systems一阶递归离散时间滤波器First-order recursive discrete-time filters 一阶系统First-order systems受迫响应Forced response正向通路Forward path傅立叶级数Fourier series傅立叶变换Fourier transform傅立叶变换对Fourier transform pairs傅立叶（法国数学家，物理学家）Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph 频率响应Frequency response线性时不变系统的频率响应Frequency response of LTI systemsFrequency scaling of continuous-time 连续时间傅立叶变化的频率尺度Fourier transform（变换性质）频移键控Frequency shift keying (FSK)频移性质Frequency shifting property频分多路复用Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)频域特征Frequency-domain characterization频率选择滤波器Frequency-selective filter频率成型滤波器Frequency-shaping filters基波分量Fundamental componentsFundamental frequency 基波频率基波周期Fundamental periodG增益Gain增益和相位裕度Gain and phase margin一般复指数信号General complex exponentials广义函数Generalized functions吉伯斯现象Gibbs phenomenon群延迟Group delayH半采样间隔时延Half-sample delay汉宁窗Hanning window谐波分析议Harmonic analyzer谐波分量Harmonic components谐波关系Harmonically related热传播和扩散现象Heat propagation and diffusionHigher order holds 高阶保持高通滤波器Highpass filter 高通到低通变换Highpass-to-lowpass transformations希尔波特滤波器Hilbert transform齐次性（比例性）Homogeneity (scaling) propertyI理想的Ideal理想带阻特征Ideal bandstop characteristic理想频率选择滤波器Ideal frequency-selective filter理想化Idealization恒等系统Identity system虚部Imaginary part冲激响应Impulse response冲激串Impulse train增量线性系统Incrementally linear systems独立变量Independent variable无限长脉冲响应Infinite impulse response (IIR)无限长脉冲响应滤波器Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters 无限项和公式Infinite sum formula无限项泰勒级数Infinite taylor series初值定理Initial-value theoremInpulse-train sampling 冲激串采样瞬时的Instantaneous瞬时频率Instantaneous frequency时域积分Integration in time-domain积分性质Integration propertyIntegrator 积分器互联Interconnection中频级Intermediate-frequency (IF) stage码间干扰Intersymbol interference (ISI)傅立叶反变换Inverse Fourier transform拉普拉斯反变换Inverse Laplace transform逆线性时不变系统Inverse LTI system逆系统设计Inverse system designzInverse z-transform 反变换倒立摆Inverted pendulum线性时不变系统的可逆性Invertibility of LTI systems逆系统Invertible systemsL滞后网络Lag network拉格朗日（法国数学家，力学家）Lagrange, J.L.Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换数学家）拉普拉斯（法国天文学家，Laplace, P.S. de超前网络lead network左半平面left-half plane左边信号left-sided signal线性LinearLinear constant-coefficientdifference线性常系数差分方程equationsdifferentialconstant-coefficientLinear线性常系数微分方程equations线性反馈系统Linear feedback systems线性插值Linear interpolation线性性Linearity对数幅－相图Log magnitude-phase diagram对数模图Log-magnitude plots无损失码Lossless coding低通滤波器Lowpass filters低通到高通的转换Lowpass-to-highpass transformation 线性时不变系统响应LTI system response线性时不变系统分析LTI systems analysisM幅度和相位Magnitude and phase匹配滤波器Matched filter测量仪器Measuring devices记忆Memory无记忆系统Memoryless systems调制信号Modulating signalModulation 调制调制指数Modulation index调制性质Modulation property移动平均滤波器Moving-average filters多路技术Multiplexing相乘性质Multiplication property多样性MultiplicitiesN窄带Narrowband窄带频率调制Narrowband frequency modulation 自然响应频率Natural frequency自然响应Natural response负反馈Negative (degenerative) feedback不超前系统Nonanticipatibe system非因果平滑系统Noncausal averaging system非理想的Nonideal非理想滤波器Nonideal filters归一化函数Nonmalized functions非递归Nonrecursive非递归滤波器Nonrecursive filters非递归线性常系数差分方程constant-coefficient linear Nonrecursive difference equationsNyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率奈奎斯特率Nyquist rate奈奎斯特稳定性判据Nyquist stability criterionO奇次谐波Odd harmonic奇信号Odd signal开环Open-loop开环频率响应Open-loop frequency response开环系统Open-loop system运算放大器Operational amplifier正交函数Orthogonal functions正交信号Orthogonal signals示波器Oscilloscope过阻尼系统Overdamped system过采样Oversampling超量OvershootP并联Parallel interconnection并联型框图Parallel-form block diagrams奇偶校验检查Parity checkParseval's relation 帕斯伐尔关系（定理）部分分式展开Partial-fraction expansion特解和齐次解Particular and homogeneous solution通频带Passband通带边缘Passband edge通带频率Passband frequency通带起伏（或波纹）Passband ripple钟摆Pendulum调制百分数Percent modulation周期的Periodic周期复指数Periodic complex exponentials周期卷积Periodic convolution周期信号Periodic signals周期方波Periodic square wave周期方波调制信号Periodic square-wave modulating signal 周期冲激串Periodic train of impulses复数相位（角度）Phase (angle) of complex number相位滞后Phase lag相位超前Phase lead相位裕度Phase margin相移Phase shiftPhase-reversal 相位倒置相位调制Phase modulation工厂Plant极坐标形式Polar form极点Poles零极点图Pole-zero plot(s)多项式Polynomials正（再生）反馈Positive (regenerative) feedback信号功率Power of signals幂级数展开的方法Power-series expansion method主值相位函数Principal-phase function比例控制Proportional (P) control比例反馈系统Proportional feedback system比例加积分Proportional-plus-derivative比例加积分反馈Proportional-plus-derivative feedbackProportional-plus-integral-plus-differential比例－积分－微分控制(PID) controlPulse-amplitude modulation 脉冲幅度调制脉冲编码调制Pulse-code modulation冲激串载波Pulse-train carrierQ正交失真Quadrature distortion正交多路复用Quadrature multiplexing电路品质（因数）Quality of circuitR升余弦频率响应Raised consine frequency response有理型频率响应Rational frequency responses有理变换Rational transformRC 高阶滤波器RC highpass filterRC 低阶滤波器RC lowpass filter实数Real实指数信号Real exponential signals实部Real part直角（卡笛儿）坐标形式Rectangular (Cartesian) form矩形脉冲Rectangular pulse矩形脉冲信号Rectangular pulse signal矩形窗口Rectangular windowRecursive (infinite impulse response) filters 递归（无时限脉冲响应）滤波器Recursivelinearconstant-coefficient递归的线性常系数差分方程difference equationsRegenerative (positive) feedback再生（正）反馈．Region of comvergence 收敛域右边信号right-sided signal上升时间Rise time根轨迹分析（方法）Root-locus analysis动求和Running sumSS域S domain采样数据反馈系统Sampled-data feedback systems 采样数据系统Sampled-data systems采样Sampling采样频率Sampling frequency采样函数Sampling function采样示波器Sampling oscilloscope采样周期Sampling period采样定理Sampling theorem比例性（齐次性）性质Scaling (homogeneity) property域尺度变换zScaling in z domain扰频器Scrambler二次谐波分量Second harmonic components二阶Second-order二阶连续时间系统Second-order continuous-time system Second-order discrete-time system 二阶离散时间系统Second-order systems 二阶系统序列sequence级联（串联）Series (cascade) interconnection筛选性质Sifting propertysinc函数Sinc functions单边带Single-sidebandamplitudeSingle-sideband sinusoidal单边带正弦幅度调制modulationSingularity functions 奇异函数Sinusoidal正弦（信号）正弦幅度调制Sinusoidal amplitude modulationSinusoidal carrier正弦载波Sinusoidal frequency modulation 正弦频率调制Sliding 滑动Spectral coefficient 频谱系数Spectrum 频谱语音加密器Speech scramblerS平面S-plane方波Square wave稳定性StabilityStabilization of unstable systems 不稳定系统的稳定性（度）阶跃响应Step response阶跃响应不定的变换Step-invariant transformation阻带Stopband阻带边缘Stopband edge阻带频率Stopband frequency阻带起伏（或波纹）Stopband ripple频闪响应Stroboscopic effect加法器Summer叠加积分Superposition integral叠加性质Superposition property叠加和Superposition sum减震系统Suspension system周期对称Symmetric periodic对称性Symmetry同步的Synchronous综合方程Synthesis equation系统方程System function(s)T性质列表Table of properties泰勒级数Taylor seriesTime 时间，时域Time advance property of unilateral单边z变换的时间超前性质z-transformTime constants 时间常数unilateralofTimedelayproperty单边z变换的时间延迟性质z-transformTime expansion property 时间扩展性质Time invariance 时间变量Time reversal property 时间反转（反褶）性Time scaling property 时间尺度变换性Time shifting property 时移性质Time window时间窗口Time-division multiplexing (TDM) 时分复用Time-domain时域Time-domain properties 时域性质Tracking system (s) 跟踪系统Transfer function 转移函数transform pairs 变换对Transformation 变换（变形）Transition band过渡带Transmodulation (transmultiplexing) 交叉调制．Triangular (Barlett) window 三角型（巴特利特）窗口三角级数Trigonometric series双边信号Two-sided signall 型反馈系统Type l feedback systemU单位冲激响应Uint impulse response单位斜坡函数Uint ramp function无阻尼自然相应Undamped natural frequency无阻尼系统Undamped system欠阻尼系统Underdamped systems欠采样Undersampling单边的Unilateral单边拉普拉斯变换Unilateral Laplace transform 单边z变换Unilateral z-transform单位圆Unit circle单位延迟Unit delay单位冲激偶Unit doublets单位冲激Unit impulse单位阶跃函数Unit step functions单位阶跃响应Unit step response不稳定系统Unstable systemsUnwrapped phase 展开的相位特性增采样UpsamplingV变量VariableW沃尔什函数Walsh functions波形Wave波长Wavelengths加权平均Weighted average宽带Wideband宽带频率调制Wideband frequency modulation 加窗Windowingzz域Z domain置零均衡器Zero force equalizer零输入响应Zero-Input response零阶保持Zero-Order hold拉普拉斯变换的零点Zeros of Laplace transform 零状态响应Zero-state response变换z-transform z z-transform pairs变换对z。
信号与系统信号术语中英文对照
AAbsolutely integrable 绝对可积Absolutely integrable impulse response 绝对可积冲激响应Absolutely summable 绝对可和Absolutely summable impulse response 绝对可和冲激响应Accumulator 累加器Acoustic 声学Adder 加法器Additivity property 可加性Aliasing 混叠现象All-pass systems 全通系统AM (Amplitude modulation ) 幅度调制Amplifier 放大器Amplitude modulation (AM) 幅度调制Amplitude-scaling factor 幅度放大因子Analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter 模数转换器Analysis equation 分析公式（方程）Angel (phase) of complex number 复数的角度（相位）Angle criterion 角判据Angle modulation 角度调制Anticausality 反因果Aperiodic 非周期Aperiodic convolution 非周期卷积Aperiodic signal 非周期信号Asynchronous 异步的Audio systems 音频（声音）系统Autocorrelation functions 自相关函数Automobile suspension system 汽车减震系统Averaging system 平滑系统BBand-limited 带（宽）限的Band-limited input signals 带限输入信号Band-limited interpolation 带限内插Bandpass filters 带通滤波器Bandpass signal 带通信号Bandpass-sampling techniques 带通采样技术Bandwidth 带宽Bartlett (triangular) window 巴特利特（三角形）窗Bilateral Laplace transform 双边拉普拉斯变换Bilinear 双线性的Bilinear transformation 双线性变换Bit （二进制）位，比特Block diagrams 方框图Bode plots 波特图Bounded 有界限的Break frequency 折转频率Butterworth filters 巴特沃斯滤波器C“Chirp” transform algorithm“鸟声”变换算法Capacitor 电容器Carrier 载波Carrier frequency 载波频率Carrier signal 载波信号Cartesian (rectangular) form 直角坐标形式Cascade (series) interconnection 串联，级联Cascade-form 串联形式Causal LTI system 因果的线性时不变系统Channel 信道，频道Channel equalization 信道均衡Chopper amplifier 斩波器放大器Closed-loop 闭环Closed-loop poles 闭环极点Closed-loop system 闭环系统Closed-loop system function 闭环系统函数Coefficient multiplier 系数乘法器Coefficients 系数Communications systems 通信系统Commutative property 交换性（交换律）Compensation for nonideal elements 非理想元件的补偿Complex conjugate 复数共轭Complex exponential carrier 复指数载波Complex exponential signals 复指数信号Complex exponential(s) 复指数Complex numbers 复数Conditionally stable systems 条件稳定系统Conjugate symmetry 共轭对称Conjugation property 共轭性质Continuous-time delay 连续时间延迟Continuous-time filter 连续时间滤波器Continuous-time Fourier series 连续时间傅立叶级数Continuous-time Fourier transform 连续时间傅立叶变换Continuous-time signals 连续时间信号Continuous-time systems 连续时间系统Continuous-to-discrete-time conversion 连续时间到离散时间转换Convergence 收敛Convolution 卷积Convolution integral 卷积积分Convolution property 卷积性质Convolution sum 卷积和Correlation function 相关函数Critically damped systems 临界阻尼系统Crosss-correlation functions 互相关函数Cutoff frequencies 截至频率DDamped sinusoids 阻尼正弦振荡Damping ratio 阻尼系数Dc offset 直流偏移Dc sequence 直流序列Deadbeat feedback systems 临界阻尼反馈系统Decibels (dB) 分贝Decimation 抽取Decimation and interpolation 抽取和内插Degenerative (negative) feedback 负反馈Delay 延迟Delay time 延迟时间Demodulation 解调Difference equations 差分方程Differencing property 差分性质Differential equations 微分方程Differentiating filters 微分滤波器Differentiation property 微分性质Differentiator 微分器Digital-to-analog (D-to-A) converter 数模转换器Direct Form I realization 直接I型实现Direct form II realization 直接II型实现Direct-form 直接型Dirichlet conditions 狄里赫利条件Dirichlet, . 狄里赫利Discontinuities 间断点，不连续Discrete-time filters 离散时间滤波器Discrete-time Fourier series 离散时间傅立叶级数Discrete-time Fourier series pair 离散时间傅立叶级数对Discrete-time Fourier transform （DFT）离散时间傅立叶变换Discrete-time LTI filters 离散时间线性时不变滤波器Discrete-time modulation 离散时间调制Discrete-time nonrecursive filters 离散时间非递归滤波器Discrete-time signals 离散时间信号Discrete-time systems 离散时间系统Discrete-time to continuous-time conversion 离散时间到连续时间转换Dispersion 弥撒（现象）Distortion 扭曲，失真Distribution theory（property）分配律Dominant time constant 主时间常数Double-sideband modulation (DSB) 双边带调制Downsampling 减采样Duality 对偶性EEcho 回波Eigenfunctions 特征函数Eigenvalue 特征值Elliptic filters 椭圆滤波器Encirclement property 围线性质End points 终点Energy of signals 信号的能量Energy-density spectrum 能量密度谱Envelope detector 包络检波器Envelope function 包络函数Equalization 均衡化Equalizer circuits 均衡器电路Equation for closed-loop poles 闭环极点方程Euler, L. 欧拉Euler’s relation欧拉关系（公式）Even signals 偶信号Exponential signals 指数信号Exponentials 指数FFast Fourier transform (FFT) 快速傅立叶变换Feedback 反馈Feedback interconnection 反馈联结Feedback path 反馈路径Filter(s) 滤波器Final-value theorem 终值定理Finite impulse response (FIR) 有限长脉冲响应Finite impulse response (FIR) filters 有限长脉冲响应滤波器Finite sum formula 有限项和公式Finite-duration signals 有限长信号First difference 一阶差分First harmonic components 基波分量（一次谐波分量）First-order continuous-time systems 一阶连续时间系统 First-order discrete-time systems 一阶离散时间系统 First-order recursive discrete-time filters 一阶递归离散时间滤波器 First-order systems 一阶系统 Forced response 受迫响应 Forward path 正向通路 Fourier series 傅立叶级数 Fourier transform 傅立叶变换 Fourier transform pairs 傅立叶变换对Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph 傅立叶（法国数学家，物理学家） Frequency response频率响应Frequency response of LTI systems线性时不变系统的频率响应Frequency scaling of continuous-time Fourier transform连续时间傅立叶变化的频率尺度（变换性质） Frequency shift keying (FSK) 频移键控 Frequency shifting property频移性质 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) 频分多路复用 Frequency-domain characterization 频域特征 Frequency-selective filter 频率选择滤波器 Frequency-shaping filters 频率成型滤波器 Fundamental components基波分量Fundamental frequency 基波频率Fundamental period 基波周期GGain 增益Gain and phase margin 增益和相位裕度General complex exponentials 一般复指数信号Generalized functions 广义函数Gibbs phenomenon 吉伯斯现象Group delay 群延迟HHalf-sample delay 半采样间隔时延Hanning window 汉宁窗Harmonic analyzer 谐波分析议Harmonic components 谐波分量Harmonically related 谐波关系Heat propagation and diffusion 热传播和扩散现象Higher order holds 高阶保持Highpass filter 高通滤波器Highpass-to-lowpass transformations 高通到低通变换Hilbert transform 希尔波特滤波器Homogeneity (scaling) property 齐次性（比例性）IIdeal 理想的Ideal bandstop characteristic 理想带阻特征Ideal frequency-selective filter 理想频率选择滤波器Idealization 理想化Identity system 恒等系统Imaginary part 虚部Impulse response 冲激响应Impulse train 冲激串Incrementally linear systems 增量线性系统Independent variable 独立变量Infinite impulse response (IIR) 无限长脉冲响应Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters 无限长脉冲响应滤波器Infinite sum formula 无限项和公式Infinite taylor series 无限项泰勒级数Initial-value theorem 初值定理Inpulse-train sampling 冲激串采样Instantaneous 瞬时的Instantaneous frequency 瞬时频率Integration in time-domain 时域积分Integration property 积分性质Integrator 积分器Interconnection 互联Intermediate-frequency (IF) stage 中频级Intersymbol interference (ISI) 码间干扰Inverse Fourier transform 傅立叶反变换Inverse Laplace transform 拉普拉斯反变换Inverse LTI system 逆线性时不变系统Inverse system design 逆系统设计Inverse z-transform z反变换Inverted pendulum 倒立摆Invertibility of LTI systems 线性时不变系统的可逆性Invertible systems 逆系统LLag network 滞后网络Lagrange, . 拉格朗日（法国数学家，力学家）Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换Laplace, . de 拉普拉斯（法国天文学家，数学家）lead network 超前网络left-half plane 左半平面left-sided signal 左边信号Linear 线性Linear constant-coefficient difference线性常系数差分方程equationsLinear constant-coefficient differential线性常系数微分方程equationsLinear feedback systems 线性反馈系统Linear interpolation 线性插值Linearity 线性性Log magnitude-phase diagram 对数幅－相图Log-magnitude plots 对数模图Lossless coding 无损失码Lowpass filters 低通滤波器Lowpass-to-highpass transformation 低通到高通的转换LTI system response 线性时不变系统响应LTI systems analysis 线性时不变系统分析MMagnitude and phase 幅度和相位Matched filter 匹配滤波器Measuring devices 测量仪器Memory 记忆Memoryless systems 无记忆系统Modulating signal 调制信号Modulation 调制Modulation index 调制指数Modulation property 调制性质Moving-average filters 移动平均滤波器Multiplexing 多路技术Multiplication property 相乘性质Multiplicities 多样性NNarrowband 窄带Narrowband frequency modulation 窄带频率调制Natural frequency 自然响应频率Natural response 自然响应Negative (degenerative) feedback 负反馈Nonanticipatibe system 不超前系统Noncausal averaging system 非因果平滑系统Nonideal 非理想的Nonideal filters 非理想滤波器Nonmalized functions 归一化函数Nonrecursive 非递归Nonrecursive filters 非递归滤波器Nonrecursive linear constant-coefficient 非递归线性常系数差分方程difference equationsNyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率Nyquist rate 奈奎斯特率Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定性判据OOdd harmonic 奇次谐波Odd signal 奇信号Open-loop 开环Open-loop frequency response 开环频率响应Open-loop system 开环系统Operational amplifier 运算放大器Orthogonal functions 正交函数Orthogonal signals 正交信号Oscilloscope 示波器Overdamped system 过阻尼系统Oversampling 过采样Overshoot 超量PParallel interconnection 并联Parallel-form block diagrams 并联型框图Parity check 奇偶校验检查Parseval’s relation帕斯伐尔关系（定理）Partial-fraction expansion 部分分式展开Particular and homogeneous solution 特解和齐次解Passband 通频带Passband edge 通带边缘Passband frequency 通带频率Passband ripple 通带起伏（或波纹）Pendulum 钟摆Percent modulation 调制百分数Periodic 周期的Periodic complex exponentials 周期复指数Periodic convolution 周期卷积Periodic signals 周期信号Periodic square wave 周期方波Periodic square-wave modulating signal 周期方波调制信号Periodic train of impulses 周期冲激串Phase (angle) of complex number 复数相位（角度）Phase lag 相位滞后Phase lead 相位超前Phase margin 相位裕度Phase shift 相移Phase-reversal 相位倒置Phase modulation 相位调制Plant 工厂Polar form 极坐标形式Poles 极点Pole-zero plot(s) 零极点图Polynomials 多项式Positive (regenerative) feedback 正（再生）反馈Power of signals 信号功率Power-series expansion method 幂级数展开的方法Principal-phase function 主值相位函数Proportional (P) control 比例控制Proportional feedback system 比例反馈系统Proportional-plus-derivative 比例加积分Proportional-plus-derivative feedback 比例加积分反馈Proportional-plus-integral-plus-differential比例－积分－微分控制(PID) controlPulse-amplitude modulation 脉冲幅度调制Pulse-code modulation 脉冲编码调制Pulse-train carrier 冲激串载波QQuadrature distortion 正交失真Quadrature multiplexing 正交多路复用Quality of circuit 电路品质（因数）RRaised consine frequency response 升余弦频率响应Rational frequency responses 有理型频率响应Rational transform 有理变换RC highpass filter RC 高阶滤波器RC lowpass filter RC 低阶滤波器Real 实数Real exponential signals 实指数信号Real part 实部Rectangular (Cartesian) form 直角（卡笛儿）坐标形式Rectangular pulse 矩形脉冲Rectangular pulse signal 矩形脉冲信号Rectangular window 矩形窗口Recursive (infinite impulse response) filters 递归（无时限脉冲响应）滤波器Recursive linear constant-coefficient递归的线性常系数差分方程difference equationsRegenerative (positive) feedback 再生（正）反馈Region of comvergence 收敛域right-sided signal 右边信号Rise time 上升时间Root-locus analysis 根轨迹分析（方法）Running sum 动求和SS domain S域Sampled-data feedback systems 采样数据反馈系统Sampled-data systems 采样数据系统Sampling 采样Sampling frequency 采样频率Sampling function 采样函数Sampling oscilloscope 采样示波器Sampling period 采样周期Sampling theorem 采样定理Scaling (homogeneity) property 比例性（齐次性）性质Scaling in z domain z域尺度变换Scrambler 扰频器Second harmonic components 二次谐波分量Second-order 二阶Second-order continuous-time system 二阶连续时间系统Second-order discrete-time system 二阶离散时间系统Second-order systems 二阶系统sequence 序列Series (cascade) interconnection 级联（串联）Sifting property 筛选性质Sinc functions sinc函数Single-sideband 单边带Single-sideband sinusoidal amplitude单边带正弦幅度调制modulationSingularity functions 奇异函数Sinusoidal 正弦（信号）Sinusoidal amplitude modulation 正弦幅度调制Sinusoidal carrier 正弦载波Sinusoidal frequency modulation 正弦频率调制Sliding 滑动Spectral coefficient 频谱系数Spectrum 频谱Speech scrambler 语音加密器S-plane S平面Square wave 方波Stability 稳定性Stabilization of unstable systems 不稳定系统的稳定性（度）Step response 阶跃响应Step-invariant transformation 阶跃响应不定的变换Stopband 阻带Stopband edge 阻带边缘Stopband frequency 阻带频率Stopband ripple 阻带起伏（或波纹）Stroboscopic effect 频闪响应Summer 加法器Superposition integral 叠加积分Superposition property 叠加性质Superposition sum 叠加和Suspension system 减震系统Symmetric periodic 周期对称Symmetry 对称性Synchronous 同步的Synthesis equation 综合方程System function(s) 系统方程TTable of properties 性质列表Taylor series 泰勒级数Time 时间，时域Time advance property of unilateral单边z变换的时间超前性质z-transformTime constants 时间常数Time delay property of unilateral单边z变换的时间延迟性质z-transformTime expansion property 时间扩展性质Time invariance 时间变量Time reversal property 时间反转（反褶）性Time scaling property 时间尺度变换性Time shifting property 时移性质Time window 时间窗口Time-division multiplexing (TDM) 时分复用Time-domain 时域Time-domain properties 时域性质Tracking system (s) 跟踪系统Transfer function 转移函数transform pairs 变换对Transformation 变换（变形）Transition band 过渡带Transmodulation (transmultiplexing) 交叉调制Triangular (Barlett) window 三角型（巴特利特）窗口Trigonometric series 三角级数Two-sided signal 双边信号Type l feedback system l 型反馈系统UUint impulse response 单位冲激响应Uint ramp function 单位斜坡函数Undamped natural frequency 无阻尼自然相应Undamped system 无阻尼系统Underdamped systems 欠阻尼系统Undersampling 欠采样Unilateral 单边的Unilateral Laplace transform 单边拉普拉斯变换Unilateral z-transform 单边z变换Unit circle 单位圆Unit delay 单位延迟Unit doublets 单位冲激偶Unit impulse 单位冲激Unit step functions 单位阶跃函数Unit step response 单位阶跃响应Unstable systems 不稳定系统Unwrapped phase 展开的相位特性Upsampling 增采样VVariable 变量WWalsh functions 沃尔什函数Wave 波形Wavelengths 波长Weighted average 加权平均Wideband 宽带Wideband frequency modulation 宽带频率调制Windowing 加窗zZ domain z域Zero force equalizer 置零均衡器Zero-Input response 零输入响应Zero-Order hold 零阶保持Zeros of Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换的零点Zero-state response 零状态响应z-transform z变换z-transform pairs z变换对。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.For example,in speech communication,a sound source or signal excites the vocal tract,which represents a system.The processing of speech signals usually relies on the use of our ears and auditory pathways in the brain.In the situation described here,the systems responsible for the production and reception of signals are biological in nature.2.As a test signal,it is useful because the output of a system due to a step input reveals a great deal about how quickly the system responds to an abrupt change in the input signal.A similar remark applies to u[n] in the context of a discrete-time system.3.A graphical description of the impulse δ[n] for discrete time is straightforward,as shown in Fig.1.38. In contrast,visualization of the unit impulse δ[t] for continuous time requires more detailed attention.One way to visualize δ[t] is to view it as the limiting form of a rectangular pulse of unit area,as illustrated in Fig.1.39(a).4.Having defined what a unit impulse is and described its properties,there is one more question that needs to be addressed:What is the practical use of a unit impulse?We cannot generate a physical impulse function,since that would correspond to a signal of infinite amplitude at t=0 and that is zero elsewhere.5.In mechanical terms,a ramp function may be visualized as follows.If the input variable is represented as the angular displacement of a shaft,then the constant-speed rotation of the shaft provides a representation of the ramp function.As a test signal,the ramp function enables us to evaluate how a continuous-time system would respond to a signal that increases linearly with time.6.Form an engineering perspective,it is important that a system of interest remains stable under all possible operating conditions.It is only then that the system is guaranteed to produce a bounded output for a bounded input.Unstable systems are usually to be avoided,unless some mechanism can be found to stabilize them.7.In general,the problem of finding the inverse of a given system is a difficult one.In any event,a system is not invertible(可逆矩阵) unless distinct inputs applied to the system produce distinct outputs.That is,there must be a one-to-one mapping between input and output signals for a system to be invertible.8.A continuous-time system is described by an operator that changes a continuous-time input signal into a continuous-time output signal.In contrast,a discrete-time system is described by an operator that changes a discrete-time input signal into a discrete-time output signal.9.In this chapter we consider several methods for describing the relationship between the input an output of linear time-invariant(LTI) systems.The focus here is on system description that relate the output signal to the input signal when both signals are represented as functions of time,hence the terminology “time domain” in the chapter title.10.The impulse response is the output of a LTI system due to an impulse input applied at time t=0 or n=0.The impulse response completely characterizes the behavior of any LTI system.This may seem surprising,but it is a basic property of all LTI systems.11.If the input to a linear system is expressed as a weighted superposition of time-shifted impulses,then the output is a weighted superposition of the system response to each time-shifted impulse.If the system is also time invariant,then the system response to a time-shifted impulse is a time-shifted version of the system response to an impulse.12.Hence the output of a LTI system is given by a weighted superposition of time-shifted impulse responses.This weighted superposition is termed the convolution sun for discrete-time systemsand the convolution integral for continuous-time systems.13.We begin by considering the discrete-time case.First an arbitrary signal is expressed as a weighted superposition of time-shifted impulses.The convolution sum is then obtained by applying a signal represented in this manner to a LTI system.A similar procedure is used to obtain the convolution integral for continuous-time systems later in this section.14.In general,the output of any discrete-time system with a finite-duration impulse response is given by a weighted sum of the input signal values.Such weighted sums can easily be implemented in a computer to process discrete-time signals.The effect of the system on the signal depends on the weights or values of the system impulse response.15.The output of a continuous-time LTI system may also be determined solely form knowledge of the input and the system ’s impulse response.The approach and result are analogous to the discrete-time case.We first express an arbitrary input signal sa a weighted superposition of time-shifted impulses.16.Note that the identify system is represented for a=0 since in this case the output is equal to the input.When a ≠0,the system time shifts the input.If a is positive the input is delayed,and if a is negative the input is advanced.Hence the location of the impulse response relative to the time origin determines the amount of delay introduced by the system.17.The impulse response completely characterizes the input-output behavior of a LTI system. Hence properties of a system,such as memory, causality, and stability, are related to its impulse response.Also, the impulse response of an interconnection of LTI systems is related to the impulse response of the constituent systems.18.In this section,we examine the impulse response of interconnected systems and relate the impulse response to system properties.These relationships tell us how the impulse response characterizes system behavior.The results for continuous and discrete-time systems are obtained using nearly identical approaches.19.A system can be viewed as any process that results in the transformation of signals.Thus, a system has an input signal and an output signal which is related to the input through the system transformation.20.To illustrate the procedure for checking whether a system is time-invariant or not and at the same time to gain some insight into this property, let us consider the continuous-time system defined by )](sin[)(t x t y =To check if this system is time-invariant or time-varying,we proceed as follows.Let )(1t x be any input to this system,and let )](sin[)(11t x t y =Be the corresponding output.Then consider a second input obtained by shifting )(1t x :)()(012t t x t x -=The output corresponding to this input is )](sin[)](sin[)(0122t t x t x t y -==21.Mathematically,let y1(t) be the response of a continuous-time system to x1(t) and let y2(t) be the output corresponding to the input x2(t).Then the system is linear if:1. The response to x1(t)+x2(t) is y1(t)+y2(t).2. The response to ax1(t) is ay1(t),where a is any complex constant.22.A system is causal if the output at any time depends only on values of the input at the present time and in the past.Such a system is often referred to as being nonanticipative, as the system output does not anticipate future values of the input.23.Discrete-time systems and convolution have identical properties to their continuous-time counterparts.The impulse response of a cascade connection of LTI systems is given by the convolution of the individual impulse response and the output of a cascade combination of LTI systems is independent of the order in which the systems are connected.24.Interconnection of systems occur naturally in analysis.Often it is easier to break a complex system into simpler subsystems,analyze each subsystem,and then study the entire system as an interconnection of subsystems than it is to analyze the overall system directly.25.This is an example of the “divide-and-conquer” approach to problem solving and is possible due to the assumptions of linearity and time invariance.Interconnections of systems are also useful in system implementation,since systems that are equivalent in the input-output sense are not necessarily equivalent in other senses.26.For example,the computational complexity of two input-output equivalent systems for processing data in a computer may differ significantly.The fact that many different interconnections of LTI systems are input-output equivalent can be exploited to optimize some other implementation criterion such as computation.27.Consider designing a discrete-time inverse system to eliminate the distortion associated with an undesired echo in a data transmission problem.Assume the echo is represented as attenuation by a constant a and a delay corresponding to one time unit of the sequence.Hence the distorted received signal,y[n],is expressed in terms of the transmitted signal x[n] as y[n] = x[n] = a x[n-1]。